USA > New York > New York City > New York City record and building trades directory > Part 40
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or back, before being set up in place, shall have a three-eighths of an inch hole drilled in the shaft of each post or column, by the manufacturer or contractor furnishing the same, to exhibit the thickness of the castings ; and any other similar sized hole or holes which the superintendent of build- ings, or his duly authorized representatives, may require shall be drilled in the said posts or columns by the said manufacturer or contractor at his own expense. Iron posts or columns cast with one or more open sides and backs shall have solid iron plates on top of each to prevent the passage of smoke or fire through them from one story to another, excepting where pierced for the passage of pipes. No cast-iron post or column shall be used in any building of a less average thickness of shaft than three-quarters of an inch, nor shall it have an unsupported length of more than twenty times its least lateral dimensions or diameter. No wrought-iron or rolled-steel column shall have an unsupported length of more than thirty times its least lateral dimension or diameter, nor shall its metal be less than one-fourth of an inch in thickness. All cast-iron, wrought-iron and steel columns shall have their bearings faced smooth, and at right angles to the axis of the column ; and when one column rests upon another column, they shall be securely bolted together. Where columns are used to support iron or steel girders carrying curtain walls, the said columns shall be of cast-iron, wrought-iron or rolled steel, and on their exposed outer and inner surfaces be constructed to resist fire by having a casing of brickwork not less than four inches in thickness and bonded into the brickwork of the curtain walls, or the inside surfaces of the said columns may be covered with an outer shell of iron having an air space between ; and the exposed sides of the iron or steel girders shall also be similarly covered in and tied and bonded. When the thickness of the cur- tain walls is twelve inches the girders for the support of same shall be placed at the floor line of each story, commencing at the line where the thickness of twelve inches starts from, and when the thickness of such walls is sixteen inches the girders shall be placed not farther apart than every other story, at the floor line, commencing at the line where the thickness of sixteen inches starts from, provided that at the intermediate floor line a suitable tie of iron or steel shall rigidly connect the columns together horizontally, and that the ends of the floor beams do not rest upon the said sixteen-inch walls. When the curtain walls are twenty inches or more in thickness and rest directly on the foundation walls the ends of the floor beams may be placed directly thereon, but at or near the floor line of each story ties of iron or steel in- cased in the brickwork shall rigidly connect the columns together horizon- tally. The iron arches, or the usual light castings connecting the columns of an iron front of a buiding, shall be filled in from the soffits to the sills on each upper story with brickwork not less than eight inches thick, or hollow burnt clay blocks not less than' eight inches thick, and carried through the open back columns to the same upper level, the brickwork or blocks to rest on the plates within the columns.
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§ 22. Section four hundred and eighty-six of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 486. Strain on girders and rivets. - Rolled iron or steel beam girders, or riveted iron or steel plate girders used as lintels or as girders, carrying a wall or floor or both, shall be so proportioned that the loads which may come upon them shall not produce strains in tension or compression upon the flanges of more than twelve thousand pounds for iron, nor more than fifteen thousand pounds for steel per square inch of the gross section of each of such flanges, nor a shearing strain upon the web-plate of more than six thousand pounds per square inch of section of such web-plate, if of iron, nor more than seven thousand pounds if of steel ; but no web-plate shall be less than one-quarter of an inch in thickness. Rivets in plate girders shall not be less than five-eighths of an inch in diameter, and shall not be spaced more than six inches apart in any case. They shall be so spaced that their shearing strains shall not exceed nine thousand pounds per square inch of section, nor their bearing exceed fifteen thousand pounds per square inch, on their diameter, multiplied by the thickness of the plates through which they pass. The riveted plate girders shall be proportioned upon the sup- position that the bending or chord strains are resisted entirely by the upper and lower flanges, and that the shearing strains are resisted entirely by the web-plate. No part of the web shall be estimated as flange area, nor more than one-half of that portion of the angle iron which lies against the web. The distance between the centers of gravity of the flange areas will be con- sidered as the effective depth of the girder. Before any girder, as before mentioned, to be used in any building shall be so used, the architect or the manufacturer of or contractor for it shall, if required so to do by the superintendent of buildings, submit for his examination and approval a diagram showing the loads to be carried by said girder, and the strains pro- duced by such load, and also showing the dimensions of the materials of which said girder is to be constructed to provide for the said strains ; and the manufacturer or contractor shall cause to be marked upon said girder, in a conspicuous place, the weight said girder will sustain, and no greater weight than that marked on such girder shall be placed thereon.
