USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Cincinnati > Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788-1912, Volume II > Part 27
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Third National Bank, 65 West Third street. Capital $800,000. Oliver Perin, president; W. A. Goodman, vice president; G. P. Griffith, cashier ; Ammi Bald- win, assistant cashier.
Walnut Street Bank, northwest corner Third and Walnut. Capital $25,- 000. G. H. Bussing & Co., G. H. Bussing, Thos. Scanlon.
This recital of Cincinnati banking changes during one hundred and five years, from 1807, when the Miami Exporting Company began accepting deposits and issuing notes for circulation, to the present day, has covered the various epochs, first of banking and note issue, up to the crash in values of 1820, due to the too sudden increase in real estate values based upon credit-followed by five years of recovery and then normal growth of banking capital from then on. Next the great increase in the number of private banks, due to the difficulty in obtaining state charters. This was followed by the National Bank Act, and the conse- quent establishment of banks with national charters. Soon later the state became more liberal in granting charters, private banks either obtained charters or liq- uidated, and in recent years a number of mergers brought enough banking capi- tal in the few large banks to care for the needs of the city as the population in- creased.
Cincinnati banks, now, with the increased usefulness of the clearing house, should be well prepared to care for the needs of this community.
CINCINNATI CLEARING HOUSE BANKS.
First National Bank '63. Clearing House Number I. Joined Clearing House 1866.
Second National Bank '63. Clearing House Number 2. Joined Clearing House 1866.
Third National Bank '63. Clearing House Number 3. Joined Clearing House 1866. Merged with Fifth National in 1908.
Bank of the Ohio Valley '58. No Number. Joined Clearing House 1866. Absorbed by Third National in 1871.
Fourth National Bank '63. Clearing House Number 4. Joined Clearing House 1866.
Central National Bank '65. Clearing House Number 5. Joined Clearing House 1866. Merged with First National in 1871.
Fallis & Co. '55, Merchants National '65. Clearing House Number 6. Joined Clearing House 1866. Merged with First National in 1909.
Commercial Bank '29, Commercial National '66. Clearing House Number 7. Joined Clearing House 1866. Commercial Bank '71. Failed 1895.
Ohio National Bank '65. Clearing House Number 8. Joined Clearing House 1866. National Lafayette '79. Merged First National 1905.
Franklin Bank '33. Clearing House Number 9. Joined Clearing House 1866. Merged with Citizens National in 1906.
Lafayette Bank '34. Clearing House Number 10. Joined Clearing House 1866. National Lafayette '79. Merged First National 1905.
C. F. Adae & Co. (German Savings Institution) '57. Clearing House Num- ber II. Joined Clearing House 1866. Failed in 1878.
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Espy, Heidelbach & Co. '62. Clearing House Number 12. Joined Clearing House 1866. Became Ohio Valley National Bank in 1886. Merged with First National 1905.
Homans & Co. '58. No Number. Joined Clearing House 1866. Failed in 1869.
Jas. Gilmore & Co. '21. Clearing House Number 13. Joined Clearing House 1866. Absorbed by National Bank Commerce in 1878.
Seasongood, Netter Co. '70. Clearing House Number 14. Joined Clearing House 1870. Became Equitable National Bank, merged with Merchants National in 1905.
Smead, Collard & Hughes '44. (Citizens Bank). Clearing House Number 15. Joined Clearing House 1866. Became Union National Bank '81. Merged with Ohio Valley National Bank in 1887.
E. Kinney & Co. '55. Clearing House Number 16. Joined Clearing House 1866. Failed 1877.
Jos. F. Larkin & Co. '58. Clearing House Number 17. Joined Clearing House 1866. Became Metropolitan National Bank 1881. Failed '88.
Hewson, White & Co. '62. Clearing House Number 18. Joined Clearing House 1866. Deposits Transferred to Fourth National 1875.
Andrews, Bissell & Co. '68. Clearing House Number 19. Joined Clearing House 1868. Became National Bank Commerce '75. Merged with Lafayette Bank 1879.
Jos. A. Hemann & Co. '68. Clearing House Number 20. Joined Clearing House 1868. Failed in 1877.
Hakman, Henghold & Co. '73. (Called German American Bank.) Clearing House Number 21. Joined Clearing House 1873. Failed in 1877.
N. G. Nettleton & Co. '73. Clearing House Number 22. Joined Clearing House 1873. Voluntary Liquidation in 1877.
Herman Levi & Co. '73. Clearing House Number 23. Joined Clearing House 1873. Voluntary Liquidation in 1877.
