USA > Ohio > History of the Ohio falls cities and their counties : with illustrations and bibliographical sketches, Vol. I > Part 14
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(B). Middle layers, containing also a few Cystiphyllæ.
(C). Lower layers containing most Cystiphyl- lidæ, and on Corn Island remains of fishes. This is what has been designated as the Upper Fish Bed.
These crinoidal beds contain a vast multitude of the remains of different species of encrinites, mostly silicious, andmore so than the imbedding rock, so that they often project and appear like black concretions. Remains of the Actinocrinus abnormis, of S. S. Lyon's report, are the most abundant. There is also a Syringapora and short, truncated Cyathophyllium. The Cystiphyl- lum is long, slender, and vermiculiform, some- times extending to the length of fifteen inches or more; also a coralline, referrible either to the germs Porites or Astrea.
The hydraulic bed is an earthy magnesian limestone, in which the lime and silica are in the proportions of their chemical equivalents. It is variable both in its composition, thickness, and dip. In the upper part of the bed, where it con- tains many Spirifer euratines and Atrypa prisca, it is more silicious than that quarried for cement. At the head of the Falls it is eight feet above low water. At the foot of the Falls it is only four feet above low water; aud at the quarry on the Indiana shore eleven to thirteen feet. Here there are twelve feet exposed, but only a foot to eighteen inches of it quarried for cement. At the Big Eddy it is twelve to thirteen feet above low water, and at the middle of the Falls as much as thirty five feet above low water.
From the head to the foot of the Falls, the Ohio river falls nineteen to twenty-one feet, de- pending on the stage of the water, and the dis- tance on the general line of dip, west by south, one and one-half miles. Hence there is an an- ticlinal axis about the middle of the Falls, not uniform, but undulating, amounting on the whole to upwards of thirty feet in three-fourths of a mile west by south. In the distance of four hundred and fifty yards from the quarry on the Indiana shore, down stream, the strata decline fifteen to sixteen feet. It is at the anticlinal above mentioned, where the steamboats so fre- quently scrape the rocks in gliding over the most turbulent portion of the Falls. It is thickest at the foot of the Falls, where it is twenty-one feet; it thins rapidly out in a northeast direction. At a distance of two and one-half miles nearly east, where it is seen in the northwest end of the Guthrie quarries, it is eighteen inches, and in a distance of three hundred yards to the southeast from this, it divides into two beds and thins away to a few inches. Where it is divided an
7I
HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.
earthy limestone is interposed, not considered to possess hydraulic properties. It would seem, therefore, that the principal source of the hy- draulic material was northwest of the main axis.
The limestone which lies below the hydraulic limestone, composed, in a great measure, of com- minuted remains of crinoidea, affords also Spiri- fer cultriguzalus, a very large undescribed species of Leptæna, which has been referred by some of our geologists to the Euglypha, also Atrypa prisca and remains of fishes. This limestone is obscure on the middle of the Falls; to the east it is better defined. On Fourteen-mile creek it is eleven feet thick ; near the mill, on the east side of the Ohio, it is only three feet to three feet eleven inches. At Big Eddy the place of this limestone is six feet above the top of the Lower Fish Bed, but it is very obscurely marked at this point. To the east, in Jefferson county, Indiana, it passes into a well-developed cherty mass of four or five feet in thickness, and is almost blended with the aforementioned cherty interpolations of the overlaying beds.
Under the cultrigazalus bed succeeds the Oli- vanites bed, which is only six inches thick, near the mill on the south side of the Ohio, but attains a thickness of six or seven feet on Fourteen-mile creek, and runs down to a few inches at some places in the Falls.
The next layer which is recognizable is a cherty band charged with Spirifer gregaria of Dr. Clapp, and many small hemispherical masses of Favosites spongites, as at the foot of Little Island -one foot thick. Then comes a layer contain- ing conocardium sub-trigonate of D'Orbigny, layer hemispherical masses of Stromatopora and a Ceiropore(?) three to five feet.