§ 23. Section four hundred and eighty-seven of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 487. Inspection of iron and steel beams, etc .- Before any iron or steel beam, lintel or girder intended to span an opening over ten feet in length in any building, shall be used for supporting a wall, the manufacturer or founder thereof, or the owner of said building, shall have the said beam, lintel or girder inspected, and if required by the superintendent of buildings, shall have the same tested by actual weight or pressure thereon, under the direction and supervision of an inspector authorized by the superintendent
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
of buildings. Said manufacturer, founder or owner shall notify the super- intendent of buildings, in writing of the time when, and the place where said inspection and test may be made, and said inspector shall cause the weight which each of said beams, lintels or girders will safely sustain, to be properly stamped or marked in a conspicuous place thereon, and no greater weight shall be put or placed upon any beam, lintel or girder, than that stamped or marked thereon by said inspector. The deflection of a cast-iron beam, lintel or girder under an applied test of double the weight to be carried shall not exceed one-fiftieth of an inch to the foot of span, and said beam, lintel or girder shall return to its original shape after the test. In case any iron or steel beam, girder or lintel, or any iron or steel column shall be rejected by said inspector as unfit or insufficient to be used for the purpose proposed, the same shall not be used for such purpose, in or upon, or about any building or part thereof. All iron- work and steelwork used in any building shall be of the best material and made in the best manner, and properly painted with oxide of iron and linseed oil paint before being placed in position, or coated with some other equally good preparation, or suitably treated for preservation against rust.
§ 24. Section four hundred and eighty-eight of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended so as to read as follows :
§ 488. Wooden beams, use of, regulated .- All wooden beams and other timbers in the party wall of every building built of stone, brick or iron, shall be separated from the beam or timber entering in the opposite side of the wall by at least four inches of solid mason work. No wooden floor beams nor wooden roof beams used in any building, other than a frame building, hereafter erected, shall be of a less thickness than three inches. All wooden trimmer and header beams shall not be less than one inch thicker than the floor or roof beams on the same tier, where the header is four feet or less in length ; and where the header is more than four feet and not more than fifteen feet in length, the trimmer and header beams shall be at least double the thickness of the floor or roof beams, or shall each be made of two beams forming such thickness properly spiked or bolted to- gether, and when the header is more than fifteen feet in length wrought-iron fitch plates of proper thickness and depth shall be placed between two wooden beams suitably bolted together to and through the iron plates in constructing the trimmer and header beams ; or wrought-iron or rolled steel beams of sufficient length may be used. Every wooden beam, except header and tail beams, shall rest at one end four inches in the wall, or upon a girder as authorized by this title. Every wooden header or trimmer more than four feet long, used in any building, shall be hung in stirrup-irons of suita- ble thickness for the size of the timbers. No timber shall be used in any wall of any building, where stone, brick or iron is commonly used, except lintels, as hereinbefore provided. The ends of all wooden floor and roof ·
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beams, where they rest on brick walls, shall be ent to a bevel of three inches on their depth. All wooden beams shall be trimmed away from all flues, whether the same be a smoke, air or any other flue, the trimmer beam to be eight inches from the inside face of a flue in a straight way and four inches from the outside of a chimney breast, and the header two inches from the outside face of the flue. All fire-places shall have trimmer arches to support hearths and the said arches shall be at least sixteen inches in width, measured from the face of the chimney breast, and they shall be constructed of brick, stone or burnt clay. Each tier of beams shall be anchored to the side, front, rear or party walls at intervals of not more than six feet apart, with good, strong wrought-iron anchors of not less than one and a half inches by three-eighths of an inch in size, well fastened to the side of the beams by two or more nails made of wrought-iron at least one-fourth of an inch in diameter. Where the beams are supported by girders, the girders shall be anchored to the walls and fastened to each other by suitable iron straps. The ends of beams resting upon girders shall be butted together end to end and strapped by wrought-iron straps of the same size and dis- tance apart, and in the same beam as the wall anchors, and shall be fastened in the same manner as said wall anchors, or they may lap each other at least twelve