USA > New York > Indian names in New-York : with a selection from other states, and some Onondaga names of plants, etc. > Part 7
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Quan-na-hung, a neck of land in the same town.
Ar-men-pe-rai is Sprain river.
Mos-ho-lu is Tibbett's brook.
Among the lakes are Mo-har-sic. Mo-he-gan, Cob-a mong, Wac-ca-back, Wam-pus, and Ma-gri-ga-ries. The last is also the early name of a stream near Peekskill.
Sa-chus, or Sack-hoes, is the vicinity of Peekskill.
Kitch-a-wan, Large and swift current. Croton river, calle.1 also Kick-ta-wank. Croton has the appearance of an European
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INDIAN NAMES.
name, but is said to have been changed from Ken-o-tin, Wind.
Sen-as-qua neck is Croton point.
As-pe-tong, a hill in Bedford.
Ka-to-nah, or Can-ta-toe. The Jay homestead.
Mount Kis-ko comes from Kes-kis-ka. There is also a Cis- qua creek.
Os-ca-wa-na island.
Me-an-agh is the vicinity of Verplanck's point.
Ap-pa-magh-pogh, lands near the same.
Ap-pa-ragh-pogh, for the county east of Cortland town, scarce- ly differs.
Tam-mo-e-sis, a small creek near Verplanck's point. A-que-hung. Bronx river.
Tuck-a-hoe is said to mean Where deer are shy. It is the name, however, of a kind of Indian bread.
Al-ip-conck. Place of elms. Tarrytown.
Nep-er-han creek. Also Nep-er-a.
Mock-quams, now Blind brook.
Mam-ar-o-neck is said to mean Place of rolling stones.
Wa-i-man-uck. Orienta.
Ran-ach-que. Bronck's land.
Shap-pa-qua. or Chap-pa-qua, is said to mean a vegetable root. It is in Newcastle.
Po-can-ti-co, or Po-can-te-co river.
Ar-monck, Beaver, is now Byram river.
Tit-icus river is otherwise Mugh-ti-ti-coss, from the name of an Indian chief. Po-ti-ti-cus is in Bedford.
Wis-sa-yek, Rocky place. Dover.
Ke-ke-shick. Yonkers.
Many of the following are from Bolton's map of 1609, in which he gave the names of places and tribes of that date, as well as they could be ascertained.
The Tan-ke-ten-kes then lived back of Sing Sing.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Ma-cok-as-si-no was a part of the country along the Hudson. Shor-ack-ap-pock was another place along the river. Pep-pen-eg-hek lake is now Cross pond.
To-quams was a place mentioned in 1640. Ship-pan, in New Rochelle, also appears in that year.
Rip-po-wams is of the same date.
Qua-haug comes from Po-quau-hock, a round clam.
Mon-ak-e-we-go. Greenwich point.
Sigg-hes is a great rock in Greenburgh.
There are many places mentioned, as Kensico, Wennebees, Tanraken, Keakatis, Caranasses, Conoval, Petuquapaen, Be- tuckquapock, Sioascock, Suckebout in Bedford. Cohansey, Nan- ama, Potamus ridge. Pasquashic, Noapain, and Manunketesuck, in the Sound.
Of creeks there are Wishqua or Canopus, Kestaubamuck, Sas- sachem. Sepeachim. Bissightick, Weghquegtick. Maennepis, Mangopson, Wanmainuck, Apawquammis or Mockquams. Me- hanas, Tatomuck, Cisqua, and Wepuc.
Of islands there are Manakawaghkin, and in the East river Wikisan and Minnahenock.
Among early villages are Pechquenakonck, Cantitoe. Nanich- iestawack in Bedford, Pokerhoe. Hokohongus near Pocanteco creek, Nipnichsen, Kikeshiek, and Nauasin.
Ap-a-wa-mis is applied to Rye Neck, and also to a stream.
Quar-op-pas is now White Plains.
Honge was the upper part of Blind brook.
E-kuck et au-pa-cu-son is now Rye Woods.
Pock-e-o-tes-sen was a name for Stony brook.
Ra-ho-na- ness. A plain in Rye in 1720.