German Banking Co. '73. Clearing House Number 24. Joined Clearing House 1873. Became German National Bank in 1881.
Geo. H. Bussing & Co. '55 (Walnut Street Bank). Clearing House Num- ber 25. Joined Clearing House 1873. Failed in 1877.
Western German Bank '75. Clearing House Number 26. Joined Clearing House 1875.
S. Kuhn & Sons '76. Clearing House Number 27. Joined Clearing House 1876. Absorbed by Fifth-Third National in 1909.
Bank of Cincinnati '77. Clearing House Number 28. Joined Clearing House 1877. Absorbed by Citizens National in 1881.
Citizens National Bank '80. Clearing House Number 29. Joined Clearing House 1880.
Exchange National Bank '82. Clearing House Number 30. Joined Clearing House 1882. Absorbed by Cincinnati National in 1884.
Queen City National Bank '82. Clearing House Number 31. Joined Clear- ing House 1882. Became Fifth National in 1888. Became Fifth-Third National in 1908.
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Cincinnati National Bank '83. Clearing House Number 32. Joined Clear- ing House 1883. Deposits acquired by Ohio Valley National 1887.
Fidelity Safe Deposit & Trust Co. Clearing House Number 33. Joined Clearing House 1884. Clearing House Number given Fidelity National in 1886, which failed in 1887.
Atlas National Bank '87. Clearing House Number 35. Joined Clearing House 1887.
Market National Bank '87. Clearing House Number 36. Joined Clearing House 1887.
City Hall Bank '87. Clearing House Number 37. Joined Clearing House 1893.
American National Bank '07. Clearing House Number 38. Joined Clear- ing House 1907. Merged with Fifth-Third National in 1908.
Central Trust & Safe Deposit Co. '83. Clearing House Number 39. Joined Clearing House 19II.
Union Savings Bank & Trust Co. 890. Clearing House Number 40. Joined Clearing House 1911.
Cincinnati Trust Co. 1900. Clearing House Number 41. Joined Clearing House 19II. Absorbed by Provident Savings Bank and Trust Co. in 1911.
Provident Savings Bank & Trust Co. 1900. Clearing House Number 42. Joined Clearing House 1911.
CHAPTER XIII.
MEDICAL CINCINNATI.
THE PIONEER PHYSICIAN AND THE HARDSHIPS HE ENDURED-FIRST KNOWN DISCIPLE OF ESCULAPIUS A SURVEYOR KILLED BY THE INDIANS-DR. DRAKE THE MOST NOTED PIONEER WHO WRITES OF HIS TIME ENTERTAININGLY-MEDICAL COLLEGES-LIBRARIES-SOCIETIES-HOSPITALS.
BY A. G. DRURY, A. M., M. D.
FORE-WORD.
The medical history of Cincinnati for the first thirty years of the city's ex- istence is that of individuals only, no records have been found of any organizations prior to 1818.
Thanks for material assistance are tendered to the officers and staffs of the various hospitals, the authorities of the medical colleges, the editors of the medi- cal journals, and to the librarians and assistants of the libraries.
The works consulted have been :- "Drake's Discourses." Mansfield's "Life of Daniel Drake," Ford's History of Cincinnati, Grove's Centennial History of Cincinnati. From "Daniel Drake and His Followers," by Otto Juettner, M. D., I have quoted literally and liberally.
The 28th day of December, 1788, is generally conceded to be the date of the first settlement of Cincinnati. On that day Israel Ludlow, with about thirty companions landed at what is now the foot of Sycamore street, then known as Yeatman's Cove. Here they built three or four cabins. The present site of Cincinnati had been visited by John Cleves Symmes, Col. Robert Patterson, Matthias Denman, and John Filson, in September, 1788. Denman decided to lay out a town at this point. John Filson, who was a surveyor, schoolmaster, and historian, gave to the place the name "Losantiville." During this expedition Filson suddenly disappeared, and, it is believed, was killed by the Indians. He had been a student of medicine for more than a year, and was looking hopefully into the future when he would be able to quit teaching and surveying, and settle down in Lexington, Ky., as a physician. He was therefore the first medical man whose name is associated with the history of Cincinnati.1
GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR was a Scotchman by birth, and a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, where he began the study of medicine. Subse- quently he continued this study in London under the great John Hunter. Later
1 "D. D. & His Fol."
215
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he came to America, and served with distinction in the Revolutionary war. He was a member of the military "Order of the Cincinnati." He arrived at Fort Washington, January 1, 1790. Later he gave to the village the name "Cincin- nati," abolishing Filson's "Losantiville."