inches and be well spiked or bolted together where lapped. Every pier and wall, front or rear, shall be well anchored to the beams of each story, with the same size anchors as are required for side walls, which anchor shall hook over the same beam. Each tier of beams front and rear, opposite each pier, shall have hard wood or Georgia pine anchor strips dovetailed into the beams diagonally, which strips shall cover at least four beams and be one inch thick and four inches wide, but no such anchor strips shall be let in within four feet of the center line of the beams ; or wooden strips shall be nailed on the top of the beams and kept in place until the floors are being laid. All timbers and wooden beams used in any building shall be of good sound material free from rot, large and loose knots, shakes or any imperfection whereby the strength may be impaired, and be of such size and dimensions as the purposes for which the building is intended re- quire.
§ 25. Section four hundred and eighty-nine of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 489. Fire-places, chimneys and flues -All fire-places and chimneys in stone or brick walls in any building hereafter erected, except as herein otherwise provided, and any chimney, or flues hereafter altered or repaired, without reference to the purpose for which they may be used, shall have the joints struck smooth on the inside. No pargeting mortar shall be used on the inside of any fire-place, chimney or flue. The fire backs of all fire- places hereafter erected shall be not less than eight inches in thickness, of solid masonry. The stone or brick-work of all smoke flues, and the chimney shafts of all furnaces, boilers, bakers' ovens, large cooking ranges and laundry
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
stoves, and all flues used for a similar purpose shall be at least eight inches in thickness. If there is a cast-iron or burnt clay pipe built inside of the same, with one inch air space all around it, then the stone or brick-work in- closing such pipes shall not be less than four inches in thickness. All smoke flues of smelting furnaces or of steam boilers, or other apparatus which heat the flues to a high temperature, shall be built with double walls, with an air space between them, the inside four inches to be of fire brick or fire-clay slabs, or blocks laid in fire mortar, to the height of twenty-five feet from the bottom. All smoke flues shall extend at least three feet above the roof, and shall be coped with well-burnt terra cotta, stone or cast-iron. In all buildings hereafter erected every smoke flue shall be lined on the inside with cast-iron or well burnt clay, or fire-proof terra cotta pipe, from the bottom of the flue, or from the throat of the fire-place, if the flue starts from the latter, and carried up continuously to the extreme height of the flue. The ends of all such lining pipes shall be made to fit close together, and the pipe shall be built in as the flue or flues are carried up. Each smoke pipe shall be inclosed on all sides with not less than four inches of brick work properly bonded together. All stone or brick hot-air flues and shafts shall be lined with tin, galvanized iron or burnt clay pipes. No wooden casing, furring or lath shall be placed against or cover any smoke flue or metal pipe used to convey hot air or steam. No smoke pipe shall pass through any floor or roof of any building. No stove pipe in any building with wooden or combustible floors, ceilings or partitions, shall enter any flue unless the said pipe shall be at least twelve inches from either the said floors, ceilings or partitions, unless the same is properly protected by a metal shield, in which case the distance shall not be less than six inches. In all cases where stove pipes pass through stud or wooden partitions of any kind, they shall be guarded by either a double collar of metal with at least three inches of air space and holes for ventilation, or by a soapstone or burnt clay ring not less than three inches in thickness and extending through the partition. Where laundry stoves, hot water, steam, hot air or other furnaces are used in any building, the smoke pipe leading therefrom must be kept not less than eighteen inclies from the floor beams or ceiling unless the same is prop- erly protected by a metal shield, when the distance shall not be less than nine inches. In all cases where such pipe passes through a wood or stud partition it shall be protected by a thimble with eight inches of brickwork around it or a double collar of metal with at least six inches air space, and holes for ventilation. Tin or other metal flues, or pipes used or intended to be used to convey heated air, shall be inclosed with brick or stone at least four inches in thickness, or other hard incombustible materials. Horizontal pipes, and hot air pipes in stud partitions, shall be built in the following manner : The pipes shall be double, that is, two pipes, one inside the other, at least one-half inch apart, and there shall be a space of three inches be- tween the pipe and stud on each side; the inside faces of said stud shall be well lined with tin plate and the outside faces covered with iron lath or slate. No hot air pipe shall be allowed in any stud partition unless said partition .