Ha-se-co. has been given as an Indian name of a meadow on Byram river, but it has been thought to be simply hassocky, from hassock, alluding to the tufts of grass. The next would imply that it was really an Indian name.
INDIAN NAMES.
Mi-os-e-has-sa-ky, another meadow on the same.
La-ap-ha-wach-king, Place of stringing beads. Though this has been applied to New York, it is claimed especially for this county.
WYOMING COUNTY.
Ga-da-ges-ga-o. Fetid banks. Cattaraugus creek.
O-at-ka creek, Opening. Cayuga creek has been defined.
Ga-na-yat. Silver lake. This at first seems an abbreviated form of the word lake, but A. Cusick translated it Stone at the bottom of the water.
Ga-da-o, or Gar-dow, Bank in front, was a recent village on the Genesee river, in the town of Castile, and near the land-slide. Cusick tells me this means a Muddy place. The Gardow reser- vation was here, and embraced the 10,oco acres which the Sen- ecas reserved in 1797, for Mary Jemison, the celebrated " White woman." She died in September, 1833, and was buried in the old Indian cemetery at Buffalo.
Chi nose-heh-geh. On the side of the valley. Warsaw.
Peoria and Wyoming are introduced names.
YATES COUNTY.
Ah-ta-gweh-da-ga. Flint creek
O-go-ya-ga, Promontory projecting into the lake, from the long and elevated Bluff point. Crooked lake, often called Lake Ke- u-ka, which probably came from this word, by slightly altering the sound of Go-ya-ga.
Ke-u-ka. A. Cusick gave this the same meaning as Cayuga. Boats drawn out. and it so strongly resembles it in sound that it may be the same. We so often change Indian names, how- ever, that my conjecture may prove true. Otherwise it might refer to a portage. saving the long voyage around the point, which is so prominent a feature of the lake.
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INDIAN NAMES.
SUPPOSED IROQUOIS TOWNS.
In Mr. Hale's "Iroquois Book of Rites," is a list of Iroquois towns in the condoling song of the Elder Brothers. and these are here added from John Buck's manuscript, with the supposed meanings. They comprise only the three principal clans, com- mon to all of the Six Nations, and each divisiou may include those of kindred clans.
First come those of the Wolf tribe. Karhetyonni, The broad woods; Oghskawaseronhon, Grow up to bushes again: Geadiyo, Beautiful plain: Onenyodeh. Protuding stone; Deseroken, Be- tween tivo lives; Tehodijenharakwen, Two families in a long house, one at each end; Teyoweyendon, Drooping wings; Oghre- kyonny is of doubtful meaning, but may be Oriskany.
The following are of the two turtle clans. Kanesadakeh, On the hillside; Onkwiiyede. A person standing there. Kahkekdoh- hon, Weghkerhon, Thogwenyoh, and Kahhewake. are not de- fined.
In the Bear clan are Deyaohen, The forks; Jonondeseh, It is a high hill; Otshwerakeron. Dry branches fallen to the ground: Oghnaweron, The springs.
These were early villages as supposed, and the following were added later, being of the same clan: Karhowenghradan, Taken over the woods; Karaken, White; Deyohero, Place of rushes; Deyosweken, Outlet of the river; and Ox-den-ke. To the old place. Some of these names will be recognized, and others may be alternate names for known villages, but no history records the names of all Iroquois towns, even in recent times. The Mo- hawks had several, in the seventeenth century, whose names are unknown, and the same is true among all the rest. It will be observed, however, that less than two villages are assigned to each of these clans in each nation, allowing almost nothing for a succession of villages. Six towns only are given to the two tur-
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INDIAN NAMES.
tle clans, which are practically one, and this for the whole period of Iroquois history. Usually the name went with the town in all its removals, but some of the best known names are not in this list.
ADDITIONAL NEW YOK NAMES.
The following names, mostly of Greene county, I received from Mr. Henry Brace, of New York city, too late for insertion in their proper place.
Ma-wig-nack, The place where two streams meet. The low lands at the junction of the Katskill and Katerskill. Also spelled Manchwehenoc.
Och-quich-tok or Ac-qui-tack, supposed to mean a stony place A small plain west of the Katskill, opposite Austins's paper mill.