St. Clair's defeat occurred in the latter part of September, 1791. The office of coroner is said to have been created by him.
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, general, and president of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1773, attended medical lectures in the universities of Virginia and Pennsylvania. He entered the army as an officer of the line instead of the medical staff. He was in command of Fort Washington, as captain from 1795 to 1798.2
Drake tells us that Harrison's medical knowledge enabled him frequently to give relief to those who could not, at the moment, command the services of a physician, and also inspired him with an abiding interest in the profession. This he successfully displayed more than twenty-five years afterwards, when a member of the senate of Ohio. The bill establishing the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio (Jan. 22, 1821) met with much opposition. This opposition he combatted with his usual energy. Harrison was afterwards first president of the first board of trustees of the Medical College of Ohio, created by the legislature, December 12, 1822.
PIONEER PHYSICIANS.
Drake tells us (Drake's Discourses) the pioneers of the profession were largely the surgeons of the army. It was the custom of these gentlemen, not merely to give gratuitous attendance on the people of the village, but also to furnish medicines from the army hospital chests through a period when none were imported from the east.
DR. RICHARD ALLISON, the first of the army surgeons who remained after the army was disbanded, was born in Goshen, N. Y., in 1757. In 1776 he entered the Army of the Revolution as a surgeon's mate, and continued in it to the end of the war. When the government sent an army to the west, he reentered the service, and acted as surgeon general in the campaigns of Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne. In the summer of 1792, between the campaigns of St. Clair and Wayne, Dr. Ollison was stationed at Fort Finney, opposite the city of Louis- ville.
After an honorable career as an army surgeon he retired in 1798, and built a house at the present corner of Fourth and Lawrence streets. This place was known as Peach Grove. In 1799, he removed to a farm on the Little Miami. where he intended to indulge his taste for agriculture, and do a little speculating in real estate. To that end he projected a settlement to be known as "Allisonia," and depicted its healthfulness and prospects in glowing style.
In 1805, he returned to the city, and had an office at the southwest corner of Fourth and Sycamore streets. He died in 1816. His monument can still be seen in Wesleyan cemetery.
2 Ford. Hist. of Cinn.
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DR. JOHN HOLE .- The owners of the original town site gave lots to settlers who agreed to cultivate the soil and build a house. Among the first eighty set- tlers who became landowners in Cincinnati, was Dr. John Hole. He was among the first in 1789. He was born in Virginia in 1754. He responded to the first call for troops in the Revolutionary war. He was surgeon's mate in the Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion, and continued in active service during the war. He fought at Bunker Hill, and was present when Washington assumed command of the army.
Dr. Hole served on the staff of General Montgomery, after whom Mont- gomery county, O., was named. He was present at the battles of Quebec and Montmorency. He introduced cowpox inoculation in Cincinnati in the winter of 1792-3, the smallpox having been then introduced for the first time. In 1797 he purchased 1,440 acres of land on Silver Creek, in Washington township, paying for it with revolutionary land warrants. He was the first person baptized in Silver Creek, the name of which was changed to Hole's Creek. At the be- ginning of the War of 1812 he was offered a position on the medical staff of the . army, which failing health compelled him to decline. He died January 6, 1813.3
DR. CARMICHAEL was another of the army surgeons who practiced gratui- tously in Cincinnati. Not many particulars are known of him. He came from New Jersey and was a surgeon's mate when he arrived in Fort Washington, in 1789. He remained in the army until 1802, when he was discharged upon the reduction of the army. When the United States troops went to occupy Louisiana after its purchase, he conducted the baggage and munitions from Fort Adams, below Natchez, to New Orleans. He then bought a cotton plantation, on which he lived to an advanced age.
DR. JOSEPH PHILLIPS was born in New Jersey in 1766, came to Fort Wash- ington in 1793 as a surgeon's mate, returned east in 1795, retired in 1802 with the rank of surgeon. Drake refers to him as a physician of great skill and a gentleman of culture. He was a close friend of Wm. H. Harrison, afterwards president of the United States. He died in 1846.
DR. JOSEPH STRONG was a native of Connecticut, born in 1769, a Yale graduate in the arts, but not a graduate in medicine. He came west with General Wayne, and saw much service during Wayne's campaign. In 1795, he returned to the east, and located in Philadelphia, where he became a friend of Dr. Benjamin Rush. He was a literateur, and poet. He died in 1812.
