USA > New York > New York City > New York City record and building trades directory > Part 38
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referred to. Any party doing the said work, or any part thereof, under and by direction of the said superintendent, may bring and maintain an action against the person or persons last herein referred to, to recover the value of the work done and materials furnished, in and about the said premises, in the same manner as if he had been employed to do the said work by the said person or persons. When an excavation is made on any lot, and it is intended to use part of such excavation, on either the side or the rear of the lot, as an area, or space for light and air, the person or persons causing such excavation to be made shall build at his or their own cost and expense, a retaining wall of sufficient strength to support the adjoining earth ; and such retaining wall shall be carried to the height of the adjoining earth.
§ 10. Section four hundred and seventy-four of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
$ 474. Foundations .- Every building except buildings erected upon wharves or piers on the water front, shall have foundations laid not less than four feet below the surface of the earth, on the solid ground or level surface of rock, or upon piles or ranging timbers. Piles intended for a wall, pier or post to rest upon, shall not be less than five inches in diameter at the smallest end, and shall be spaced not more than thirty inches on centers, or nearer if required by the superintendent of buildings, and they shall be driven to a solid bearing. No pile shall be weighed with a load exceeding forty thous- and pounds. The tops of all piles shall be cut off below the lowest water line. When required concrete shall be rammed down in the interspaces be- tween the heads of the piles to a depth and thickness of not less than twelve inches and for one foot in width outside of the piles. Where ranging and capping timbers are laid on piles for foundations, they shall be of hard wood not less than six inches thick and properly joined together, and their tops laid below the water line. When crib footings of iron or steel are used below the water level, the same shall be entirely coated with coal tar, paraf- fine varnish or other suitable preparation, before being placed in position. When footings of iron or steel for columns are placed below the water level, they shall be similarly coated for preservation against rust. Foundation walls shall be construed to include all walls and piers built below the curb level or nearest tier of beams to the curb to serve as supports for walls, piers, columns, girders, posts or beams. Foundation walls shall be built of stone or brick. If built of stone, they shall be at least eight inches thicker than the wall next above them to a depth of twelve feet below the curb level; and for every additional ten feet, or part thereof deeper, they shall be in- creased four inches in thickness. If built of brick, they shall be at least four inches thicker than the wall next above them to a deptli of twelve feet below the curb level ; and for every additional ten feet, or part thereof, deeper, they shall be increased four inches in thickness. The focting or base course shall be of stone or concrete, or both, cr of concrete and stepped-up brickwork, of sufficient thickness and area to safely bear the weight to be imposed thereon; if the footing or base course be of concrete,
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the concrete shall not be less than twelve inches thick ; if of stone, the stones shall not be less than two by three feet, and at least eight inches in thick- ness for walls ; and at least twelve inches wider than the bottom width of said walls, and not less than ten inches in thickness if under piers, columns or posts, and at least twelve inches wider on all sides than the bottom width of said piers, columns or posts. All base stones shall be well bedded and laid crosswise, edge to edge. If stepped-up footings of brick are used in place of stone, above the concrete, the steps or off-sets, if laid in single courses, shall each not exceed one and one-half inches, or if laid in double courses, then each shall not exceed three inches, starting with the brickwork cover- ing the entire width of the concrete, so as to properly distribute the load to be imposed thereon. If, in place of a continuous foundation wall, isolated piers are to be built to support the superstructure, where the nature of the ground and the character of the building make it necessary, inverted arches shall be turned between the piers, at least twelve inches thick and of the full width of the piers, and resting upon a continuous bed of concrete of sufficient area, and at least eighteen inches thick ; or two footing courses of large stone may be used, the bottom course to be laid crosswise, edge to edge, and the top course laid lengthwise, end to end ; or one course of con- crete and one course of stone. The stones shall not be less than ten inches thick in each course, and the concrete shall not be less than eighteen inches thick, and the area of the lower course shall be equal to the area of the base course that would be required under a continuons wall, and the outside pier shall be secured to the second piers with suitable iron rods and plates. All stone walls twenty-four inches or less in thickness shall have at least one header extending through the wall in every three feet in height from the bottom of the wall, and in every four feet in length, and if over twenty-four inches in thickness, shall have one header for every six superficial feet on both sides of the wall, and running into the wall at least two feet. All headers shall be at least eighteen inches in width and eight inches in thick- ness and consist of good flat stones. No stone shall be laid in such walls in any other position than on its natural bed. Before the walls of buildings are carried up above the foundation walls the cellars shall be connected with the street sewers. Should there be no sewer in the street, or if the cellars are below tide level or below the sewer level, then provision shall be made by the owner to prevent water accumulating in the cellars.