There are five plains mentioned in the Catskill patents of 1680 and 1688, just beyond the stone bridge at Leeds. The first of these is Wa-chach-keek, House-land, or Place of wigwams. Wich- qua-nach-te-kak is the second.
Pach-qui-ack is the third, and probably means Clear land. As-sis-ko-wach-keek is the fourth.
Po-tick, the fifth, he supposes to be a water fall. Elsewhere it has been given as round.
Early in the eighteenth century the Indians called the first four plains Qua-jack, The Christian corn-land.
Pas-ca-kook or Pis-ta-kook, was the site of the present village of Leeds, and first appears in an Indian deed of 1675.
Quat-a-wich-na-ack or Ka-ta-wig-nack, supposed to mean Place of the greatest overflow, is a water-fall on the Katerskill, near the bridge on the road to High Falls.
Ma-cha-wa-nick was at the north-east corner of Corlaer's Kill patent.
Na-pees-tock, a pond in the west part of Cairo, is equivalent to Nip-pis-auke, Small lake place.
Can-a-senc is the Sager's Kill.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Pes-quan-ach-qua is now Maquas Hook.
Ta-bi-gicht and Mag-quam-ka sick are the Sandy Plains in South Cairo.
Po-tam-is-kas-sick was a plain above the last.
Can-is-kek, a plain west of Athens. - 1665.
Stich-te-kook or Stigh-kook. a plain west of Coxsackie.
GENERAL INDIAN NAMES.
Algor uin names naturally prevail along the Atlantic coast, with the usual varieties of dialect, and names originating in the same great family are found far inland. Certain features of these will strike the most careless observer. Michi, with its variations, for great; Auke, etc., for land; Sepe, Gan, and Minne, for water or river, will be among these. and to the latter may be added Hanne, or Hannock. There is no intention now. however, to give a treatise on the structure of names. although this slight reference to their composition may direct attention to their origin.
Our first clear knowledge of the Huron-Iroquois tongue came from the French missionaries, who made a study of its various dialects at an early day. The Dutch and English did a less conspicuous work in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. and still more in the nineteenth. Much of the Bible and the Prayer Book, and various hymnals and text-books were printed in the Iroquois tongue in the course of this work, and all are still used.
Father Bruyas made a vocabulary of the radical words of the Mohawk language, at an early day, which is excellent. Zeisber. ger's Onondaga dictionary is of far less value, but many other writers have supplemented these. A few examples from Bruyas may be of interest. Twasentha is a waterfall, and Twasenthon means to lament, or to groan. The latter seems a poetic adap- tation, as though the falling water suggested falling tears, or the
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INDIAN NAMES.
hollow sound resembled a mourner's groans. In this way the application of this name to Norman's Kill might refer either to the stream, or a neighboring burial place.
Askati means one side ; Skannatati, the other side, and thence we have the name of Schenectady. Garonta is a tree; and Ga- rontiagon, to strike a tree. Ohare is to wash; and Gaksohare, to wash a plate. This word will be recognized in Schoharie and Canajoharie.
While Indian Agent. Sir William Johnson pointed out some features of these combinations. Echin meant a man, 1 Go- wana, great. Thence was formed Echingowana, a . 1 man. Caghyunghaw was a creek, and Caghyungha a river; thence were derived Caghyunghaowana, a great river, and Caghyung- heo, a fine river. Haga stood for the inhabitants of a place, and Tierhan for the morning. Thence the people of the eastern countries were called Tierhansaga, People of the morning, or Eastern people.
Mr. L. H. Morgan gave some examples of these combinations in the Seneca dialect. Oya is fruit. and Ogauh is szeret ; from these comes Oyagauh, sweet fruit.
From Ganosote, house, and Weyo, good, comes Ganoseyo, a good house. A more erratic combination is from Ganundayeh, a village, and Newaah, small, from which results Neganundaah, a small village.
I have noticed that the Onondagas use Goona and Gowa al- most indifferently for great. Usually a syllable is dropped in combination. Thus the Onondaga name for the soft maple is Ahwehhotkwah. Red flower, from Ahwehhah, flower, and Hot- kwah. red. It is usual to place the adjective after the noun. Names are often derived from resemblances. The Onondaga name for the bobolink is Neettus, a skunk, from having the col- ors of that animal.
