USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Cincinnati > Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788-1912, Volume II > Part 31
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lows: Professor of Anatomy, Dr. Benjamin Lord Hill; Professor of Physi- ology, Pathology, Theory and Practice of Medicine, Dr. Thomas V. Morrow ; Professor of Surgery and Medical Jurisprudence, Dr. Hiram Cox; Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Botany, Dr. Lorenzo E. Jones; Profes- sor of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Dr. James H. Oliver ; Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Dr. Alexander H. Baldridge; Lecturers on Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Drs. Morrow and Cox.
During the session of 1849-50, Dr. Storm Rosa, a homeopathic physician, was made a member of the faculty to lecture on homoeopathy. The experiment was discontinued at the end of the session. The life of the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical Institute during the first five years was full of the tribulations that seem to have been the lot of most medical colleges at that time.
In 1851 a reorganization took place. Five of the teachers from the Memphis Institute, which had closed its doors came to Cincinnati and became professors in the Eclectic Institute. The school had a strong faculty for some years. Among the noted men were, Robert S. Newton, professor of surgery from 1851-62. With Dr. John King, he published the United States Dispensatory in 1852, and a volume on Practice with Dr. W. Byrd Powell in 1854. He was editor of the Eclectic Medical Journal from 1851 to 1862.
Zoheth Freeman, a distinguished surgeon, graduated from the institute in 1848. He began his career as a teacher in his alma mater in 1851, and con- tinued to teach until 1872. He died in 1898. His son, Dr. Leonard Freeman has risen to eminence as a surgeon in Denver, Colorado.
Dr. Charles H. Cleaveland studied medicine under Dr. R. D. Mussey in 1836. and graduated from Dartmouth in 1843. In 1854 he came to Cincinnati, and was appointed professor of Materia Medica. His teachings were not acceptable to a portion of the faculty, and, after a fierce struggle he was expelled in 1856. The defeated antagonists started a new school, The Eclectic College of Medi- cine, which took quarters in the college building on Walnut street opposite the Gibson House. After two and a half years this school consolidated with the institute (December 1859). The faculty consisted of Drs. Cleaveland, King, Howe and Buchanan. The Civil war wrought many changes in the management of the school. In 1862 the school was at its lowest ebb. At this critical time, Dr. J. M. Scudder, who had graduated at the institute in 1856, and who became professor of anatomy in 1857, took charge of the school. He had all the qual- ifications necessary for a great leader in a great emergency. He was the Moses who led the school through the wilderness of strife and discontent into the land of promise. Dr. Scudder was a voluminous writer. From 1862 to 1894 he was editor of the Eclectic Medical Journal. Associated with him, and his peer in every respect, was Dr. John King. The old college building was destroyed by fire, November 20, 1869. A larger building was dedicated in 1871. In 1871 Dr. Jerome P. Marvin was added to the faculty; in 1873 Dr. Thomas C. Hannah, and in 1874, Dr. J. A. Jeancon. In 1879, John Uri Lloyd, one of the founders of the Lloyd Library, was made professor of chemistry. In 1888 the department for the eye and ear was established, and Dr. E. M. McPheron placed in charge. In 1890 Dr. Lyman Watkins was placed in charge of the department of histology. In 1891 Drs. Wm. Byrd Scudder and Harvey Wickes Felter were added to the
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faculty. In the same year the institute received the diploma of the Exposition Universelle, held in Paris in 1889, for its showing of catalogues, publications, and eighteen text-books written by the faculty.
In 1890 Professors Garrison and Judge died. On January 16, 1892, Dr. A. J. Howe passed away. June 19, 1893, the distinguished teacher and writer, Dr. King, was called; and February 17, 1894, Dr. Scudder was taken.
Immediately after the death of Dr. Scudder the faculty was reorganized, with Dr. A. J. Locke as dean. Among those who came into the faculty at this time were Drs. Bishop McMillen, John K. Scudder, E. T. Behymer, Charles G. Smith, G. W. Brown, W. W. Barber, and Grant Van Horn. Drs. L. E. Russell and John R. Spencer entered in 1895. Emerson Venable and H. Ford Scudder were added in 1897. Dr. Kent O. Foltz began service in 1898, and died in 1908.
In 1901 the college formed an alliance with the Seton hospital, a well equipped institution on West Eighth street. This building was abandoned when the management purchased the building on West Sixth street formerly occupied by the Presbyterian hospital and Laura Memorial College. In 1909 was begun the construction of the present college building, adjoining the Seton hospital. It is a six-story, modern structure, fireproof, and completely equipped. Up to the present date (1911) the college has graduated more than four thousand.