Next come the Lower Fish Beds, 19 feet in thickness, consisting of limestone containing a layer and beautiful species of undescribed Turbo, a large Murchisonia, a Conocardium, Spirifer gregaria, some small Cyathophyllidæ, and a Leptæna. The Conocardium layer is light gray and more granular than the upper part, and es- teemed the best bed for lime on the Falls. The Leptænæ lie mostly about two feet above the Cono- cardium.
Next come chert layers, underlaid by coral layers, containing Favosites maxima of Troost and Favosites basaltica, Goldfuss, which repose on a very hard layer.
The most of the remains of the fishes are found about three feet above the Turbo bed, but are more or less disseminated through the differ- ent layers, which have been designated as the Lower Fish Beds, and may therefore be sub- divided thus:
I. Shell beds.
A. Conocardium bed, 7 inches.
B. Leptæna bed (also with some conocardium) 6 feet.
2. Parting chert layers, 3 feet.
3. Coral layers, 7 feet.
4. Very hard rock, 2 feet.
The principal mass of corals on the Falls of the Ohio, which must probably be grouped in the Devonian system, underlie these shell and fish beds just mentioned and repose upon a bed which. can just be seen above the water level, at the principal axis, at extreme low water, which contains the chain coral and which appears to be the highest position of this fossil.
Amongst the main coralline bed of the De- vonian period of the Falls may be recognized-
1. Dark-gray bed, containing large masses of Favosites maxima of Troost, Zaphrentis gigantea, and immense masses of Favosites basaltica, some- times as white as milk, Favosites allied to poly- morpha, but probably a distinct species, general- ly silicified and standing out prominently from the rock.
2. Black coralline layers, being almost a com- plete list of fossilized corals, amongst which a Cystiphyllum, Favosites cronigera of D'Orbigny, and Zaphrentis gigantea, are the most abundant. These black layers contain also large masses of Syringapora, a large Turbo, different from the species in the shell beds, also the large Cyatho- phylliform Favosite, allied to polymorphia, with star-shaped cells opening laterally on the surface of the cylinder, in pores visible to the naked eye, some Cystiphyllum carved into a semi-circle, large Astrea pentagonus? of Goldfuss, silicified, pro- minent, rugged, and black: this is the so-called "buffalo dung."
The termination of these coralline beds of the the Devonian system probably marks the place of the conocardium calcareous grit of the falls of Fall Creek, Madison county, Indiana, and which is undoubtedly the equivalent of the Schoharie shell grit near Cherry Valley, in New York, which underlies the Onondaga limestone of the New York system. No vestige of this calcareous grit has yet been found on the Falls, but
72
HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.
there is reason to believe that it may be found in Jefferson county, about six miles above the Falls to the northeast, on the farm of the late Dr. John Croghan, on the head of the Muddy Fork of Beargrass; and if so, though the Devonian and Silurian are apparently, at first view, so blended together on the Falls of the Ohio, the horizon between the black coralline beds above and the chain coralline bed below, marks most satisfac- torily the line of division between these two sys- tems of rocks in Kentucky.
Time has not yet permitted a thorough inves- tigation into the specific character of the numer- ous beautiful fossil shells, corals and fish remains which occur at this highly interesting locality. Hereafter it is proposed, if occasion offers, to give more full and specific details of these rocks and their imbedded organic remains.
As yet we have no good detailed sections of the Upper Silurian beds of Jefferson county, lying between the upper chain-coral bed and the magnesian building-stone. In the eastern part of Jefferson county, on Harrod's creek, a good section was obtained, showing the junction of the upper and lower beds with some of superior and inferior stratification.
The following is the section presented in the cut of Harrod's creek :
FEET.