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shall be at least eight feet distant in a horizontal direction from the furnace. Horizontal hot-air pipes shall be kept six inches below the floor beams or ceiling ; if the floor beams or ceiling are plastered and protected by a metal shield, then the distance shall not be less than three inches. In cases where hot-air pipes pass through a wood or stud partition, they shall be guarded by either a double collar of metal, with two inches air space and holes for ventilation, or they shall be surrounded by brick work at least four inches in thickness. All flues in every building shall be properly cleaned and all rubbish removed, and the flucs left smooth on the inside upon the comple- tion of all buildings. No chimney shall be started or built upon any floor or beam of wood. In no case shall a chimney be corbeled out more than eight inches from the wall, and in all such cases the corbeling shall consist of at least five courses of brick. Where chimneys are supported by piers, the piers shall start from the foundation on the same line with the chimney breast, and shall not be less than twelve inches on the face, properly bonded into the walls. No chimney shall be cut off below, in whole or in part, and supported by wood, but shall be wholly supported by stone, brick or iron. All chimneys which shall be dangerous in any manner whatsoever, shall be repaired and made safe, or taken down. Iron cupola chimneys of foundries shall extend at least ten feet above the highest point of any roof within a radius of fifty feet of such cupola, and be covered on top with a heavy wire netting.
§ 26. Section four hundred and ninety of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 490. Steam pipes-furnaces-registers-gas and water pipes-electric wires .- No steam pipe shall be placed within two inches of any timber or woodwork unless the timber or woodwork is protected by a metal shield, then the distance shall not be less than one inch. All steam pipes passing through floors and ceilings or lath and plastered partitions shall be pro- tected by a metal tube one inch larger in diameter than the pipe, and the space shall be filled in with mineral wool, asbestos or other incombustible material. All wooden boxes or casings inclosing steam pipes and all covers to recesses shall be lined with iron or tin plate. All brick hot-air furnaces shall have two covers, with an air space of at least four inches between them; the inner cover of the lot-air chamber shall be either a brick arch or two courses of brick laid on galvanized iron or tin, supported by iron bars ; the outside cover, which is the top of the furnace, shall be made of bricks or metal supported by iron bars, and so constructed as to be perfectly tight, and shall not be less than four inches below the ceiling or floor beams. The walls of the furnace shall be built hollow in the following manner : One inner and one outer wall, each four inches in thickness, properly bonded together with an air space of not less than three inches between them. Furnaces must be built at least four inches from all woodwork. All cold air boxes shall be made of metal, brick or other incombustible material. All portable.