THE WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE.
The Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery established medical co- education for women in Cincinnati. It admitted female students in 1883, and in the three years following conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine on seven women. In 1886 a separate department for women was created under the name of The Woman's Medical College of Cincinnati, and continued as such department until 1890.
In the latter year a charter was obtained for the Woman's Medical College, and the latter became an independent institution. The first course of lectures was delivered in the Lancet building on West Seventh street. Later a building was leased on Eighth street west of Central avenue. The college during its eight years' existence was attended by more than one hundred women. The professors were, with few exceptions, members of the faculty of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. During the last year Dr. G. A. Fackler was the dean. He held the chair of Materia Medica. Dr. Leonard Freeman, now of Denver, Colorado, was professor of surgery ; Dr. C. A. L. Reed, professor of gyne- cology; Dr. W. E. Kiely, professor of practice; Dr. W. H. Wenning, professor of obstetrics; Dr. T. P. White, professor of physiology, and Dr. J. L. Cilley, professor of anatomy. Notwithstanding the increasing patronage, and the good work done by the faculty, it was decided to abandon the school in 1895 in favor of the Laura Memorial College, the latter absorbing the Woman's College.
THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY.
On March 7, 1851, a charter which bore the signatures of John F. Morse, speaker of the house of representatives, and Charles C. Converse, speaker of the senate, was issued by the legislature of Ohio, by virtue of which charter A.
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H. Baker, C. S. Kauffman, Peter Outcalt, Jacob Graff, Joseph K. Smith, Jo- seph Draper, Wm. Cameron, Wm. B. Dodds, Cornelius Moore, Martin Tilbert, Stanley Mathews, O. M. Spencer and Robert Moore were constituted a "body corporate and politic to be known by the name and style of the Cincinnati Med- ical and Surgical College" and duly authorized to confer the degree of doctor of medicine. By a strange oversight for forty years diplomas were issued by the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery which had no legal existence because no charter had ever been granted to an institution of that name. After four decades the mistake was discovered by an accident and rectified.
The Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, like the Medical College of Ohio, was the creation of one man. The fame of the Medical College of Ohio and the Medical Department of Cincinnati College, and the halo which sur- rounded the great founder of these institutions, was an incentive which Alvah H. Baker could not resist. Baker was ambitious and energetic, but unlike his great prototype, his ambition and energy were all centered in himself. He was convinced that the glory and revenue from a medical school would amply compensate him time and labor spent. Baker was an autocrat; his will was to be the supreme law for everybody in the school. The personnel of the faculty was constantly changing. Some of the faculty remained but one term; some not even a full term. These conditions continued during Baker's life. Baker opened his school by renting a building at the southwest corner of Longworth street and Western row (Central avenue), which he fitted up as a medical school with a hospital attachment.
Drake, after a four years' struggle succeeded in 1839 in getting the legisla- ture to open the Commercial hospital to the students of every regular school. Baker, basing his claim on this act of 1839, obtained the hospital privileges for his students. When Baker opened his school he assumed the deanship and chair of surgery. Dr. Benjamin S. Lawson was made registrar and professor of theory and practice of medicine; Dr. R. A. Spencer, professor of anatomy ; Dr. Charles W. Wright, professor of chemistry; Dr. James Graham, professor of materia medica; Dr. J. S. Skinner, professor of pathology; and Dr. Edward Mead, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. During the session of 1852-3, Elijah Slack, who had been professor of chemistry in the medical college of Ohio from 1819 to 1830, filled the chair of chemistry. Dr. Pliny M. Crume taught obstetrics for a few sessions. He was one of the foun- ders of the Ohio State Medical Association. Dr. E. S. Wayne, a man of scientific attainments and national fame, and the prime mover in the establishment of the American Pharmaceutical Association, was professor of chemistry from 1858 to 1860. In 1871, at the reorganization of the school, he was made professor of materia medica and pharmacy. Dr. Thomas W. Gordon lectured on chemistry in the early years of the school, and for two years on materia medica. He was one of the strongest supporters of the American Medical Association in the be- ginning of its career. Drs. Wm. W. Dawson and Thaddeus A. Reamy were among the early professors. Dr. Phineas S. Conner lectured on surgery for one term in the sixties. When Baker failed to become a surgeon to the Com- mercial hospital he began a bitter war against Ohio and Miami colleges, one of the results of which was the merger of the Ohio and Miami colleges in 1857.