DR. JOHN ELLIOTT, a native of New York, served through the war of inde- pendence as a surgeon's mate, and reinlisted in 1785. He came west with Gen- eral St. Clair, and was for some time stationed at Fort Washington. He was with Wayne in the campaign of 1794-5, which secured from the Indians the Greenville treaty, brought peace and security to the middle west, and turned the tide of immigration into the country of the Miamis. He located in Dayton, O., in 1812. He was a dignified and courtly gentleman, punctilious in dress and in the amenities. Dr. Drake, who met him in 1804, speaks of him as "a highly ac- complished gentleman in a purple silk coat." He died in 1809.
3 D. D. & His Fol., p. 28.
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DR. JOHN SELLMAN was born in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1764. He came from a good family and received an excellent general education. He entered the army as a surgeon's mate, and came to Fort Washington with General Wayne in 1793.
He resigned in 1794, and took up his residence on Front street between Sycamore and Broadway. For several years he was surgeon to the Newport Barracks. Like many of his confreres in the army he was not a graduate in medicine. He took great interest in the affairs of the profession, and was a staunch friend of the Medical College of Ohio, which institution conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1826. He died in this city in 1827.
DR. WILLIAM BURNET, JR., was a son of Dr. William Burnet, surgeon gen- eral of the Revolutionary army in the eastern department, and brother of Judge David Burnet, who was for several decades an eminent lawyer and citizen of Cincinnati. Drake says he was the first physician, apart from the army surgeons, who came to Cincinnati. He was born in New Jersey, and was a graduate of Nassau Hall, Princeton. He was not a graduate in medicine. He served through the Revolutionary war as a surgeon's mate. He arrived in Cincinnati in 1789 but a few months after the first landing, bringing with him both books and medicines. In the spring of 1791, he revisited his native state. Soon after reaching there he obtained from the Grand Masonic Lodge of New Jersey, the warrant under which the Nova Caesarea Harmony Lodge No. 2, of this city was constituted. He subsequently lived near Newark, New Jersey. The date of his death is not known.
DR. CALVIN MORRELL .- When Dr. Burnet came west he brought with him Dr. Morrell, a brother Mason, who also hailed from New Jersey. He was present at the organization of the Nova Caesarea Harmony Lodge No. 2. He did not remain long in Cincinnati, but joined the Shakers of Union village, near Lebanon, Ohio, and died there.
DR. ROBERT MCCLURE came from Brownsville, Pennsylvania, in 1792, and opened an office on Sycamore street between Third and Fourth, where he en- joyed a good practice, which Drake tells us was not due to his own excellence as a physician, but to the splendid attributes of his wife, who was exceedingly popular with all classes. Dr. Drake also says: "In those days it was customary with the army officers to drink bitters in the morning-those of Dr. Stoughton, of London, being preferred; but as importations were sometimes suspended, Dr. McClure made a tincture, and putting it up in small vials, labeled them Best Stoughton Bitters, prepared in Cincinnati by Dr. Robert McClure." This seems to have caused much amusement to the officers. The Sentinel contained adver- tisements of these bitters. In some of these the doctor asked for the return of empty bottles. In 1801, Dr. McClure left Cincinnati, and returned to his native place, where he died.
DR. JOHN CRANMER .- For about six years after Dr. McClure came no other physician seems to have located in Cincinnati. In 1798, Dr. Cranmer arrived, and made his home on the north side of Second or Columbia street, between Main and Walnut. He was a native of Pittsburgh, Penn., where he picked up an ele- mentary knowledge of medicine in the office of Dr. Bedford, a prominent phy-
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sician of that place. With little education, and no formal study of medicine, he nevertheless made steady advancement in practice and reputation for thirty- four years, or until his death by cholera in 1832.
DR. JESSE SMITH was born in Peterboro, New Hampshire, March 6, 1793, on the farm owned by his grandfather, William Smith, and subsequently by his father, Robert Smith. The farm home is still owned by a branch of the family at the present time (1912). Through his grandmother, Elizabeth Morrison, as well as through his grandfather, William Smith, he inherited the traits of his Scotch ancestry-traits which were indeed valuable in the early days of rugged New England. The children were brought up with rigid care as to their service and duty to God and man-as to their morals, their habits of industry-and always with a strong love for reading, though the education was mainly con- ducted at home. No word of Scotch dialect was ever permitted in the household.
Young Jesse, at the age of seventeen, entered Dartmouth College, from which institution he was graduated in 1814. Having determined upon a medical career and being "short of purse," he spent the next five years in teaching and attending Harvard Medical College, graduating there in 1819. He was called at once to the chair of surgery and anatomy at Dartmouth, his alma mater. Here he re- mained but one year, as he accepted a call to the Ohio Medical College in Cin- cinnati, then newly organized under a law passed by the Ohio legislature in 1820.
