USA > New York > New York City > New York City record and building trades directory > Part 39
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one part of lime, one part of cement and three parts of sand to each. Con- crete for foundations shall be made of one part of cement, two parts of sand and five parts of small, clean broken stone, all carefully mixed.
§ 16. Section four hundred and eighty of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 480. Fire-proof structures. Every building hereafter altered to be occupied as a hotel, and every building hereafter erected or altered to be occupied as a lodging-house, and every tenement-house, apartment-house, and dwelling-house five stories in height, or having a basement and four stories in height above a cellar, hereafter erected or altered to be occupied by one or more families on any floor above the first, shall have the first floor above the cellar or lowest story constructed fire proof with iron or steel beams and brick arches, The stairs from the cellar or lowest story to the fire-proof floor next above, when placed within any such building, shall be located to the rear of the staircase leading from the first story to the upper stories and be inclosed with brick walls. The opening through the brick wall of such inclosure into the lowest story shall have an iron door, or a tin covered wooden door constructed as heremafter described in section four hundred and ninety-one of this title, and shall be self-closing. When the stairs from the first story to the cellar or lowest story are located in an open side court the door opening leading thereto from the first story, may be placed underneath the staircase in the first story, and the strings and railings of such outside stairs shall be of iron, and if the stairs be inclosed from the weather incombustible material only shall be used for that purpose. No closet shall be constructed underneath the first story staircase, but the space thereunder shall be left entirely open and kept free from incumbrance. Every such building exceeding five stories in height, or having a basement and five stories in height above a cellar, shall be con- structed as in this section before described, and shall also have the halls and stairs inclosed with twelve-inch brick walls. Eight-inch brick walls not exceeding fifty feet in their vertical measurement, may inclose said halls and stairs, and be used as bearing walls where the distance between the outside bearing walls does not exceed thirty-three feet, and the area between the said brick inclosure walls does not exceed one hundred and eighty superficial feet. The floors, stairs and ceilings in said halls and stairways shall be made of iron, brick, stone or other hard incombustible materials, excepting that the flooring and sleepers underneath the same may be of wood and the treads and handrails of the stairs may be of hard wood, pro- vided that where wooden treads are used the underside of the stairs shall be entirely lathed with iron or wire lath and plastered thereon, or covered with metal. At least one flight of such stairs in each of said buildings shall extend to the roof, and be inclosed in a bulkhead built of fire-proof mate- rials. When the said halls and stairways are placed centrally in, or back from the front line of the building, a connecting fire-proof hallway inclosed .
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
with brick walls shall be provided on the first story and extend to the street. In every building thereafter erected, all the walls or partitions forming interior light or vent shafts shall be built of brick, or such other fire-proof materials as may be approved by the superintendent of buildings. The walls of all light or vent shafts, whether exterior or interior, hereafter erected, shall be carried up not less than three and one-half feet above the level of the roof. Eight-inch brick and six-inch and four-inch hollow tile partition walls, of hard burnt clay, or porous terra-cotta, may be built, not exceeding in their vertical portions a measurement of fifty, thirty-six and twenty-four feet respectively, and in their horizontal measurement a length not exceeding seventy-five feet, unless strengthened by proper cross- walls, piers or buttresses. All such walls are to be carried on proper foundations, or on iron girders, or on iron girders and columns or piers of masonry. One line of fore and aft partitions in the cellar or lowest story, supporting stud partitions above, in all buildings over eighteen feet between bearing walls in the cellar or lowest story, hereafter erected, shall be con- structed of brick, not less than eight inches thick, or piers of brick with openings arched over below the underside of the first tier of beams, and the stairs shall be inclosed by a suitable brick wall carried up to the top of the tier of beams nearest the curb line. Fore and aft stud partitions and such other main stud partitions as may be required by the superintendent of buildings, which may be placed in the cellar or lowest story of any building, shall have good solid stone or brick foundation walls under the same, which shall be built up to the top of the floor beams or sleepers, and the sills of said partitions shall be of locust, or other suitable hard wood ; but if the walls are built five inches higher of brick than the top of the floor beams or sleepers, any wooden sill may be used on which the studs shall be set. Fore and aft stud partitions that rest directly over each other, shall run through the wooden floor beams and rest on the plate of the par- tition below, and shall have the studding filled in solid between the uprights to the depth of the floor beams with suitable incombustible materials. All girders supporting the first tier of wooden beams in build- ings shall be supported by brick piers, or iron, locust or other suitable hard wood, posts of sufficient strength, on proper foundations. The floor of the cellar or lowest story in every dwelling-house, tenement-house, apartment- house, lodging-house and hotel hereafter erected, shall be concreted with suitable materials not less than three inches thick. The ceiling over every cellar or lowest floor in dwelling houses, when the beams are of wood shall be lathed with iron or wire lath and plastered thereon with two coats of brown mortar of good materials. When wood wainscoting is used, in any building hereafter erected, the surface of the wall or partition behind such wainscoting shall be plastered down to the floor line, and any intervening space between the said plastering and wainscot shall be filled in with solid incombustible material.