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
hot-air furnaces shall be kept at least two feet from any wooden or combus- tible partition or ceiling unless the partitions and ceilings are properly pro- tected by a metal shield when the distance shall not be less than one foot. Wooden floors under any portable furnace shall be protected by a suitable stone, or a course of bricks well laid in mortar. Said stone or bricks shall extend at least two feet beyond the furnace in front of the ash-pan. Regis- ters located over a brick furnace shall be supported by a brick shaft built up from the cover of the hot-air chamber ; said shaft shall have a metal pipe inside of it. All registers for hot-air furnaces placed in any woodwork or combustible floors shall have stone borders firmly set in plaster of paris or gauged mortar. All such register boxes shall be made of tin plate with a flange on the top to fit the groove in the stone, the register to rest upon the same; there shall be an open space of two inches on all sides of the regis- ter box, extending from the under side of the stone border to and through the ceiling below the said opening shall be fitted with a tight tin casing, the upper end of which shall be turned under the stone. When a register box is placed in the floor over a portable furnace, the open space on all sides of the register box shall not be less than three inches. When only one register is connected with a furnace said register shall have no valve. Where a kitchen range is placed near a wooden stud partition the studs shall be cut away and framed two feet higher and one foot wider than the range, and filled in to a line with said stud partition with brick or fire-proof blocks and plastered thereon. No gas, water or other pipes which may be intro- duced into any building shall be let into the beams unless the same be placed within thirty-six inches of the end of the beams ; and in no building shall the said pipes be let into the beams more than two inches in depth. Every building, other than a dwelling-house, hereafter erected, and all fac- tories, hotels, churches, theaters, school-houses and other buildings of a public character now erected in which gas or steam is used for lighting or heating, shall have the supply pipes leading from the street mains provided each with a stop-cock placed in the sidewalk at or near the curb, and so arranged as to allow of shutting off at that point. Every electric wire for furnishing light, heat or power, led into any building from the outside therof, shall be arranged with suitable appliances to cut off the current on the out- side of the building. All wires placed inside of buildings, whether in con- nection with aerial or underground wires and carrying electrical currents, shall be properly insulated. All gas brackets shall be placed at least three feet below any ceiling or woodwork, unless the same is properly protected by a shield ; in which case the distance shall not be less than eighteen inches. No swinging or folding gas bracket shall be placed against any stud partition or woodwork. Gas-lights placed near window curtains or any other combustible material shall be protected by a proper shield. In cases where hot water, steam, hot air or other heating appliances or furnaces are hereafter placed in any building, or flues or fire-places are changed or en- larged, due notice shall first be given to the superintendent of buildings by
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the person or persons placing the said furnace or furnaces in said building, or by the contractor or superintendent of said work.
§ 27. Section four hundred and ninety-one of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 491. Doors, blinds and shutters .- Every building which is more than two stories in height above the curb level, except dwelling-houses, hotels, school-houses and churches, shall have doors, blinds or shutters made of iron, hung to iron hanging frames or to iron eyes built into the wall, on - every window and opening above the first story thereof, excepting on the front openings of buildings fronting on streets which are more than thirty feet in width. Or the said doors, blinds or shutters may be con- structed of pine or other soft wood of two thicknesses of matched boards at wight angles with each other, and securely covered with tin, on both sides and edges, with folded lapped joints, the nails for fastening the same being driven inside the lap ; the hinges and bolt, or latches shall be secured or fastened to the door or shutter after the same has been covered with the tin, and such doors or shutters shall be hung upon an iron frame, independent of the woodwork of the windows and doors, or two iron hinges securely fastened in the masonry ; or such frames, if of wood, shall be covered with tin in the same manner as the doors and shutters. All occupants of build- ings shall close the said shutters, doors and blinds at the close of the busi- ness of each day. All shutters opening on fire-escapes, and at least one row, vertically, in every three rows on the front window openings above the first story of any building, shall be so arranged that they can be readily opened from the outside by firemen. All rolling iron or steel shutters hereafter placed in the first story of any building, shall be counter-balanced so that said rolling shutters may be readily opened by the firemen. No building hereafter erected, other than a dwelling-house or fire-proof building, shall have inside iron shutters to windows above the first story. All windows and openings above the first story of any building may be exempted from having shutters by the board of examiners. Where openings in interior brick walls are fitted with fire-proof doors or shutters to prevent the spread of fire between different buildings, or between parts of any building, the said doors or shutters shall be closed at the close of the business of each day by the occupant or occupants of the building having use or control of the same.
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