USA > Ohio > Franklin County > Columbus > History of the city of Columbus, capital of Ohio, Volume II > Part 58
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The National Republican Convention assembled in Baltimore June 7. Doc- tor Breckenridge was its temporary and William Dennison its permanent chair- man. Its nominees were Abraham Lincoln for President and Andrew Johnson for Vice President.
The National Democratic Convention was held at Chicago, beginning August 29. Ex-Governor Bigler was its temporary and IIoratio Seymour its permanent chairman. George B. MeClellan was nominated for President and George H. Pendleton for Vice President. John C. Fremont was nominated for the Presi- dency by a Republican faction, and accepted the nomination, but afterwards withdrew from the field.
On June 21 the Baltimore nominations were ratified by a large mass meeting held in the Capitol Square. This meeting was addressed by Messrs. Dennison, Delano, Tod and Dorsey. The Chicago nominations were ratified with bonfires,
g.
443
POLITICAL EVENTS; 1861-1867.
speeches and fireworks September 7. The principal speakers were Judge J. L. Green-who presided-A. G. Thurman and S. S. Cox.
A large Union meeting was held in the Capitol Square September 14 ; speak - ers, S. Galloway and William Dennison. Sheridan's victory in the Valley was announced just as the meeting was closing. A Democratic meeting held in the Courthouse yard July 24 was addressed by S. S. Cox Another Democratic meet- ing held at the Courthouse August 23 was addressed by Matthias Martin, George L. Converse, John G. Edwards and others. A grand Union rally was held in the Capitol Square October 8. A large street parade was one of the conspicnous features of the occasion. The principal speaker was Horace Maynard, of Tennes- see.
Otto Dresel having resigned his seat in the General Assembly, the Democrats nominated A G. Ilibbs and the Union party Henry Emrich, to succeed him. The special election took place December 28, and resulted in the election of IIibbs.
1865.
On February 7 Governor Brough received a dispatch from the President announcing that twothirds of all the States had adopted the thirteenth amendment to the National Constitution, abolishing slavery. At noon the two Houses of the General Assembly met jointly in the Representatives' Chamber and exchanged congratulations upon this event. Speeches were made by Governor Brough and Speaker Johnson. At five P. M. a salute of 100 guns was fired on the Capitol Square. A State Convention of County Clerks was held in Columbus January 7, and one of County Sheriffs, January 19. February 22 was celebrated by a ban- quet given at the Neil House by the Hamilton County members of the General Assembly to the officers and legislators of the State in honor of the anniversary and also in commemoration of the fall of Charleston. The oratorical efforts of the occasion were numerous.
The Union State Convention was held June 17, General William B. Woods presiding, both temporarily and permanently. Nominations: Governor, General Jacob Dolson Cox ; Lieutenant-Governor, Andrew G. McBurney ; Treasurer, Sidney S. Warner ; Supreme Court Judges, Jacob Brinkerhoff and John Welsh ; Attorney-General, William H. West; School Commissioner, John A. Norris; Board of Public Works, James Moore ; Supreme Court Clerk, Rodney Foos. State Executive Committee, George B. Wright, James Williams, A. B. Buttles, J. J. Janney, B. R. Cowen, Merrill Barlow, J. W. Dwyer. The convention was addressed by William B. Woods and R. C. Schenck ; its music was furnished by a colored band from Chattanooga.
The Democratic State Convention was held at the Atheneum August 24; C. L. Vallandigham was its temporary, and R. P. Ranney, its permanent chair- man. Speeches were made by Messrs. Vallandigham, Ranney. Thurman, Morgan, Pendleton and Sawyer. Nominations: Governor, George W. Morgan ; Lieutenant- Governor, William Lang ; Supreme Court Judges, P. Van Trump and Thomas M. Key; State Treasurer, George Spence; Attorney-General, David W. Wilson; School Commissioner, H. H. Barney ; Board of Public Works, Charles Boesel ; Supreme Court Clerk, S. Daner. State Executive Committee : John G. Thomp- son, Amos Layman, E. F. Bingham, A. G. Thurman and W. W. Webb. The Franklin Democratic Association was organized October 28; President, A. G. Thurman; Vice President, E. F. Bingham ; Secretaries, John G. Thompson and Jacob Lohrer ; Treasurer, Newton Gibbons.