§ 11. Section four hundred and seventy-five of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows ;
§ 475. Vaults under sidewalk .- In buildings where the space under the sidewalk is utilized, a sufficient stone or brick wall shall be built to retain the roadway of the street, and the side end or party walls of such building shall extend under the sidewalk of sufficient thickness to such wall. The roofs of all vaults shall be of incombustible material. Openings in the roofs of vaults for the admission of coal or light, shall be covered with lens lights in iron frame, or with iron covers having a rough surface, and rabbeted
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flush with the sidewalk. When areas are covered over, iron, or iron and glass combined, stone or other incombustible materials shall be used, and sufficient strength in such covering shall be provided to insure safety to per- sons walking on the same, and to carry the loads which may be placed thereon. Open areas shall be properly protected with suitable railings.
§ 12. Section four hundred and seventy-six of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 476. Thickness of walls in dwelling-houses. - The basement walls of dwelling-houses, not over thirty-five feet in height, and not over twenty feet in width, shall not be less than twelve inches thick, if of brick. The other walls shall not be less than eight inches thick ; but no party wall in any such building shall be less than twelve inches thick. The walls of all dwelling- houses, whether called tenement-houses, apartment-houses, flats, hotels or other buildings which are to be used for residence purposes, twenty-six feet or less in width between walls, and also the walls of school-houses, which are hereafter erected, or which may be altered to be used as herein specified, over thirty-five feet in height and not over fifty feet in height, shall not be less than twelve inches thick above the foundation wall ; but no wall shall be built having a twelve-inch thick portion measuring vertically more than fifty feet. If over fifty feet in height and not over sixty feet in height, the walls shall not be less than twelve inches thick above the basement, if a high-stoop house, and not less than sixteen inches thick in the first story, if not a high-stoop house. If over sixty feet in height, and not over seventy-five feet in, height, the walls shall not be less than sixteen inches thick to the height of twenty-five feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, and from thence not less than twelve inches thick to the top. If over seventy-five feet in height, and not over eighty-five feet in height, the walls shall not be less than twenty inches thick to the height of twenty feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, thence not less than sixteen inches thick to the height of sixty feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, and from thence not less than twelve inches thick to the top. If over eighty-five feet in height and not over one hundred feet in height, the walls shall not be less than twenty-four inches thick to the height of thirty-five feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, thence not less than twenty inches thick to the height of seventy-five feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, and from thence not less than sixteen inches thick to the top. If over one hundred feet and not over one hundred and fifteen feet in height, the walls shall not be less than twenty-eight inches thick to the height of twenty-five feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height ; thence not less than twenty-four inches thick to the height of fifty feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height ; thence not less than twenty inches thick to the height of ninety feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, and from thence not less than sixteen inches thick to the top. If over one hundred and fifteen feet in height, each additional . twenty-five feet in height or part thereof, next above the curb, shall be in-
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creased four inches in thickness, the upper one hundred and fifteen feet of wall remaining the same as specified for a wall of that height. All non- bearing walls of buildings hereinbefore in this section specified may be four inches less in thickness, provided, however, that none are less than twelve inches thick, except as hereinafter specfied. Eight-inch brick partition walls may be built to support the beams in such buildings in which the distance between the walls is not over thirty-three feet ; provided, that no clear span is over twenty-six feet ; but no such partition wall shall be built having an eight-inch thick portion measuring vertically more than fifty feet. This clause shall not be construed to prevent the use of iron girders or iron girders and columns, or piers of masonry, for the support of the walls and ceilings over any room which has a clear span of more than twenty-six feet between walls. If the clear span is to be over twenty-six feet, then the bear- ing walls shall be increased four inches in thickness for every twelve and one-half feet or part thereof, that said span is over twenty-six feet. When- ever two or more dwelling-houses shall be constructed not over twelve feet six inches in width, and not over fifty feet high, the alternate centre wall between any two such houses, shall be of brick not less than eight inches thick above the foundation wall ; but no such wall shall have an eight-inch portion measuring vertically more than fifty feet ; and the ends of the floor beams shall be so separated that four inches of brick-work will be between the beams where they rest on the said centre wall. In no case shall either end of a beam or beams rest on stud partitions.