240. Sneider House.
235. Magnesian limestone, below house.
220. Red chert, with Spirifer gregaria. Porites and other fossils.
180. Top of third bench of magnesian limestone. Slope, with rocks concealed.
163. Base of third bench or offset of magnesian limestone.
160. Top of second bench of magnesian limestone.
154. Base of second bench of magnesian limestone. Slope, with rocks concealed.
115. Base of overhanging ledges of cellular magnesian lime- stone.
IIO. Thin gray and reddish layers weathering and under- mining the overhanging magnesian limestone, per- haps hydraulic in its properties.
107. Base of upper bench under the fall. Earthy rock with some magnesia, perhaps with hy- draulic properties.
100. Earthy rock with less magnesia ?
95. Earthy reddish and green layers, weathering with round- ed surfaces like hydraulic limestones.
91. Hard grey silicious limestone, projecting from the bank.
go. Soft argillaceous layer, decomposing under overhanging ledge above, partly hydraulic, upper two feet most earthy.
85. Hard layer on top of a little fall in bed of creek.
84. Ash-colored, easily decomposing layers; lowest layer with nearly vertical fracture at right angles to the bedding.
86. Top of ash-colored, earthy hydraulic layers.
80. Top of lowest layer, with vertical cross fracture. Junction of Upper and Lower Silurian formations.
79. Limestone, with Orthis Lynx.
78. Brown layer of limestone, with branching Chæetetes.
76. Layer with Cyathophylum?
67. More marly.
65. Hard, thin layers of Leptæna limestone, with branching Chætetes.
59. Hard, thin layers of limestone, containing Leptena al- tematæ and Atrypa capax.
58. Hard layer, with irregular surface, four inches thick.
52. Hard layer, six inches thick.
50. Concretionary marly layer, containing Leptæna planum- bona.
41. Irregular, light-colored layers, with remains of Isote- lus, Orthis, etc., five inches thick.
Dark, marly regular layer, containing branching Chetetes- nine inches thick.
40. Ash colored, irregular layers, containing small, branch ing Chetetes.
25. Fossiliferous slabs, with Orthis Lynx and Orthis formosa.
22. Concretionary and marly, ash-colored layers, with Orthis Lynx.
o. Slabs, with Atrypa capax and Modesta, at the junc- tion of Harrod's creek with its Sneider branch.
The gregaria chert-bed lies on the Falls of the Ohio, about thirty feet above the base of the rocks of Devonian date. In this Harrod's creek section they were observed at two hundred and twenty feet, where the junction of the Upper Silurian and Lower Silurian occurs at eighty feet; hence, if the rocks of Devonian date have the same thickness in the eastern part of Jeffer- son county as in its northern confines, the Up- per Silurian rocks have a thickness on Harrod's creek of one hundred and ten feet. It is prob- able, therefore, that the upper chain-coral bed, which marks the top of the Upper Silurian strata, is concealed ten feet up the slope, above the upper bench of protruding magnesian lime- stone in the above section.
Near the boundary between Jefferson and Oldham counties, the cellular beds of the mag- nesian limestones of the Upper Silurian period from the surface stratum, which is reached in sinking wells, and found, on account of its spongy character, very difficult to blast.
ANALYSES OF ROCKS AND SOILS.
A large number of analyses of soils and rocks, from different parts of the county, were made by the chemist in the employ of the State; and we copy several of them, for whatever value they may have at this day:
Hydraulic limestone (unburnt), from the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville :
73
HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.
A greenish-grey, dull, fine, granular limestone; adheres slightly to the tongue; powder light-grey.
Composition, dried at 212º Fahrenheit.
Carbonate of lime.
50.43-28.29 lime.
Carbonate of magnesia. 18.67- 8.89 magnesia.
Alumina and oxides of iron and magnesia 2.93
Phosphoric acid. .06
Sulphuric acid
1.58
Potash
.32
Soda ..
.13
Loss.
.10
Silica,
22.58
Alumina color-
Silica and insoluble silicates .. 25.78
ed with oxide of iron 2,88
Lime, magne-
100.00 \ sia, and loss, .32
The air-dried rock lost 70 per cent. of moisture at 212º Fahrenheit.