A few general names follow. but only those of which the mean-
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INDIAN NAMES.
ing can be given, while many of little importance are omitted. though their sense is known. As before, poetic interpretations are not to be expected, and Mark Twain had the right idea. if no more, in speaking of one well known name. "Tahoe means grasshoppers. It means grasshopper soup. It is Indian, and suggestive of Indians. People say that Tahoe means .Silver lake,' 'Limpid water,' ' Falling leaf.' Bosh! It means grasshop- per soup, the favorite dish of the Digger tribe."
Was-to-heh-no is the present Onondaga name for the United States, meaning the People of Boston, probably from their prom- inence at the time of the Revolution. The Iroquois had no labials, and Wasto seems an attempt to pronounce Boston, the remainder of the word referring to the people.
Ashaagoona, Big knife, or Sword, is now their name for Penn- sylvania and the states farther south. It was formerly given to Virginia, and is thus described in the conference of 1721: " As- sarigoe, the name of the Governors of Virginia, which signifys a Simeter or Cutlas, which was given to Lord Howard, anno 1684. from the Dutch word Hower, a Cutlas." The name however, is purely Iroquois, but thence came the term of " Long Knives," rather than from Gen. Wayne's campaign. The Iroquois were fond of playing upon words.
The name for Pennsylvania is thus described in the same con- ference: "Onas, which signifies a Pen in the language of the 5 Nations, by which name they call all the Governors of Pennsyl- vania, since it was first settled by William Penn."
The Iroquois name for Massachusetts, in 1724. meant Broad- way. The Governor was Yehowanne in 1748.
Jaquokranaegare was a name used by the same people for Maryland, in 1684.
Manhatans and Corlaer were frequent names for New York. The former was a Delaware name, and the latter came from a Dutchman who was a great favorite with the Mohawks.
:
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INDIAN NAMES.
Massachusetts is Blue hills, according to Roger Williams, but others have defined it Much mountain place. The meanings are reconcilable.
Connecticut has varied from the old pronunciation, and is de- fined Long river, or Land at long tidal river.
Kansas has been interpreted Smoky waters, but some such definitions may not be correct, and many of the following must be taken for what they are worth.
In the same way Iowa has been rendered Sleepy ones, hardly the name for a wide awake State. It has also been interpreted Beautiful land. The Iowas called themselves Pahucha, Dusty noses.
Kentucky is an Iroquois word, and is variously rendered Head of a river, Prairies, Among the meadowes. I had it from Albert Cusick as Kentahkee, Big Swamp. Yates and Moulton defined it River of blood.
Minnesota is interpreted Cloudy water, or that which is slight. ly whitish.
Nebraska is rendered Shallow water, and also the Place of broad waters, these being naturally shallow.
Tennessee, The river of the great bend. It was often called the River of the Cherokees.
Wisconsin, Wild, rushing river. The French termed it the Beautiful river.
The meaning of Oregon has been much discussed. Jonathan Carver heard of a river by this name in 1766, but it does not belong to the Oregon dialects, though Okanagan is a river in that State. The former name may have come from an Algon- quin dialect, with the meaning of Great water. Carver men- tioned it as a great river flowing into the Pacific, and called it "Oregon, or the river of the West." W. C. Bryant first used it after Carver, in his poem of "Thanatopsis," written in 1817. Some have thought it came from Origanum, an herb, but this is
-
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INDIAN NAMES.
an error. Nor does it come from the Spanish word, Huracan, a wind, derived from the Mexican, and familiar to us as hurricane. A popular interpretation has been from the Spanish word Orejon, A pulling of the ear or Lop ears. Bancroft decides against this. on good grounds, and Carver's first meaning should be accepted in a general way. A full discussion of this will be found in Ban- croft's Pacific States.
Alabama is usually called The place of rest, or Here we rest. It has also been rendered Thicket clearers, as though cleared up for an abiding place. When interpreted A place of rest, as seems best, the reference is to the sluggish nature of the lower part of the river.
Arizona has been derived from Arizonac, a native name for a place on the frontier of Sonora. It is capable of several proper interpretations, and among these are Maiden's valley, Place of fero fountains.
Alaska has a flavor of both the American and Siberian coasts, but came from the latter. It is now an English corruption of the original Alaksha, Great land.