§ 13. Section four hundred and seventy-seven of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 477. Walls in warehouses, stores, etc .- The walls of all warehouses, stores, factories, and stables, twenty-five feet or less in width between walls, shall not be less than twelve inches thick to the height of forty feet. If over forty feet in height, and not over sixty feet in height, the walls shall not be less than sixteen inches thick to the height of forty feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, and not less than twelve inches thick from thence to the top. If over sixty feet in height, and not over seventy- five feet in height, the walls not to be less than twenty inches thick to the height of twenty-five feet or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, and from thence not less than sixteen inches thick to the top. If over seventy- five feet in height and not over eighty-five feet in height, the walls shall not be less than twenty-four inches thick to the height of twenty feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height; thence not less than twenty inches thick to the height of sixty feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, and thence not less than sixteen inches thick to the top. If over eighty-five feet in height and not over one hundred feet in height, the walls shall not be less than twenty-eight inches thick to the height of twenty-five feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height; thence not less than twenty-four inches thick to the height of fifty feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height ; thence not less than twenty inches thick to the height
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of seventy-five feet, or to the nearest tier of beams to that height, and thence not less than sixteen inches thick to the top. If over one hundred feet in height, each additional twenty-five feet in height, or part thereof, next above the curb, shall be increased fonr inches in thickness, the upper one hundred feet of wall remaining the same as specified for a wall of that height. If there is to be a clear span of over twenty-five feet between walls, the bear- ing walls shall be four inches more in thickness than is in this section spec- ified, for every twelve and one-half feet, or fraction thereof, that said walls are more than twenty-five feet apart. All buildings, not excepting dwellings, that are over one hundred and five feet in depth, without a crosswall, or proper piers or buttresses, shall have the side or bearing walls increased in thickness four inches more that is specified in the respective sections of this title for the thickness of walls for every one hundred and five feet, or part thereof, that said buildings are over one hundred and five feet in depth. In all stores, warehouses and factories over twenty-five feet in width between walls in which there shall be brick partition walls, or girders supported on iron or wooden columns, or piers of masonry, the partition walls, or girders, shall be so placed that the space between any two partition walls, or girders, shall not exceed twenty-five feet, and the iron or wooden columns, or piers of masonry, and girders, shall be made of sufficient strength and size to bear safely the weight of any lateral strain to be imposed upon them. In case iron or wooden girders, supported by iron or wooden columns, or piers of masonry, are substituted in place of brick partition walls, the building may be seventy-five feet wide and two hundred and ten feet deep, and when the building is located on a corner, it may be one hundred feet wide and one hundred and five feet deep, but not wider nor deeper, except in case of fire- proof buildings which may be constructed as hereinafter provided for in section four hundred and eighty-four of this title. In case the walls of any building are less than twenty-five feet apart, and less than forty feet in depth, or there are crosswalls which intersect the wall, not more than forty feet distant or between the same, or piers or buttresses built into the walls, the interior walls may be reduced in thickness in just proportion to the number of crosswalls, piers or buttresses, and their nearness to each other ; provided, however, that this clause shall not apply to walls below sixty feet in height, and that no such wall shall be less than twelve inches thick at the top, and gradually increased in thickness by set-offs to the bottom ; and the superintendent of buildings is hereby authorized and empowered to decide (except where herein otherwise provided for) how much the walls herein mentioned may be permitted to be reduced in thickness, according to the peculiar circumstances of each case, without endangering the strength and safety of the building. The walls of churches, theaters, foundries, machine shops, car or stage-houses, armories, public markets not over two stories in height and other building of a public character, shall in no case be less than is in this title specified for warehouses; and said buildings shall have, in addition thereto, such piers or buttresses as, in the judgment of the super- intendent of buildings, may be necessary to make a safe and substantial building. One-story structures not exceeding a height of fifteen feet may
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
be built with eight-inch walls when the bearing walls are not more than nineteen feet apart and the length of the eight-inch bearing walls does not exceed thirty five feet. Curtain walls of brick built in between iron or steel columns, and supported wholly or in part on iron or steel girders, shall not be less than twelve inches thick for fifty feet of the uppermost height there- of, or to the nearest tier of beams to that measurement, in any building so constructed, and every lower section of fifty feet or to the nearest tier of beams to such vertical measurement, or part thereof, shall have a thickness of four inches more than is required for the section next above it, down to the tier of beams nearest to the curb level; and thence downwardly the thickness of walls shall increase in the ratio prescribed in section four hun- dred and seventy-four of this title for the thickness of foundation walls.