The analysis of this well-known water-lime will serve for comparison with that of other lime- stones supposed to possess hydraulic qualities.
Soil labeled "Virgin soil, from O'Bannon's farm, O'Bannon's Station, overlying cellular magnesian limestone of the Upper Silurian forma- tion, twelve miles from Louisville."
Dried soil of a grey-brown color; some small rounded particles of iron ore in it. As this and the following soils were received just before this report was made up, there was not time for di- gestion in water containing carbonic acid, to ascertain the relative amount of matters soluble in that menstruum. They were therefore sub- mitted to ordinary analysis, dried at 370° Fahren- heit.
The composition of this soil is as follows:
Organic and volatile matters. 7.996
Alumina, and oxides of iron and magnesia. 7.480
Carbonate of lime. .394
Magnesia .240
Phosphoric acid. .205
Sulphuric acid. .082
Potash .200
Soda. .042
Sand and insoluble silicates. 83.134
Loss
.226
100.000
The air-dried soil lost 4.42 per cent. of mois- ture at 370°.
Soil, labeled "Soil from an old field, over cel- lular magnesian limestone of the Upper Silurian formation, which lies from six to twelve feet be- neath the surface. Has been from twenty-five to thirty years in cultivation; E. B. O'Bannon's farm."
Color of dried soil light greyish-brown, lighter than the preceding.
Composition, dried at 400° Fahrenheit :
Organic and volatile matters. 4.506
Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese. 6.240
Carbonate of lime .316
Magnesia. .200
Phosphoric acid. .191
Sulphuric acid .067
Potash .158
Soda
.070
Sand and insoluble silicates. 88.318
100.000
The air-dried soil lost 2.8 per cent. of moisture, at 300° Fahrenheit.
By comparison of the two preceding analyses it will be seen that the soil, which has been in cultivation from twenty-five to thirty years, has lost of its original value: First, it has lost or- ganic and volatile matters, which is evinced also in its lighter color and in the smaller quantity of moisture which it is capable of holding at the or- dinary temperature, but which was driven off at the heat of 400°. These organic matters absorb and retain moisture with great power. Besides the nourishment which organic matters in the soil give directly to vegetables, by their gradual decomposition and change, these substances also greatly increase the solubility of the earthy and saline ingredients in the soil, which are necessary to vegetable growth. Second, it has lost some of every mineral ingredient of the soil which en- ters into the vegetable composition; as lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, phosphoric acid, sul- phur, and the alkalies. The only apparent ex- ception to this is in the greater proportion of soda in the old soil than in the virgin soil. This increase may have been occasioned by the ordi- nary free use of salt on the farm, and its transfer to the cultivated field by the animals feeding on it.
It will be seen, in the third place, that the pro- portion of alumina and oxide of iron to the sand and silicates is smaller in the soil of the old field than in the virgin soil, cultivation having, per- haps, favored the washing down into the sub-soil those ingredients which are the most readily trans- ported by water. To renovate this field to its original state would require the application of ordinary barn-yard manure, which contains all the ingredients which have been removed from it except the alumina and oxides of iron and
74
HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.
manganese. To supply these, if it be deemed desirable, the red sub-soil found on the washed slopes of the old field, presently to be described, would answer very well, applied as a top-dressing; but the immediate subsoil, next to be described, does not by its analysis promise to be of any service in this or in any other respect.
Would this be a good soil for the cultivation of the grape? If it has sufficient drainage to prevent the habitual lodgment of water in the sub-soil, there is nothing in the composition of the soil to forbid its use for this purpose. The soil which will produce good Indian corn will gener- ally produce the grape. The vine requires for its growth and the production of its fruit precisely the same mineral ingredients which are necessary to every other crop which may be produced on the soil, differing in this respect from them only in the proportion of these several ingredients. The juice of the grape contains a considerable proportion of potash, much of which is depos- ited in the wine-cask, after fermentation, in the form of tartar (acid tartrate of potash), and which must be supplied to the growing vine from the soil to enable it to produce the grape. It has hence been generally believed that vineyard cul- ture tends speedily to exhaust the soil of its al- kalies, unless they are habitually re-applied in manures. This is true in regard to every green crop which is carried off the ground; as hay, turnips, potatoes, and especially tobacco and the fruits of the orchard; whilst the Indian corn and other grains carry off less of the alkalies, they also require and remove them in considerable proportion.