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
§ 17. Section four hundred and eighty-one of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 481. Arches and lintels .- Openings for doors and windows in all build- ings, except as otherwise provided, shall have good and sufficient arches of stone, brick or terra-cotta, well built and keyed with good and sufficient abutments, or lintels of stone as follows :- For an opening not more than . four feet in width, the lintels shall not be less than eight inches in height ; and for an opening not more than six feet in width, the lintel shall not be less than twelve inches in height ; and for an opening exceeding six feet in width, and not more than eight feet in width, the lintel shall be the full thickness of the wall to be supported, and not less than twelve inches in height. Every stone lintel over such opening six feet or less in width, in all walls, shall not be less than four inches thick, and shall have a bearing at eacli end of not less than five inches on the wall. On the inside of all open- ings in which the stone lintel shall be less than the thickness of the wall to be supported, there shall be a good timber lintel on the inside of the stone lintel, which shall rest at each end not more than three inches on any wall, and shall be chamfered at each end, and shall have a double row-lock or bonded arch turned over the timber lintel. Or the inside lintel may be of cast iron, and in such case stone blocks or cast iron plates shall not be re- quired at the ends where the lintel rests on the walls, provided the opening is not more than six feet in width.
§ 18. Section four hundred and eighty-two of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 482. Measurements, how made .- The height of all walls shall be measured from the curb level at the centre of the building to the top of the highest point of the roof beams in the case of flat roofs, and for high-pitched roofs the average of the height of the gable shall be taken as the highest point of the wall. In case the wall is carried on iron girders or iron girders and columns, or piers of masonry, the measurements, as to height, may be taken from the top of such girder. When the walls of a structure do not adjoin the street, then the average level for the ground adjoining the walls may be taken instead of the curb level for the height of such structure. the width of buildings, for the purposes of this title, shall be determined by the way the beams are placed. The lengthwise of the beams shall be con- sidered and taken to be the widthwise of the building, and the bearing walls are tliose walls on which the beams or trusses rest.