Governor John Brough died at Cleveland August 29; Lientenant-Governor Charles Anderson was inaugurated as Governor August 30.
444
HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.
1866.
General J. D. Cox was inaugurated as Governor January 9. The ceremonies took place in the rotunda of the Capitol whither General Cox was escorted by the Fourth Regiment of Veteran Reserves. The oath of office was administered by Chief Justice Brinkerhoff. John Sherman was nominated for National Senator by the Republican caucus January 17. The rival candidates for the nomination were R. C. Schenck and John A. Bingham. A lecture on the National Debt was delivered before the Franklin Democratic Association January 6 by George W. Morgan. Jannary Eighth was celebrated by the Democracy at Naughton Hall, Hon. William Allen presiding. The principal speakers were A. G. Thurman, G. W. Morgan, G. H. Pendleton, L. R. Critchfield, F. H. Hurd, C. H. Vallandig- ham, Charles Follett and Barnabas Burns.
During the latter part of 1864 Lambdin P. Milligan, William A. Bowles and Stephen Horsey, citizens of Indiana, were arrested, tried by a military commis- sion, condemned and sentenced to be hung for alleged conspiracy against the National Government. On June 1, 1865, the day before that appointed for their execution, President Johnson commuted their sentence to life imprisonment in the Ohio Penitentiary. On April 10, 1866, L. P. Milligan was discharged on writ of haebeas corpus issued by the Probate Judge of Franklin County, Hon. John M. Pugh. The attorney who procured the writ was Milligan's fellowtownsman, J. T. Coffroth. Pending additional proceedings to obtain the release of Bowles and Horsey, their discharge from further custody was telegraphically ordered by the War Department.
The Democratic State Convention was held at Naughten Hall May 24; temporary chairman, H. J. Jewett; permanent, A. G. Thurman. Nominations : Secretary of State, Benjamin Le Favor; Supreme Court Judge, Thomas M. Key ; Board of Public Works, William Larwill. Speeches were made by Messrs. Jewett, Thurman and Vallandigham.
The Union State Convention was held at the Atheneum June 20 ; temporary chairman, George Hoadly ; permanent, Peter Odlin. Nominations: Secretary of State, William H. Smith ; Supreme Court Judge, Josiah Scott; Board of Publie Works, John M. Barrere. State Executive Committee: B. R. Cowen, James Williams, George B. Wright, Henry Miller, Rodney Foos, L. J. Critchfield and Isaac Aston. A Soldiers' and Sailors' State Union League was organized at Naughton Hall June 21. Resolutions were passed favoring the equalization of bounties. Hon. William Dennison, who had resigned from the Johnson cabinet, arrived from Washington August 10, and was formally welcomed by a deputation of citizens to the residence of R. E. Neil where, on introduction by L. J. Critchfield, he delivered an extended Anti-Johnson speech.
A socalled Johnson State Convention, to choose delegates to a National Conven- tion of the same political complexion, to be held at Philadelphia, assembled at Naughton Hall August 7. E. Bassett Langdon presided temporarily, S. A. Strick- land permanently. The delegates-at-large appointed were L. D. Campbell, J. B. Steedman and William S. Groesbeck. Among the speakers were J. H. Geiger and John M. Connell. A socalled National Union (Johnson) Club was organized in Columbus August 14; President, John Geary ; Executive Committee, S. Henkle, G. S. Innis, A. W. Dolson, C. W. Carter, John Geary, J. H. Studer and John Van Yorx. A Central Union Club was organized August 24; President, Starling Loving. A National Union (Johnson) Convention was held at Philadelphia August 14; temporary chairmau John A. Dix; permanent, Senator Doolittle. The opening Union meeting of the campaign took place at the Atheneum August 11; speakers, Jacob D. Cox and Samuel Shellabarger. A delegation of
445
POLITICAL EVENTS ; 1861-1867.
southern loyalists, who had been in attendance upon an Anti-Johnson convention at Philadelphia, was received by the Union Club September 21, and participated, the same evening, in a political meeting at the West Front of the Capitol. An introductory address was delivered on this occasion by L. J. Critchfield. Governor Cox presided. A county convention of late Union soldiers was held at the City Hall September 22 for the purpose of choosing delegates to a National Convention of Anti-Johnson soldiers to be held at Pittsburgh, September 25. Frederick Douglas was formally received by the colored people ot Columbus September 22. In the evening he addressed a large andience, white and black, at Naughton Hall. His remarks mostly related to the subject of " negro suffrage," which he declared to be " the question of the hour."