To return to the two comparative soil analyses. The difference between the proportions of the valuable ingredients of the two above stated may seem quite unimportant on a superficial examina- tion; but when we apply these differences to the more than three million pounds of silver which are contained in an acre of ground, calculated only to the depth of one foot, we may see their significance. Thus the potash in the original soil is in proportion of 0.200 per cent., and in the soil of the old field in that of o. 158. This proportion gives 6,000 pounds of potash to the acre of earth one foot deep in the new soil, and 4,740 pounds only into the old, showing that if the old soil was originally like the neighboring virgin soil, it has lost, among other ingredients,
as much as 1,260 pounds of potash from the acre, within one foot of the surface only. To re- store to it this amount of alkali alone would re- quire the application of a large amount of ordin- ary manure.
Sub-soil, labeled "Sub-soil, seven to twelve inches under the surface, old field twenty-five to thirty years in cultivation, over cellular magnesian limestone of the Lower Silurian Formation, E. B. O'Bannon's farm, Jefferson county."
Color of the dried soil, light greyish brown. Composition, dried at 400° Fahrenheit.
Organic and volatile matters. 2.844
Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese. 6.335
Carbonate of lime. .256
Magnesia .226
Phosphoric acid.
.099
Sulphuric acid .082
Potash. .181
Soda, .028
Sand and insoluble silicates. 89.900
Loss.
.049
100,000
The air-dried sub-soil lost 2.98 per cent. of moisture at 400º Fahrenheit.
By the examination of this upper sub-soil it does not appear that any of the valuable ingre- dients of the surface-soil have lodged in it. It contains, it is true, more potash, and has less organic matter, but in other respects does not materially differ from the upper soil. A greater difference may be seen in the deeper sub-soil, the analysis of which will next be given.
Sub-soil, labeled "Red sub-soil, on the washed slopes of an old field, found almost universally a few feet under the surface, E. B. O'Bannon's farm, Jefferson county."
Color of the dried soil, light brick-red; it con- tains some small nodules of iron ore. Compo- sition, dried at 400° Fahrenheit:
Organic and volatile matters 3.112
Alumina and oxides of iron and manganese. 17.020
Carbonate of lime .194
Magnesia .366
Phosphoric acid. .497
Sulphuric acid . .088
Potash .297
Soda. .III
Sand and insoluble silicates. 77.434
Loss
.881
100.000
The air-dried sub-soil lost 3.60 per cent. of moisture at 400° Fahrenheit.
Soil labeled "Soil from a poor point of an old
75
HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.
field, where gravel iron ore prevails, E. B. O'Bannon's farm, Jefferson county."
Color of the dried soil rather lighter than that of the preceding; soft pebbles of iron ore, very dark in appearance when broken. Composition, dried at 380° Fahrenheit :
Organic and volatile matters 4.390
Alumina and oxides of iron and manganese 11.840
Carbonate of lime .236
Magnesia. .216
Phosphoric acid. .126
Sulphuric acid. .109
Potash .239
Soda. .043
Sand and insoluble silicates 82.694
Loss
.458
100,000
The air-dried soil lost 3.94 per cent. of mois- ture at 380° F.