Cincinnati was a growing city. In 1800 it was a town of but seven hundred and fifty inhabitants, the corner of Sixth and Vine was a wheat field and Seventh street was its northern limit. In 1818 Cincinnati had ten thousand inhab- itants and in 1820 it was growing rapidly. Many were the men of culture and excellence in those days. The pioneer spirit is always one of great energy, if not always without selfish interests. It boasted a public library, a mechanics' in- stitute and various other institutions. The Cincinnati College, the outcome of Lancaster school, was organized in 1820 with Dr. Elijah Slack as president, its first commencement occurring the following year. The Ohio Medical College had received its charter about the same time, with a faculty consisting of Dr. Daniel Drake, Dr. Samuel Brown and Dr. Coleman Rogers. This combination lasted but a few months, when both the latter men withdrew owing to differences with Dr. Drake. Dr. Drake was a man of fervent temperament ; he was eager, restless and tyrannical against all opposition, and yet a man of great ability. A harmonious relation with trustees or professors seemed so impossible to him that all the earlier years of the medical college were taken up with dissensions or the so called "Drake controversy." After the resignation of the two professors, before mentioned, it was decided to call two eastern men of great promise and ability to fill their places. Dr. Benjamin Bohrer was accordingly given the chair of materia medica and pharmacy, and Dr. Jesse Smith was given the chair of surgery and anatomy. Within a short time Dr. Bohrer withdrew and the public was shocked to realize that the success of the college, nay its life, was hopelessly thwarted by the constant friction among its trustees, who were also its professors. In 1821, at a faculty meeting composed of Drs. Drake, Slack and Smith, Dr. Drake was expelled by the votes of his colleagues. Their idea was to give to the college a large board of trustees, composed of leading, influ-
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ential citizens, who would regulate its business affairs and leave the scientific work to the professors. Alas, it could not be accomplished, though the new board was appointed. The public had lost interest in the affairs of the college, which dis- interest extended also to a movement on the part of Dr. Drake to establish a medical department in the Cincinnati College in opposition to the Ohio Medical College. This also failed. So bitter was the enmity at this time between Dr. Drake and Dr. Smith that Dr. Smith was urged by his friends to go armed, which, however, he declined to do.
At this time, in 1822, Dr. Smith had a contrasting experience which served to soothe his troubles in the west. He returned to Boston, where he was married to the sweetheart of his youth, Eliza Bailey, daughter of Jonathan Bailey and Elizabeth Gordon of the Scotch family of Gordons. President Kirkland of Harvard University performed the marriage ceremony. The newly wedded couple returned by carriage to Cincinnati, taking six weeks for the journey. They made their home on Walnut street, the east side, between Third and Fourth streets, where there was but one other home on the block.
During the next ten years Dr. Smith was indefatigable as a surgeon. He became dean of the medical college and built an addition to his home, where he could give special courses of lectures. His fame as a surgeon was second to none in the west, patients coming to him from the neighboring states as well as from the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati. One writer, in describing Dr. Jesse Smith, said: "Smith was undoubtedly a strong man. As a surgeon he enjoyed a great reputation. He was a bold and original operator, familiar with surgical litera- ture and much esteemed as a well posted anatomist. As a lecturer he was well liked by the students, many of whom sided with him against Drake. In appear- ance lie was a handsome man, over six feet in height, broad shouldered and well proportioned, with blonde hair and blue eyes and with athletic and military bearing. Smith was a highly cultured gentleman, a fairly good talker and an acknowledged excellent teacher of surgery. He was a man of strong mind and indomitable will power. In the early troubles of the college he took an active part, but he never went out of his way to show his dislike for Drake. He had the welfare of the Ohio College at heart, although his judgment was often at fault. He never cared to waste time and effort in amicable and tactful settle- ments, always going directly to the point. He made large contributions to medical literature."
In 1833, at the age of forty, after only ten hours' illness, he succumbed to the cholera epidemic. His untimely death, following upon a year of heroic effort to save others from the dread disease, was a great shock and loss to the com- munity. He was a trustee of the Unitarian church. He left considerable prop- erty to his wife and one daughter, though he himself had taken little note of the business side of his profession. His wife had been his help and counselor. He has been accused of vanity by one of his critics, but, strange to say, there is no portrait of him nor is it believed that he ever had one taken. His short career of great efficiency, forcefulness and dignity of character left a deep impression upon the early medical annals of Cincinnati.
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