A political reception and welcome were given to General B. F. Butler October 4; reception committee, R. Burr, W. T. Reese, W. G. Deshler, C. N. Olds, Peter Ambos, James Patterson, George B. Wright, Royal Taylor, Theodore Comstock, W. H. Day, W. J. Fell, Starling Loving, George T. Metcalfe and T. Longh. The city was liberally decorated and a large parade took place, John G. Mitchell chief marshal. A salvo of artillery was fired upon Butler's arrival. From a platform erected on the East Terrace he was introduced by L. J. Critchfield, and addressed a large audience. Ile was followed by S. Shellabarger and S. Galloway. An additional meeting, accompanied by a torchlight parade, took place in the evening.
A Democratic meeting ratifying the action of the Johnson Convention at Philadelphia was held September 10; chairman, John Geary ; speakers, A. G. Thurman, R. P. L. Baber, J. H. Geiger, Judge Rankin and others.
President Andrew Johnson, accompanied by Secretaries Welles and Seward, Generals Grant, Steedman, Rousseau, McCallum and Custer and Admiral Farragut visited Columbus September 12. The movements of this distinguished party awakened much popular curiosity, and drew an immense crowd which exhibited a great deal of noisy enthusiasm. The escort, including the Columbus Zouaves, the City Council, the Fire Department and the Fenian Society, was led by Gen- eral C. C. Walcutt, chief marshal. On the East Terrace, where a platform was erected, the President was welcomed by Mayor Bull. After the welcome Mr. Johnson delivered an extended argument in support of his political policy. After the meeting the party was banqueted at the Neil House ; no speeches. The ladies of the President's party were Mesdames Farragut, Welles, Custer, Patterson, Greer, Gooding and McGuinness. The party left for Cincinnati on the morning of the thirteenth, escorted to the railway station by the City Council and Hemmers- bach's band.
1867.
The Democratic State Convention was held in Columbus, Jannary 8; tem -. porary chairman, J. N. Christian ; permanent, G. H. Pendleton. Nominations : Governor, A. G. Thurman ; Lieutenant-Governor, Daniel S. Uhl; Treasurer, C. Fulton; Auditor, John McElwee; Attorney-General, Frank H. Ilurd ; Supreme Court Judge, Thomas M. Key ; Comptroller, William Sheridan ; Board of Public Works, Arthur Hughes. Among the speakers were W. M. Corry and C. L. Val- landigbam. A political " jubilee" was held at the Neil House in the evening, George W. McCook presiding.
The Union State Convention3 assembled in the Atheneum June 19; a prelim- inary meeting. S. Loving presiding, was held at the West Front June 18. The chair- man of the convention was R. C. Schenck. Nominations: Governor, R. B. Hayes ; Lieutenant-Governor, Samuel Galloway; Supreme Court Judge, John Welsh ; Anditor, James H. Godman ; Treasurer, S. S. Warner; Attorney-General, W. H.
446
HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.
West ; Comptroller, M. R. Brailey ; Board of Public Works, Philip Herzing. State Executive Committee : B. R. Cowen, James Williams, Henry Miller, C. C. Waleutt, J. W. Dwyer, Rodney Foos, James Taylor. Samuel Galloway declining the nomi- nation for Lieutenant Governor, the State Central Committee met at Columbus July 10 to nominate another candidate. The committee organized by electing Thomas L. Young chairman and Alfred E. Lee secretary. General J. D. Cox, Attorney-General West and other prominent Republicans addressed the meeting. General John C. Lee of Tiffin was nominated.