Mississippi is plainly the Great river, from Missi, great. and Sepe, river. The Onondagas call it Kahnahweyokah, with the same meaning.
Missouri, Great muddy river.
Michigan, Great water.
Dakota, Many nations united in one government ; or more sim- ply, Confederate people.
Idaho has been derived from two Nez Perce words, Edah and Hoe, Light on the mountains, from the first appearance of sun- light on the high peaks, and thence has come the fanciful inter- pretation, Gem of the mountain.
Wyoming, Broad plains, from those on the Susquehanna. The Iroquois name means essentially the same, and is properly Scha-
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INDIAN NAMES. 99
hentoa, or Schahendowane, Great plains. In the report of a council in 1775 it is written Scanandanani.
Arkansas would probably differ but little from Kansas. The Arkansas Indians were the early Quapaws.
Illinois is Real men, a name assumed by many Indian tribes. The Ongwe Honwe of the Six Nations meant the same thing.
Ohio, Beautiful river. It has quite as much the meaning of that which is good or great, and in this way is used to express fruit, something attractive to the sight and taste.
Utah has been defined They who live on the mountains, but I am under the impression that it has a more prosaic meaning. Dwellers in the mountains, however, has good authority.
Texas was known by this name to La Salle, who visited it in 1687.
Mexico is from Mexithi, the tutelary divinity of the nation.
Quebec is often rendered Fearful rock, but Charlevoix said that the name " in the Algonquin language signifies a strait or narrowing. The Abenaquis, whose language is a dialect of the Algonquin, call it Quelibec, that is to say, shut up," because as they approached the port of Quebec it appeared like a great bay. The name of Te-kia-tan-ta-ri-kon, Trein or Double moun- tain, has also been given to the town.
Potomac has been defined Place of burning pines, and also, They are coming by water, which are sufficiently different for a choice. In 1722 the Iroquois called the river Kahongoronton. It has been rendered Pathamook, People arriving by water.
Agioochook. Place of the Great Spirit of the forest.
Monadnock. Place of spirits.
Amoskeag. Fishing place.
Cohasset, Place of pines. Merrimac, Swift water.
Nachua does not at first seem an Indian name, but with its
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INDIAN NAMES.
equivalent, Nashuock. it is defined Where water runs over the stones.
Pawtucket, Where there are many deer; and also, At the falls. Housatonic, River beyond the mountains.
Katahdin, Great, or Chief mountain. Rendered also, High- est land, the sense being often given instead of the literal mean- ing.
Penobscot, Rocky river, or Falls of the rock.
Chesapeake, with its early form of Cicapoa, has been inter- preted Great waters, and A place where a large body of still water is spread out.
Aroostook, Good river.
Muskingum. Elk's eye, according to Heckewelder. Some say that it means A town on the river side, and that the Shawnee name, Wakatamo sepe, means the same. These Indians also called the Ohio, Kiskepila sepe, or Eagle river.
Ossipee. Stony river.
Winnepiseogee, or Winnepesaukee, Beautiful lake of the high- lands. Whittier calls it The smile of the Great Spirit. It has also been defined Good, water outlet.
Pemigewasset, Crooked place of many pines.
Pennacook, Crooked place.
Pentucket, Crooked place of deer.
Piscataquog, Place of many deer. Although having good au- thority, some of these definitions have a doubtful look.
Squam, The water; a name occurring by itself and in combina- tions.
Cataraqui, usually defined as Bort in the water, but given me as a Bank of clay rising from the water. Kingston, in Canada. The Indians applied this to Fort Frontenac, and thence to the lake.
Chicago, Wild garlic, but meaning also A skunk. It is sup- posed to have its name from the early abundance of these odor- ous vegetables.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Montreal, the ancient Hochelaga. has been called Oserake. Beaver dam, but more commonly Tiotiake, which Morgan de- fines Almost broken. The meaning given me, however, was Deep water beside shallow, referring to the still water below the rapids. In Hochelaga the last two syllables probably refer to people. I have no equivalent for the rest.
Mississippi, Great or many mouths. as of a river. Quite a class of words exists with the same prefix.
Ottawa. Traders. This word has changed much from the original form, and was given by the French to several nations.