§ 19. Section four hundred and eighty-three of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
§ 453. Strength of floors, roofs and supports, how computed. - In every building used as a dwelling-house, tenement-house, apartment-house or hotel, each floor shall be of sufficient strength in all its parts to bear safely upon every superficial foot of its surface seventy pounds ; and if to be used for office purposes not less than one hundred pounds upon every superficial foot; if to be used as a place of public assembly, one hundred and twenty pounds; and if to be used as a store, factory, warehouse or for any other manufacturing or commercial purpose, one hundred and fifty pounds and upwards upon every superficial foot, and every floor shall be of sufficient strength to bear safely the wieght to be imposed thereon in addition to the weight of the materials of which the floor is composed. The roofs of all buildings shall be proportioned to bear safely fifty pounds upon every su- perficial foot of their surface, in addition to the weight of materials compos- ing the same. Every column, post or other vertical support shall be of sufficient strength to bear safely the weight of the portion of each and every floor depending upon it for support, in addition to the weight required as before stated to be supported safely upon said portions of said floors. The dimensions of each piece or combination of materials required shall be as- certained by computation, according to the rules given in Haswell's Mechan- ics and Engineers Pocket-book, except as may be otherwise provided for in this title. The strength of all columns and posts shall be computed ac- cording to Gordon's formula, and the crushing weights in pounds, to the square inch of section, for the following named materials, shall be taken as the co-efficients in said formula, namely :- Cast-iron, eighty thousand ; wrought or rolled iron, forty thousand ; rolled steel, forty-eight thousand ; white pine and spruce, three thousand five hundred; pitch or Georgia pine, five thousand; American oak, six thousand. The breaking strength of wooden beams and girders shall be computed according to the formalæe in which the constants for transverse strains for central loads, shall be as follows, namely :- Hemlock, four hundred; white pine, four hundred and fifty; spruce, four hundred and fifty; pitch or Georgia pine, five hundred and fifty; Ameri- can oak, five hundred and fifty; and for wooden beams and girders carrying a uniformly distributed load the constants will be doubled. The factors of safety shall be as one to four for all beams, girders and other pieces subject to a transverse strain ; and as one to four for all posts, columns and other ver- tical supports when of wrought iron or rolled steel, and as one to five for other materials, subject to a compressive strain; and as one to six for tie- rods, tie-beams, and other pieces subject to a tensile strain. Good solid, natural earth shall be deemed to safely sustain a load of four tons to the superficial foot, or as otherwise determined by the superintendent of buildings, and the width of footing courses shall be at least sufficient to meet this requirement. In computing the weight of walls, a cubic foot of brickwork shall be deemed to weigh one hundred and fifteen pounds. Sand- stone, white marble, granite and other kinds of building stone shall be deemed to weigh one hundred and sixty pounds per cubic foot. The safe- bearing load to apply to good brickwork shall be taken at eight tons per
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
superficial foot when good lime mortar is used ; eleven and one-half tons per superficial foot where good lime and cement mortar mixed is used ; and fif- teen tons per superficial foot when good cement mortar is used. Every tempora y support placed under any structure, wall, girder or beam, during the erection, finishing, alteration, or repairing of any building or structure or any part thereof, shall be of sufficient strength to safely carry the load to be placed thereon. In all warehouses, storehouses, factories, workshops, and stores where heavy materials are kept or stored, or machinery intro- duced, the weight that each floor will safely sustain upon each superficial foot thereof, shall within ninety days after the passage of this act, be esti- mated by the owner or occupant, or by a competent person employed by the owner or occupant. Such estimate shall be reduced to writing, stating the material, size, distance apart and span of beams and girders, posts or columns to support floors, and its correctness shall be sworn to by the person making the same, and it shall thereupon be filed in the office of the bureau of inspection of buildings. But if the superintendent of buildings shall have cause to doubt the correctness of said estimate he is empowered to revise and correct the same, and for the purpose of such revision the officers and employes of said department of buildings may enter any building and remove so much of any floor or other portion thereof as may be required to make necessary measurements and examination. When the correct esti- mate of the weight that the floors in any such buildings will safely sustain has been ascertained, as herein provided, the superintendent of buildings shall approve the same, and thereupon the owner or occupant of said build- ing, or of any portion thereof, shall post a copy of such approved estimate in a conspicuous place on each story of the building to which it relates. Before any building hereafter erected is occupied and used, in whole or in part, for any of the purposes aforesaid and before any building, erected prior to the passage of this act, but not at such time occupied for any of the aforesaid purposes, is occupied or used, in whole or in part, for any of said purposes, the weight that each floor will safely sustain upon each superficial foot thereof, shall be ascertained and posted as hereinbefore required. The weight placed on any of the floors of any building shall be safely distributed thereon, and the superintendent of buildings may require the owner or occupant of any building, or of any portion thereof, to redis- tribute the load on any floor, or to lighten such load, as he may direct, where he may deem the same to be necessary for the protection of life and property. No person shall place, or cause or permit to be placed on any floor of any building any greater load than the safe load thereof, as esti- mated and ascertained as herein provided. Any expense necessarily incurred in moving any floor or other portion of any building for the purpose of making any examination herein provided for shall be paid by the comp- troller of the city of New York, upon the requisition of the superintendent of buildings, out of the fund paid over to him under the provisions of sec- tion five hundred and fifteen of this title. Such expenses shall be a charge against the person or persons by whom or on whose behalf said estimate .