The cause of the unproductiveness of this soil lies more in the state of aggregation then the composition, as shown by the chemical analysis. The valuable ingredients necessary to vegetable growth are contained in it in at least as large pro- portions as in the earth from the other portions of the field; but in this there is doubtless a larger quantity of them locked up in the pebbles of so-called iron ore, which the fibres of the veg- etable roots cannot penetrate. If, by any means, these were to be disintegrated or pulverized, the soil would doubtless be rendered more fertile. Doubtless, if these several soils had been di- gested in the carbonated water, this one would have given up much less of soluble extract to that menstruum than the others. The iron gravel diffused through this soil has also been submitted to analysis.
Ferruginous gravel, labeled "Gravel of iron ore disseminated in the sub-soil over cellular magnesian limestone, E. B. O'Bannon's farm, Jefferson county."
Irregular tuberculated lumps, from the size of a large hickory nut down to that of a mustard seed, easily broken, fracture showing a general dark appearance like that of peroxide of manga- nese ; some of the lumps presented some included lighter earthy matter like clay; powder of a snuff-brown color. It dissolved in hydro-chloric acid with the 'escape of chlorine. It contained no protoxide of iron, but much oxide of manga- nese.
Composition, dried at 212º Fahrenheit :
Oxide of iron and alumina. 33.90
Brown oxide of manganese. 4.28
Carbonate of lime ... .58
Carbonate of magnesia. I.22
Alkalies and acids not estimated.
Silex and insoluble silicates. 58.18
Combined water 8.20
Loss. 1.64
100.00
Dried at 212°, it lost 2.80 per cent of moisture.
Limestone, labeled "Cellular (magnesian?) Limestone, found about six to ten feet under the surface of the ground, where the preceding soils were collected, O'Bannon's farm, Jefferson county."
A light grey, friable cellular rock, layers and cavities covered with minute crystals. Composi- tion dried at 212º Fahrenheit :
Carbonate of lime, . (28.49 lime) 50.76
Carbonate of magnesia 45.00
Alumina, oxides of iron and manganese, and phos-
phates .. 1.78
Sulphuric acid. .04
Potash .21
Soda ...
.35
Silex and insoluble silicates. 2.48
100.62
The air-dried rock lost 0.20 per cent of moist- ure at 212°.
Soil, labeled "Virgin soil, over compact mag- nesian building-stone of the Upper Silurian for- mation, White Oak Ridge, at Pleasant Grove Meeting-house, William Galey's farm, Jefferson county. (This soil is considered not more than one-half as productive as that over the cellular magnesian limestone)."
Dried soil of a dirty grey-buff color. Compo- sition, dried at 400º Fahrenheit :
Organic and volatile matters. 3.761
Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese. 6.952
Carbonate of lime. .156
Magnesia .240
Phosphoric acid .088
Sulphuric acid .. .310
Potash .177
Soda .8or
Silex and insoluble silicates .. 38.294
100.039
The air-dried soil lost 3.22 per cent. of mois- ture at 400. Contains less organic matters, phosphoric acid, and alkalies, and a large propor- tion of sand and silicates, than the soil over the cellular magnesian limestone.
Limestone, labeled "Magnesian Building
.
76
HISTORY OF THE OHIO FALLS COUNTIES.
Stone, found under the preceding soil, Upper Silurian formation, same locality as the last, Jefferson county."
A fine-grained, light-grey limestone ; weathered surface, having a buff discoloration, with perox- ide of iron ; under the lens appears to be made up of a mass of pure crystalline grains.
Composition, dried at 212º Fahrenheit :
Carbonate of lime (31.62 of lime). 56.36
Carbonate of magnesia. 37.07
Alumina, oxides of iron and magnesia, and phosphates I.28
Sulphuric acid, a trace.
Potash .33
Soda. ·35
Silex and insoluble silicates. 5.68
101.07
The air-dried rock lost o. 10 per cent. of mois- ture at 212°.
This is probably a very durable stone; and, in consequence of its very slow disintegration, can communicate very little soluble material to the soil above it. It resembles a good deal in com- position the magnesian building-stone from Grimes's Quarry, in Fayette county, which is re- markable for its great durability amongst the rocks of that region.
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