§ 11. Section four hundred and seventy-eight of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, heretofore repealed is re-enacted and amended to read as follows :
§ 478. Piers and buttresses .- In all walls the same amount of materials may be used in piers or buttresses. Curtain walls may be made four inches less in thickness than is specified respectively for walls of dwellings, and buildings other than dwellings, but no curtain wall shall be less than twelve inches thick. If any horizontal section through any part of any bearing wall in any building shows more than twenty-five per centum area of flues and openings, the said wall shall be increased four inches in thickness for every ten per centum, or fraction thereof, or flue or opening area in excess of twenty-five per centum. Every pier built of brick, containing less than nine superficial feet at the base, supporting any beam, girder, arch or col- umn on which a wall rests, or lintel spanning an opening over ten feet and supporting a wall, shall at intervals of not over thirty inches apart in height, have built into it a bond stone not less than four inches thick, or a cast-iron plate of sufficient strength, and the full size of the piers. All piers shall be built of stone or good, hard, well burnt brick laid in cement mortar. Iso- lated brick piers shall not exceed twelve times their least dimensions. Stone posts for the support of posts or columns above shall not be used in the in- terior of any building. For piers fronting on a street the bond stones may conform with the kind of stone used for the trimmings of the front. Where walls or piers are built of coursed stones, with dressed level beds and verti- cal joints, the superintendent of buildings shall have the right to allow such walls or piers to be built of a less thickness than specified for brick work, but in no case shall said walls or piers be less than three-quarters of the thickness provided for brick work. In all brick walls every sixth course shall be a heading course, except where walls are faced with brick in run- ning bond, in which latter case, every sixth course shall be bonded into the backing by cutting the course of the face brick and putting in diagonal headers behind the same, or by splitting the face brick in half and backing the same with a continuous row of headers. All stone used for the facing of any building, and known as ashlar, shall not be less than four inches thick. Stone ashlar shall be anchored to the backing and the backing shall be of
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such thickness as to make the walls (independent of the ashlar) conform as to the thickness with the requirements of sections four hundred and seventy- six and four hundred and seventy-seven of this title. Iron ashlar plates used in imitation of stone ashlar on the face of a wall must be backed up with the same thickness of brick work as stone ashlar. Walls heretofore built for or used as party walls, whose thickness at the time of their erec- tion was in accordance with the requirements of the then existing laws, but which are not in accordance with the requirements of this title, may be used if in good condition for the ordinary uses of party walls, provided the height of the same be not increased. In case it is desired to increase the height of existing party or independent walls, which walls are less in thickness than required under this title, the same shall be done by a lining of brick work to form a combined thickness with the old wall of not less than four inches more than the thickness required for a new wall corresponding with the total height of the wall when so increased in height. The said linings shall be supported on proper foundations and carried up to such height as the superintendent of buildings may require. No lining shall be less than eight inches in thickness, and all lining shall be laid up in cement mortar and thor- oughly anchored to the old brick walls with suitable wrought-iron anchors, placed two feet apart and properly fastened or driven into the old walls in rows alternating vertically and horizontally with each other, the old walls being first cleaned of plaster or other coatings where any lining is to be built against the same. Any building, the erection of which was commenced in accordance with specifications and plans submitted to and approved by the superintendent of buildings prior to the passage of this act, if properly constructed, and in safe condition, may be completed or built upon in ac- cordance with the requirements of law, as to the thickness of walls, in force at the time when such specifications and plans were approved. In no case shall any wall or walls of any buildings be carried up more than two stories in advance of any other wall, except by permission of the superintendent of buildings. The front, rear, side and party walls shall be properly bonded together, or anchored to each other every six feet in their height by wrought- iron tie anchors, not less than one and a half inches by three-eighths of an inch in size. The side anchors shall be built into the side or party walls not less than sixteen inches, and into the front and rear walls, so as to se- cure the front and rear walls to the side, or party walls, when not built and bonded together. The walls of every building, during the erection or alter- ation, thereof, shall be strongly braced from the beams of each story, and when required, shall also be braced from the outside, until the building is inclosed. The roof tier of wooden beams shall be safely anchored, with plank or joist, to the beams of the story below until the building is inclosed.