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
was filed in the office of the bureau of inspection of buildings, and shall be collected in an action to be brought in the name of said department against said person or persons, and the sum so collected shall be paid over to the said comptroller to be deposited in said fund in reimbursement of the amount paid as aforesaid.
§ 20. Section four hundred and eighty-four of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended, is further amended to read as follows :
§ 484. Fire-proof buildings-rules for construction .- Every building hereafter erected to be used as a hotel, and every building hereafter erected or altered to be ueed as a theater, hospital, asylum, institution for the care or treatment of persons, or in whole or in any part as a school or place of instruction, the height of which exceeds thirty-five feet, except buildings, for which specifications and plans have been heretofore submitted to and approved by the superintendent of buildings, and every other building the height of which exceeds eighty-five feet, shall be built fire-proof, that is to say, they shall be constructed with walls of brick, stone, iron or other hard, incombustible materials, in which wooden beams or lintels shall not be placed, and in which the floors and roofs shall be of materials similar to the walls. The stairs and staircase landings shall be built entirely of brick, stone, iron or other hard, incombustible materials. No woodwork or other inflammable material shall be used in any of the partitions, furrings or ceilings in any such fire-proof buildings, excepting, however, that the doors and windows and their frames, the trims, the casings, the interior finish when filled solid at the back with fire-proof material, and the floor boards and sleepers directly thereunder, may be of wood. But nothing in this section contained shall be so construed as to apply to or prevent the erec- tion of what are known as grain elevators, as usually constructed, provided they are erected on tide water, or adjacent to the river front in said city, in isolated localities, under such conditions as the said department of build- ings may prescribe, including location. In all fire-proof buildings the follow- ing rules shall be observed :
1. All cast-iron, wrought-iron or rolled-steel columns shall be made true and smooth at both ends, and shall rest on iron or steel bed plates, and have iron or steel cap plates, which shall also be made true. All iron or steel trimmer beams, headers and tail beams, shall be suitably framed and connected together, and the iron girders, columns, beams, trusses and all other iron work of all floors and roofs shall be strapped, bolted, anchored and connected together, and to the walls, in a strong and substantial manner. Where beams are framed into headers, the angle irons which are bolted to the tail beams, shall have at least two bolts for all beams over seven inches in depth, and three bolts for all beams twelve inches and over in depth, and these bolts shall not be less than three-quarters of an inch in diameter. Each one of such angles or knees, when bolted to girders, shall have the same number of bolts as stated for the other leg. The angle iron in no case shall
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
be less in thickness than the header or trimmer to which it is bolted ; and the width of angle in no case shall be less than one-third the depth of beam, excepting that no angle knee shall be less than two and a half inches wide, nor required to be more than six inches wide. All wrought-iron or rolled steel beams eight inches deep and under shall have bearings equal to their depth, if resting on a wall; nine to twelve-inch beams shall have a bearing of ten inches, and all beams more than twelve inches in depthi shall have bearings of not less than twelve inches if resting on a wall. Where beams rest on iron supports, and are properly tied to the same, no greater bearings shall be required than one-third of the depth of the beams. Iron or steel floor beams shall be so arranged as to spacing and length of beams that the load to be supported by them, together with the weights of the materials used in the construction of the said floors shall not cause a deflection of the said beams of more than one-thirtieth of an inch per linear foot of span ; and they shall be tied together at intervals of not more than eight times the depth of the beam.
2. Under the ends of all iron or steel beams where they rest on the walls, a stone or cast-iron template shall be built into the walls. Said template shall be eight inches wide, in twelve-inch walls, and in all walls of greater thickness said template shall be twelve inches wide, and such templates, if of stone, shall not be in any case less than two and one-half inches in thick- ness and no template shall be less than twelve inches long.