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In order to overcome his competitors, Baker reduced his fees to students until in 1857 he made a free school of his institution. In 1852 he gave two complete courses in one year, enabling students to graduate within twelve months. Good men refused to sanction his methods and the faculty was constantly changing. After Baker's death, July 30, 1865, the school improved steadily. In 1872 the school was moved to the larger building on George street. In 1893 it was moved to the building on Vine street north of Liberty street. One of the greatest of its teachers, and one of the most brilliant scholars the school and the city ever had, a man of international reputation, was Daniel Vaughn, who taught chem- istry from 1860 to 1872. The Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery es- tablished coeducation for women in Cincinnati. It admitted female students in 1883 and in the following three years conferred the degree of doctor of med- icine on seven women. In 1886 a separate department for women was created under the name of The Women's Medical College of Cincinnati, and con- tinued as such a part until 1890. Another of the really great men who was a teacher in the school, was W. T. Talliaferro (called Tolliver). Dr. Tolliver was born in 1795. In 1813 he enlisted in the army. He attended lectures in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1818. He made a successful operation for cataract on a boy twelve years old in 1823, one of the first operations of the kind in the west. In 1841 he came to Cincinnati. With Drs. J. L. Vattier, Strader and N. T. Marshall he established the Hotel for Invalids in 1845. It was the second regular hospital in Cincinnati, and a great institution in its day. It attracted patients from all over the country, many of whom came to meet Dr. Talliaferro, whose operations for cataract had made him famous. During its existence it numbered in its faculties a large quota of the most prominent medical men of the city. It closed its doors in the spring of 1902.
PULTE MEDICAL COLLEGE.
Homeopathy made its appearance in Cincinnati in 1838, when Dr. Wm. Sturm located here. Dr. Sturm was born near Leipsic, Germany, in 1796, and received his education there. In 1813 Napoleon invaded Saxony, and Sturm with thousands of others was forced into service in the French army. He was wounded, and confined to a hospital for weeks. When Fredrick William III issued his proclamation calling on the Germans to enlist, he joined the German army, and marched with it to Paris. He fought at Waterloo. In 1816 he re- sumed his studies. He graduated in medicine in Leipsic in 1819, and became a teacher of anthropology. In 1836 he began his travels to see the world. In that year he came to the United States. After two years of wandering, he located in Cincinnati. He practiced here from that time until his death in 1879. Two years after Sturm arrived in this city, Dr. Joseph H. Pulte came here. Dr. Pulte was born in Meschede, Westphalia, in 1811. He studied medicine at the Univer- sity of Marburg, and graduated in 1833. In response to an invitation from his brother, a young physician in St. Louis, he sailed for America. In New York he made the acquaintance of an enthusiastic homeopathist, who aroused his in- terest in Hahnemann's system of medicine. On his way to St. Louis he stopped
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in Cincinnati. Believing the prospect good, he remained in this city. Dr. Pulte was a man of splendid general scholarship. In 1846 he published a "History of the World" which found favor with Humboldt, Bunsen, Schelling, and William Cullen Bryant. In 1848 he went to Europe to submit to some of the European governments his plan for encircling the earth with an electric telegraph. In 1850 he published his first medical work, "Domestic Medicine." In 1872 Drs. J. D. Buck and D. H. Beckwith, who had been connected with the homeopathic med- ical college in Cleveland, came to Cincinnati, and decided to found a homeo- pathic college. They succeeded in interesting Dr. Pulte. The building at the southwest corner of Seventh and Mound streets was purchased, and the new college was named Pulte Medical College in honor of Dr. Pulte. The first session was begun in the fall of 1872. The faculty was composed as follows : Dr. J. H. Pulte, professor of clinical medicine; M. H. Slosson, institutes and practice of medicine ; Charles Cropper, materia medica ; Wm. H. Hunt, obstetrics ; T. C. Bradford, gynecology ; D. H. Beckwith, diseases of children; C. C. Bron- son, principles of surgery and surgical pathology ; S. R. Beckwith, operative sur- gery ; D. W. Hartshorn, surgical anatomy and orthopedic surgery; Wm. Owens, anatomy ; J. D. Buck, physiology, pathology, and microscopy ; G. Saal, toxicology and hygiene; George R. Sage, medical jurisprudence; N. F. Cooke, special path- ology and diagnosis; T. P. Wilson, ophthalmic and aural surgery, and Emil Lois- cher, chemistry.