Shawnee, Southern people, or place. This nation was so mi- gratory that its members have been termed American Gipsies. For this reason the name is found in many parts, Suwanee. Se- wanee, and other forms being familiar.
Accomac has been assigned two meanings, one of which is As far as the woods reach: The other is quite different, but seems the true one : On the other side, as of the Chesapeake.
Winnipeg is Dirty or Foul water. The meaning of this is old and interesting, but was more strictly Stinking water ; that is, not fresh. In the Jesuit Relation of 1639-40, it is said, " Now they (the Algonquins) thus call the waters of the sea; therefore these people call themselves Quinipigou, because they came from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge: and consequently we must not call them the Nation of the Stinkards, but the Nation of the Sea." This is several times related in the old chronicles.
Winnebago, Filthy, is much like the last : indeed it is nearly identical with the early form.
Kineo, Flint. is much like the Mohawk word.
Keokuk, Watchful fox, the name of a noted chief of this cen- tury. Also Running fox.
Kenosha is simply Pickerel.
Piscataquis, Branch of a river.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Piscataway, It is growing dark.
Winona is said to mean First born, if a daughter.
Yankton, Town at the end.
Keweenaw, Portage of canoes.
Yemassee, Gentle.
Yazoo is rendered Leafy.
Lackawanna, Forks of streams.
The Iroquois called this Haziroth.
Lackauwaxen, Forks of road.
Lycoming, Sandy creek.
Wissahickon, Catfish stream.
Wyalusing, Home of the old warrior.
Chesuncook, Where many streams enter in. Another defini- tion is Big lake. Still another is derived from Chesunk or Schunk, a goose, and Auke, a place.
Sebago, Large open water.
Umbagog, Lake doubled up, from its form.
Minnehaha, Laughing water.
Assineboin, Stone roaster, from the custom of heating stones for cooking.
Sacs, Those who emigrated. This is derived from Osaukee, They went out of the land.
Saginaw, from Sacenong, Country of the Sacs. It is also de- fined Pouring out at the mouth, perhaps in reference to this em- igration, or the flowing out of the water. It suggests Oswego and its meaning.
Saco, Pouring out, is suggestive in the same way.
Ojibway or Chippewa, from Odji and Bwa, voice and gather- ing up.
Menominee, Wild rice Indian, from Monomonick, Wild rice. Pawnee, Shaved heads, the scalp lock alone being left. Arapaho, Good hearts.
Cherokee is said to mean Fire nation. Their own name was Tsaraghee.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Tupelhocken, Land of turtles or Plenty of turtles.
Kittatiny hills, Endless hills, is also defined Great mountain. These and kindred words have conflicting definitions, as will be seen, though with a certain harmony.
Kittaning or Kittany, Chief town, or Large stream. In the form of Kithanne, or Largest stream. it was applied to the Del- aware, and may signify prominence of any kind.
Pahaquarry. End of two mountains, with a stream between them, as at the Delaware Water Gap.
Passaic, A valley.
Ramapo relates to the many tributary round ponds. Pequannock, Dark river.
'Raritan. Forked river.
Kearsarge, Pointed pine mountains.
Hock-hocking. Place of a bottle like a gourd. Hocking is contracted from this.
Chepachet, Where they separate. Cheyenne, Speaking a different language.
Kennebec, Large water place.
Narragansett. Roger Williams could get no distinct meaning for this, only learning that the name came from a small island. The most probable definition seems At the point; but some have called it The other side of the river, and others. Smooth water place.
Mystic, Great stream. Naugatuck, One tree. Milwaukee, Good land. From Mannawahkie. Mauch Chunk, Bear mountain.
Monacan, A spade. Monocacy, Stream with many large bends.
Monongahela, High banks breaking off and falling. It comes from Mehmannauwinggeblau, Many land slides.
Ashtabula has been renderel Fish creek.
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INDIAN NAMES.
Tuscarawas has been defined Open mouth, but is apparently the same as Tuscarora, Wearing a shirt.
Canada is literally a village, and the meaning is Where they live. It was probably the word which Cartier most frequently heard on the St. Lawrence applied to the homes of the people. It is a Mohawk word. Perhaps because the villages were most- ly on streams, one name for creek scarcely differs from this.
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