3. All brick or stone arches placed between iron or steel floor beams shall be at least four inches thick and have a rise of at least one and a quarter inches to each foot of span between the beams. Arches of over five feet span shall be properly increased in thickness, as required by the super- intendent of buildings, or the space between the beams may be filled in with sectional hollow brick of hard-burnt clay, porous terra cotta or some equally good fire-proof material, having a depth of not less than one and one-quarter inches to each foot of span, a variable distance being allowed of not over six inches in the span between the beams. The said brick arches shall be laid to a line on the centers, with close joints, and the bricks shall be well wet, and the joints filled with cement mortar, in proportions of not more than two of sand to one of cement, by measure. The arches shall be well grouted and pinned or chinked with slate, and keyed. The bottom flanges of all wrought-iron or rolled steel floor beams, and all exposed por- tions of such beams below the abutments of the floor arches shall be entirely incased with hard-burnt clay or porous terra cotta ; or with wire metal lath properly secured, and plastered on the under side. The exposed sides and bottom plates or flanges of wrought-iron or rolled steel girders supporting iron, steel or wooden floor beams, or supporting floor arches or floors, shall be entirely incased in the same manner.
§ 21. Section four hundred and eighty-five of chapter four hundred and ten of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, as heretofore amended is further amended to read as follows :
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NEW YORK CITY RECORD AND BUILDING TRADES DIRECTORY.
§ 485. Lintels, bearings and supports. - All iron or steel lintels sha II have bearings proportionate to the weight to be imposed thereon, but no lintel used to span any opening more than ten feet in width shall have a bearing less than twelve inches at each end, if resting on a wall, but if rest- ing on an iron post, such lintel shall have a bearing of at least six inches at each end, by the thickness of the wall to be supported. If the posts are to be party posts in front of a party wall, and are to be used for two buildings, then the said posts shall not be less than sixteen inches on the face by the thickness of the wall above, and if the party wall be more than sixteen inches thick, then the post shall be the thickness of the wall on the face. Intermediate posts may be used, which shall be sufficiently strong, and the lintels thereon shall have sufficient bearings to carry the weight above with safety, as in this title provided. When the lintels or girders are supported at the ends by brick walls or piers they shall rest upon cut granite or blue- stone blocks at least twelve inches thick, or upon cast-iron plates of equal strength by the full size of the bearings. In case the opening is less than. twelve feet, the stone blocks may be six inches in thickness, or cast-iron plates of equal strength by the full size of the bearings, may be used. This requirement shall not apply to cast-iron lintels used at the back of stone lintels over openings not exceeding six feet in width. In all cases where the girder carries a wall and rests on brick piers or walls, the bearings shall be sufficient to support the weight above with safety. No cast-iron lintel or beam shall be less than three-quarters of an inch in thickness in any of its parts. Iron beams or girders used to span openings more than sixteen feet in width, upon which walls rest or upon which floor beams are carried, shall be of wrought-iron or rolled steel and of sufficient strength ; or cast-iron arch girders may be used having a rise of not less than one inch to eachi foot of span between the bearings, with one or more wrought-iron tie-rods of sufficient strength to resist the thrusts, well fastened at each end of the girder. All lintels or girders placed over any opening in the front, rear or side of a building, or returned over a corner opening, when supported by brick or stone piers or iron columns, shall be of iron or steel and of the full breadth of the wall supported. In all buildings hereafter erected or altered, where any iron or steel column or columns are used to support a wall or part thereof, whether the same be an exterior or an interior wall, excepting a wall fronting on a street, and columns located below the level of the sidewalk which are used to support exterior walls or arches over vaults, the said column or columns shall be either constructed double, that is, an outer and an inner column, the inner column alone to be of sufficient strength to sus- tain safely the weight to be imposed thereon or such other iron or steel column of sufficient strength and so constructed as to secure resistance to fire, may be used as may be approved by the superintendent of buildings. Iron posts in front of party walls shall be filled up solid with masonry and made perfectly tight between the posts and walls to prevent effectually the passage of smoke or fire. Cast-iron posts or columns which are to be used for the support of wooden or iron girders or brick walls, not cast with one open side
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