The Union Club was reorganized June 14 and held frequent meetings during the canvass; President, Starling Loving. A Central Democratic Club was also organized and was publicly addressed on various occasions. A proposed amend- ment striking the word "white " from the suffrage clanse of the State Constitution, and disfranchising deserters and " bountyjumpers " was the principal issne of the year in Ohio. A State convention of colored citizens to endorse and support this amendment was held at Naughten Hall July 3, Moses W. Walker temporarily, and John Watson permanently presiding. Various meetings of the local colored element to further the interests of the amendment were also held. A Union mass meeting at the West Front August 27 was addressed by Hon. O. P. Morton. General P. H. Sheridan transiently visited the city September 19. having just come from his command at New Orleans. Many buildings were decorated in his honor. Schuyler Colfax addressed a large audience at the West Front September 23. A very large Democratic mass meeting was held September 30. It was addressed by S. S. Cox, C. L. Vallandigham, D. W. Voorhes and F. H. Hurd.
The chief marshal of the street procession was Frederick Beck. One of the organizations taking part in the parade was that of the White Boys in Blue, organ- ized September 26; Commander, I. H. Marrow. A Grand Guard of White Boys in Blue, with 500 members enrolled, was organized September 27. A Democratic "jollification " over the results of the election took place November 9, accompanied by a parade of the White Boys in Blue. E. F. Bingham presided; principal speakers, A. G. Thurman and R. P. L. Baber.
NOTES.
1. Ohio State Journal report.
2. Then on North High Street, about where the Chittenden Hotel now stands. *
3. The name Republican, dropped during the war, had not yet been resumed hy the party which had borne it at the outbreak of the Rebellion.
* It was at the S.W. corner of High Lehartmut, where green Joyce' to are ,
CHAPTER XXIX.
POLITICAL EVENTS; 1868=1889.
1868.
Governor R. B. Hayes was inaugurated January 13. The weather being very cold, although the skies were elear, the ceremonies took place in the rotunda. The Governorelect was escorted from his residence on State Street to the Capitol by the Sherman Gnards, holding the right of the column, and the Emmitt Guards holding the left. At the rotunda the proceedings were opened with prayer by Rev- crend Doctor Trimble, after which the new Governor delivered his inauguaral address and the oath of office was administered to him by Chief Justice Day. The ceremonies being concluded, Governor Hayes received the congratulations of his friends at the Executive Chamber.
The election of Allen G. Thurman to the National Senate was finally announced in the General Assembly January 15. W. H. Smith resigned the office of Secretary of State January 14; his successor, by appointment, was John Rus- sell, of Champaign County. On January 20 a Pendleton Club, with Allen G. Thurman as president, was organized. Its purpose was to advance the interests of George H. Pendleton as a candidate for the National Presidency. The election of John Beatty to Congress at a special election in the Eighth District was the oceasion for a Republican "jollification " meeting, at which speeches were made by J. W. Keifer, B. F. Potts, S. Galloway and others. A Grant Club - the first in the eity - was organized March 7.
The Republican State Convention assembled at the Atheneum March 4; tem- porary chairman, A. G. MeBurney; permanent, John C. Lee. The resolutions adopted proposed General U. S. Grant for the Presidency and B. F. Wade for the Vice Presidency, and commended the attempted impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. Nominations : Secretary of State, Isaac R. Sherwood ; Supreme Court Judge, William White; Board of Public Works, James Moore; School Commis- sioner, John A. Norris; Supreme Court Clerk, Rodney Foos; Electors-at-large, David Tod and Samuel Galloway. The Democratic State Convention, H. J. Jewett presiding, made the following nominations: Secretary of State, Thomas Hub- bard ; Supreme Court Judge, William E. Finch ; Board of Public Works, Arthur Hughes; School Commissioner, J. F. Kirkwood ; Supreme Court Clerk, John M. Webb. State Executive Committee : E. F. Bingham, T. S. Shepherd, W. P. Brown, W. W. Webb, F. Jaeger.
The Republican National Convention assembled at Chicago May 21 - Carl Sehurz temporarily and Joseph R. Hawley permanently presiding - and nomin- ated U. S. Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice President. The Democratic National Convention - John A. McClernand temporarily and Wil-
[477]
448
HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.