The first class consisted of thirty-eight students, of whom twelve graduated. In July, 1901, the upper story of the college was destroyed by fire. This furnished the opportunity to remodel the entire structure and make it a combined college and hospital. Several wards and single rooms and a fine operating room were provided. This improvement greatly enlarged the clinical advantages of the college, which already had control of the Home for the Friendless and Found- lings, for obstetric and pediatric work, and the Bethesda Hospital. In 1910 the college was merged with the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, which then assumed the name, Cleveland-Pulte Medical College. The former Pulte college still maintains its organization, and the clinic is carried on at Seventh and Mound streets under the care of Drs. Wilms and Casting.
THE PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL AND LAURA MEMORIAL WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE.
In the autumn of 1889 Drs. Mary Elizabeth Osborn and Juliet Monroe Thorpe established a free dispensary for women and children in the basement of the building at the northeast corner of Seventh and John streets. With them was as- sociated Mrs. Louise J. Lyle, at that time a student in the Woman's Medical College. This was the foundation on which was built the above named institutions. In November, 1889, at a meeting called by a number of prominent women, The Woman's State Hospital was organized, and in December following it was incor- porated. The first board of incorporators consisted of Mrs. Laura McDonald, Mrs. Sarah Kilbreath McLean, Mrs. Louise J. Lyle, Mrs. Susan Frances Ire- land, Dr. Juliet Monroe Thorpe, and Dr. Mary Elizabeth Osborn. In February, 1890, the Culbertson residence on West Sixth street was purchased, and after necessary refitting, the hospital was opened May I. 1890. On October 1, 1890,
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the college was opened under the name of The Woman's State Hospital Medical College. In April, 1891, the degree of doctor of medicine was conferred on Dr. Nellie Hampton, who had previously studied two years in another school.
The first board of trustees consisted of Mrs. Alexander McDonald, president ; Mrs. G. H. De Golyer, first vice president; Mrs. F. T. McFadden, second vice president ; Miss Edna Fox, third vice president ; Mrs. Geo. F. Ireland, secretary ; Mrs. L. B. Gibson, treasurer. .
Mrs. S. K. McLean, Mrs. G. B. Orr, Mrs. W. H. Blymyer, Mrs. M. F. Wil- son, Mrs. G. C. Blackman, Mrs. Preston Lodwick, Mrs. M. T. Armour, Mrs. M. B. Hagans, Mrs. Martin Bare, Mrs. W. S. Dickinson, Mrs. M. D. Folger, Mrs. J. Weaver Loper, Mrs. J. J. Francis, Mrs. Wm. Ogborn, Mrs. L. J. Lyle, and Miss Hattie Phillips.
The first faculty was constituted as follows: Dr. G. B. Orr, dean, and pro- fessor of surgery and clinical surgery. Dr. J. Trush, professor of theory and practice of medicine and clinical medicine. Dr. Wm. H. Taylor, professor of obstetrics and midwifery; Dr. C. D. Palmer, professor of gynecology and clinical gynecology; Dr. Juliet Monroe Thorpe, professor of diseases of children; Dr. Mary E. Osborn, professor of physiology ; Dr. W. E. Lewis, professor of descrip- tive and surgical anatomy ; Dr. Wm. H. Dunham, professor of materia medica and therapeutics ; Dr. C. O. Wright, professor of dermatology and clinical dermat- ology ; Dr. C. R. Holmes, professor of ophthalmology and clinical ophthalmology; Dr. J. E. Boylan, professor of laryngology and otology and clinical laryngology and otology ; Dr. J. C. Oliver, professor of pathology; Dr. D. T. Vail, assistant to the chair of ophthalmology.
The first staff of the hospital consisted of Drs. Mary E. Osborn and Juliet M. Thorpe. The consultant staff were:
Surgery-Drs. G. B. Orr and P. S. Conner.
Medicine-Drs. Wm. Carson and J. Trush.
Obstetrics-Drs. W. H. Taylor and W. H. Dunham.
Gynecology-Drs. T. A. Reamy and E. G. Zinke.
Ophthalmology-Drs. C. R. Holmes and G. H. Goode. Throat and Ear Department-Dr. J. E. Boylan.
Children's Department-Drs. F. Forchheimer and W. S. Christopher.
Dispensary-Drs. Mary E. Osborn, Juliet M. Thorpe and Jessie T. Bogle. Assistant-Dr. Louise J. Lyle.