§ 15. Section four hundred and seventy-nine of chapter four hundred and en of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 479. Mortar-hollow walls-exterior and division walls .- The walls of of all buildings below the curb level, or the first tier of floor beams nearest
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thereto, shall be laid in cement mortar, and the backing up of all stone ashlar shall also be laid up with cement mortar, or cement and lime mortar mixed ; all other walls built of brick or stone shall be laid in lime or cement mortar, or in lime and cement mortar mixed. In all walls that are built hollow the same quantity of stone or brick shall be used in their construc- tion as if they were built solid, as in this title provided, and no hollow wall shall be built unless the parts of same are connected by proper ties, either of brick, stone or iron, placed not over twenty-four inches apart. The inside four inches of all walls may be built of hard-burnt hollow clay or porous terra cotta blocks, properly tied and bonded into the walls, and of the dimension of ordinary bricks. All exterior and division or party walls over fifteen feet high, excepting where such walls are to be finished with cornices, gutters or crown moldings, shall have parapet walls carried two feet above the roof, and shall be coped with stone, well-burnt terra cotta or cast iron. Recesses for stairways or elevators may be left in the foundation or cellar walls of all buildings, but in no case shall the walls be of less thickness than the walls of the third story, unless reinforced by additional piers with iron girders, or iron columns and girders, securely anchored to walls on each side. No recess for water or other pipes shall be made in any wall more than one-third of its thickness, and the recesses around said pipe or pipes shall be filled up with solid masonry for the space of one foot at the top and bottom of each story. Recesses for alcoves and similar pur- poses shall not be deeper than eight inches, and in no case shall there be less than eight inches of brickwork at the back of such recesses, and pro- vided that such recesses shall not be more than eight feet in width, and shall be arched over and not carried up higher than eighteen inches below the bottom of the beams of the floor next above. The aggregate area of recesses in any wall shall not exceed one-fourth of the whole area of the face of the wall on any story, nor shall any recess be made within a distance of six feet from any other one in the same wall. In all furred walls the course of brick above the under side and below the top of each tier of floor beams shall project the thickness of the furring, to more effectually prevent the spread of fire. The walls and piers of all buildings shall be properly bonded and solidly put together with close joints filled with mortar. They shall be built to a line and be carried up plumb and straight. The walls of each story shall be built up the full thickness to the top of the beams above. All brick laid in non-freezing weather shall be well wet immediately before being laid Walls or piers, or parts of walls and piers, shall not be built in freezing weather, and if frozen, shall not be built upon. The brick used in all buildings shall be good, hard, well burnt brick. The sand used for mortar in all buildings shall be clean, sharp sand, and shall not be finer than the standard samples kept in the office of the superintendent of build- ings. Cement mortar shall be made of sand and cement in the proportion of not more than three parts of sand to one part of cement, and shall be used immediately after being mixed. Lime mortar shall be made of not more than four parts of sand to one part of lime, and shall not be used before being thoroughly slaked. Cement and lime mortar shall be made of
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