liam B. Franklin permanently presiding - assembled at New York July 4 and nominated Horatio Seymour for President and Francis P. Blair for Vice Presi- dent. On July 13 a Democratic ratification meeting was held at which speeches were made by A. G. Thurman, E. B. Eshelman and R. P. L. Baber. The White Boys in Blue were reorganized Angust 15, with Isaac H. Marrow as commander. Many of the Republican campaign clubs took the name of Grant Tanners. At a Republican meeting on the evening of August 9, the Tanners paraded in uniform, carrying torches ; speakers, R. W. Thompson, of Indiana, and Samuel Galloway. Additional Republican meetings, accompanied by torchlight parades, were held Angust 21 and October 9. A Democratic mass meeting, at which the White Boys in Blue paraded, was held at the West Front September 10; speakers, John H. Thomas, G. W. McCook and G. L. Converse. General Thomas Ewing addressed a Democratic meeting at the West Front September 2. General F. P. Blair addressed a large Democratic meeting on the Capitol Square October 4. He was followed by Joseph H. Geiger. A Democratic meeting, accompanied by torch . light parade, was held at the West Front October 10; speakers, P. Van Trump, E. B. Eshelman, G. W. Manypenny and J. H. Geiger. Horatio Seymour, the Democratic candidate for the Presidency, arrived October 27, and was met and escorted by the White Boys in Blue, the Hickory Sprouts and a reception com - mittee. Mr. Seymour delivered a political address at the West Front, where he was introduced by Judge Thurman. He was accompanied by Governor S. E. Church, Augustus Schell and Francis Kernan. The Jeffersonian Guard, a Demo- cratic club, held its first meeting at Duffy's Hall October 6.
1869.
Republican State Convention, Opera House, June 23; temporary chairman, Benjamin Eggleston ; permanent, John Sherman. Nominations: Governor, R. B. Hayes ; Lieutenant-Governor, John C. Lee; Supreme Court Judge, Luther Day ; State Treasurer, S. S. Warner ; Attorney-General, Frank B. Pond ; Board of Pub- lic Works, Richard A. Porter. State Executive Committee, R. D. Harrison, Rod- ney Foos, S. S. Warner, W. R. Thrall, E. T. Hall, William Dennison, J. Q. How- ard. Democratic State Convention, Opera House, July 7; temporary_chairman, J. F. Follett; permanent, P. Van Trump. Nominations: Governor, W. S. Rose- crans; Lieutenant-Governor, T. J. Godfrey ; Supreme Court Judge, William J. Gilmore ; Treasurer, Stephen H. Buhrer; Attorney-General, John M. Con- nell; Board of Public Works, Benjamin F. Churchill. General Rosecrans
declined the nomination for Governor; the Democratic State Central Com- mittee therefore met at Columbus August 11 and nominated George H. Pen- dleton. A ratification meeting held the evening following this action was addressed by Messrs. Thurman, Mckinney, Connell and Callen. A Democratic meeting held at the West Front September 24 was addressed by Thomas A. Hendricks, George L. Converse and W. R. Golden. A Republican "jollification " over the results of the election took place October 13. A free trade meeting at the City Hall November 16 was addressed by Professor A. [. Perry, and was approvingly reported and commented upon by the local Republican press. A State Municipal Code Convention met at the Senate Chamber December 8; numerous cities repre- sented - Columbus by Luther Donaldson, Jacob Reinhard and J. G. Thompson. The Ohio Auditors' Association met at the Senate Chamber December 14.
1870.
Governor R. B. Hayes was inaugurated for a second term January 10; cere- monies in the rotunda ; escort, Sherman Guards; oath of office administered by Chief
Theo & Dundan.
449
POLITICAL EVENTS ; 1868-1889.
Justice Lnther Day. The XVth amendment to the National Constitution was rati- fied by the General Assembly January 20; its ratification as part of the Constitu- tion was announced by Governor Hayes March 31 and on April 13 this event was celebrated by the colored people of Columbus, who signified their joy by holding, on that occasion, a public meeting and parade. The meeting took place at the Opera House, J. P. Underwood presiding. Addresses were delivered by J. Poin- dexter, S. Galloway, J. P. Underwood, Grafton H. Graham, E. E. White and R. B. Hayes. A State Woman Suffrage Convention was held at the Opera House February 10, Mrs. Tracy Cutler presiding. An evening meeting took place at the Senate Chamber. One of the principal speakers was Mrs. Lucy Stone. A free trade meeting at the West Front July 26 was addressed by Professor A. L. Perry, of Williams College. William B. Thrall presided.