In 1891 the articles of incorporation were so amended as to change the name to The Presbyterian Hospital and Woman's Medical College. In 1894 the charter was so amended as to make the hospital and college separate institutions, while working in harmony. A board of trustees consisting of twenty-four ministers and prominent men of the Presbyterian church. The board of lady managers of the hospital was retained. In 1894 Mr. and Mrs. McDonald presented to the institution the building next east of the hospital for college purposes, and to be known as The Laura Memorial College, in memory of their daughter, Mrs. Laura McDonald Stallo. This building they also fully equipped for the pur- poses of the college.
In 1896 the trustees reported to the Presbytery the advisability of organizing the hospital and college under one name and constitution. This organization was called The Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College and Presbyterian Hospital.
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For a number of years the hospital and college flourished, the hospital ac- commodating about one hundred patients at a time. After 1903 the hospital de- clined and passed out of existence in 1905. The college after a successful career of eight years was abandoned in 1903. The buildings were purchased by the Sisters of Charity in 1907 and are now the home of the Seton hospital.
THE MIAMI MEDICAL COLLEGE.
The Miami Medical College, founded in 1852, was the outgrowth of the dis- turbed conditions then existing in the medical colleges and private medical enter- prises undertaken by a number of able, ambitious, and dissatisfied members of the profession. In 1851, A. H. Baker had established his school, the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, apparently for the sole purpose of destroying the Medical College of Ohio.
In 1850, Drs. W. W. Dawson, Geo. Mendenhall, C. W. Wright, Thomas Wood, C. G. Comegys, and others, organized the Medical Institute of Cincin- nati. The trustees of the Medical College of Ohio allowed them the use of the lecture-rooms in the college, and permitted the professors of the college to co- operate with them.
The institute became the foundation of the Miami College when Dr. R. D. Mussey stepped out of the Medical College of Ohio. Dr. Mussey was seventy- two years old at that time, and was longing for rest. He was easily the head of the surgical fraternity in the West. His friends, however, persuaded, or forced, him to take the lead in forming the new school.
The charter was granted by the commissioners of Hamilton county under a law passed by the legislature during the previous winter. The first faculty meeting was held in the office of Dr. John F. White, at the northwest corner of Fourth and Race streets, July 22, 1852.
Organization was effected by electing Dr. Mussey, professor of surgery ; Jesse P. Judkins, professor of surgical anatomy and pathology; Charles L. Avery, professor of descriptive anatomy; John Davis, adjunct professor of anatomy ; John F. White, professor of theory and practice of medicine; George Menden- hall, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children ; John A. Murphy, professor of materia medica, therapeutics, and medical jurisprudence; C. G. Comegys, professor of institutes ; and John Locke, Jr., son of the great scientist, professor of chemistry. Locke, however, never served; his place was taken by Dr. Henry E. Foote.
The building at the northwest corner of Fifth street and Western row (Cen- tral avenue), was remodeled, and became the first home of the college. A dispensary was established in the building, and clinical lectures and demonstra- tions given in the St. John's Hotel for Invalids, at the northwest corner of Third and Plum streets, which was under the professional control of the Miami faculty. The new school started with thirty-four students. It grew steadily in favor. In 1853 it graduated seven candidates ; in 1857, thirty-one. In the latter year the number of students was three times as large as in 1852.
In 1855 Elkanah Williams, the celebrated oculist, opened an eye-clinic in connection with the college. It was the second of the kind in the West, the first
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having been conducted by Daniel Drake and Willard Parker, in connection with the medical department of Cincinnati College (1835-9). From the beginning the relations between the Medical College of Ohio and the Miami Medical College, were strained. The principal cause was the absolute control of the Commercial hospital by the faculty of the Medical College of Ohio. Unceasing efforts were made to have the law changed, by appeals to the trustees of the hospital and the legislature.
After years of strife, the trustees of the Medical College of Ohio suggested the union of the two schools. At first this met with strong opposition. Two factors finally facilitated the merger. One was the desire of Mussey, then seventy-seven years old, to retire from active work. The other was A. H. Baker, the enemy of both schools. His threat to make the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery a free school, hastened the union.
A reorganization of the faculty of the Medical College of Ohio in 1857, resulted in the election of four professors from the Miami faculty. Jesse P. Judkins was made professor of descriptive anatomy; C. G. Comegys, professor of physiology; H. E. Foote, professor of chemistry; and George Mendenhall, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children.
In 1858, four more of the former Miami faculty were added to the teaching corps of the Medical College of Ohio; John A. Murphy was made professor of materia medica; Wm. Clendenin, demonstrator of anatomy; Clendenin went to Europe in 1859, and E. B. Stevens was appointed in his place. B. F. Richardson, professor of gynecology.
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