A State Temperance Convention was held at Temperance Hall June 1; chairman, G. T. Stewart. Nominations: Secretary of State, Jay Odell ; Comp- troller, Thomas Edmundson ; Board of Public Works, Enoch P. Collins ; Supreme Court Judge, G. T. Stewart. The convention was small. Democratic State Con- vention, Opera House, June 1; temporary chairman, D. J. Callen ; permanent, L. D. Campbell. Nominations : Secretary of State, William Heisley ; Supreme Court Judge, R. A. Harrison ; Comptroller, John H. Heaton; Board of Public Works, William Spencer. State Executive Committee : John G. Thompson, Jacob Reinhard, J. G. McGuffey, H. C. Helmick and Levi Wilson. Republican State Con- vention, Opera House, August 10; temporary chairman, B. F. Potts; permanent, S. Galloway. Nominations: Secretary of State, I. R. Sherwood; Supreme Court Judge, George W. McElvaine; Comptroller, William T. Wilson; Board of Public Works, Philip Herzing. State Executive Committee : R. D. Harrison, Rodney Foos, George K. Nash, C. C. Walcutt, James Williams, W. B. Thrall. The emancipation of the slaves in the Southern States was celebrated by the colored people at Goodale Park September 22. In the evening a festival took place at the Rink. A Repub- lican meeting at the Opera House October 10 was addressed by J. A. Garfield and S. Shellabarger. A Democratic meeting at the West Front October 8 was addressed by S. F. Hunt and H. J. Jewett. A Republican "jollification " meeting at the West Front October 13 was addressed by S. Shellabarger, A. F. Perry, S. Galloway and I. R. Sherwood. The State Board of Equalization, W. S. Groesbeck president, met in Columbus November 7. An Ohio Woman Suffrage Convention was held at the Opera House November 16; addressed by Lucy Stone, Mrs. W. V. Longley, Mrs. Mary Graham and others.
1871.
A State convention of colored men, held at the City Hall, January 18, John Booker presiding, passed resolutions demanding the repeal of all laws making distinctions on account of color. The County Auditors' Association held its annual sitting in Columbus, January 25. A peace jubilee of German citizens, May 1, in honor of the peace concluded between Germany and France, was signal ized by the largest procession seen in the city since the Civil War. Public exer- cises took place at the City Park. Addresses by Henry Olnhausen, Rev. C. Hed- daus, R. Wirth, J. H. Heitman, and the Prince de Lynar, of the Emperor Wil- liam's staff.
Republican State Convention, Opera House, June 21 ; temporary chairman, C. H. Grosvenor ; permanent, William Dennison. Nominations : Governor, E. F. Noyes ; Lieutenant-Governor, Jacob Muller; Supreme Court Judge, W. H. West ;
29*
450
HISTORY OF THE CITY OF COLUMBUS.
Treasurer, Isaac Welsh ; Auditor, James Williams ; Attorney-General, Franeis B. Pond ; Board of Public Works, Stephen R. Hosmer ; Supreme Court Clerk, Rod- ney Foos. State Executive Committee : James Williams, F. B. Pond, C. C. Wal- cutt, G. K. Nash, Rodney Foos, R. D. Harrison An evening ratification meeting was addressed by John Sherman, J. A. Garfield, S. Galloway and Jacob Müller. A Young Men's Republican Club was organized at the Secretary of State's office July 20. A Young Men's Democratie Association was organized at Thurman HIall, July 10. The first County Convention of Prohibitionists met in Sessions's Hall, July 22, and nominated candidates for county officers. The Ohio Labor party held its State Convention at the City Hall, July 26, II. C. Sheldon presid- ing. It nominated no ticket, but issued an address to the people. Democratic State Convention, Opera House, June 1; temporary chairman, J. F. Mckinney ; permanent, George H. Pendleton. Nominations: Governor, George W. McCook ; Lieutenant Governor, S. F. Hunt; Supreme Court Judge, George W. Geddes ; Attorney-General, E. S. Wallace ; Auditor, J. R. Cockerill ; Treasurer, Gustav Bruhl; Board of Public Works, Arthur Hughes; School Commissioner, W. W. Ross ; Supreme Court Clerk, Charles Patterson. An evening ratification meeting was addressed by Messrs. Vallandigham, Pendleton and Milton Saylor. The reso- Intions adopted recognized as " accomplished facts" the three later amendments to the National Constitution. Emancipation Day was celebated with much cir- enmstance by the colored people September 22.
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