USA > Pennsylvania > Bedford County > History of Bedford, Somerset, Fulton counties Pennsylvania > Part 1
USA > Pennsylvania > Fulton County > History of Bedford, Somerset, Fulton counties Pennsylvania > Part 1
USA > Pennsylvania > Somerset County > History of Bedford, Somerset, Fulton counties Pennsylvania > Part 1
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PENN STATE LIBRARIES
In Memory Of Edward Coleman by his wife Helen Holderman Coleman 1978
1
Digitized by
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HISTORY
OF
BEDFORD, SOMERSET
AND
FULTON COUNTIES,
PENNSYLVANIA.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
OF SOME OF ITS
PIONEERS AND PROMINENT MEN.
CHICAGO: WATERMAN, WATKINS & CO. 1884.
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508
The reproduction of this book has been made possible through the sponsorship of the Fulton County Historical Society, McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania.
Reproduction by UNIGRAPHIC, INC. 1401 North Fares Avenue Evansville, Indiana 47711 Nineteen Hundred Seventy Five
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PREFACE.
TN placing this History of Bedford, Somerset and Fulton Counties before their patrons, the publishers feel that their work will stand the test of candid criticism. They have spared neither endeavor nor expense which could add to the value of the history and make it all that it ought to be ; and therefore they rest assured that those citizens who have for nearly two years watched with friendly interest the progress of the work will not be disappointed with the product of that long period of careful, concerted labor. That the history of these counties, containing as it does, in its nine hundred broad pages, at least eight thousand dates and ten times as many names, should be absolutely free from trivial error they do not claim and thinking people will not expect; but the pub- lishers believe, such has been the care bestowed upon. the work by competent, experienced men - writers, printers and proofreaders-that even the petty and inconsequential class of errors have been reduced to the minimum, and that essential misstatements of statements have been entirely avoided. The riches of local historic lore, gathered from a thousand pioneers or their descendants by the writers of the History of Bedford, Somerset and Ful- ton Counties, have been returned to them in what has seemed the most appropriate and acceptable form. It has been the study of the publishers, by aid of all that is most ex- cellent in the art of typography and bookbinders' skill, to send forth the history clothed as its worth deserves.
The general history embraces fifteen interesting chapters on colonial and other initial events ; also the military chapters pertaining to Bedford and Somerset counties. These are followed by thirty-two chapters pertaining to Bedford county as organized at present, each township being accorded a separate chapter. They in turn are followed by thirty chapters devoted to Somerset county, treated in the same manner. Following these are nineteen chapters relating to Fulton county, including the military. Upon these ninety- six exhaustive chapters a staff of careful and thoroughly trained writers have been employed.
The publishers wish to return most sincere thanks on their own behalf, and that of those in their employ, to all who have been of assistance in the preparation of this work. To mention the names of all whose courteous and cordial cooperation has been extended to them, and fully appreciated, would be impossible, for they are hundreds in number. How- ever, we cannot refrain from presenting the names of a few whose positions have enabled them to be of especial service in imparting valuable information or assisting in procuring it. To this class belong John Mower (since deceased), Hon. John Cessna, Hon. S. L. Russell, Hon. J. H. Longenecker, Judge William M. Hall, William Hartley, J. Boon Cessna, J. M. Barndollar, Josiah Harris, C. N. Hickok, Judge Thomas Donahoe, of Bedford county; Hon. A. H. Coffroth, Hon. W. H. Koontz, Judge W. J. Baer, John O. Kimmel, Judge William Collins, Dr. W. H. Meyers, Peter S. Hay, Dr. Theo. F. Livengood, Col. E. D. Yutzey, Gen. M. A. Ross and Lee Forquer, of Somerset county ; Hon. Samuel Elliott Duffield, James Pott, Jos. F. Barton, J. W. Greathead, John A. Robinson and Rowland Austin, of Fulton county. To this brief list should be added the members of the press generally and the county officials.
CHICAGO, ILL., May 13, 1884.
WATERMAN, WATKINS & CO.
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CONTENTS.
GENERAL CHAPTERS.
PAGE
CHAPTER I- Description and Indian Occupation
15
II - A Leaf from Early Provincial History. 20
III -Conflicting Claims - Washington as an Envoy in 1753. 24
IV -The French Occupation - Washington's Cam- paign. 28
V - Braddock's Expedition in 1755.
VI-Continuance of the French and Indian Wars, 1756-1765 42
VII -The Biack Boys - Mason and Dixon's Line ... 49
CHAPTER VIII - The White Men as Settlers
57
IX -Organization, etc., of Bedford County.
..
74
X -The Revolutionary Period
81
XI- The Whisky Insurrection
98
XII - Soldiers of Bedford and Somerset Counties during the War of 1812-15, and Mexican War 113
XIII - War of the Rebellion.
117
XIV - War of the Rebellion (continued)
146
XV-Internal Improvements
171
BEDFORD COUNTY.
CHAPTER XVI-Location, Topography and Resources-
Mineral Waters . 182
XXXII - West Providence. 308
XXXIII - East Providence. 328
XXXIV - Liberty 390
XVIII - The Bench and Bar. 201
XXXV-Broad Top 336
XIX -Civil Lists. 217
XXXVI - Bloomfield 341
XXXVII - King 342
XXI -County Agricultural Society -Statistics .. 229
XXXVIII - Hopewell 34G
XXII - Public Schools 232
XXIII -The Medical Profession 286
XL-Colerain 358
XLI - Harrison 339
:366
XXVI -Snake Spring. 269
XLIII - Londonderry 869
XX VII - Napier
274
XLIV -Southampton 874
XXVIII -East 8t. Clair. 282
XLV - Cumberland Valley. 879
XXIX - West St. Clair 288
XLVI -Mann 983
XLVII - Monroe
385
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Anderson, Dr. John.
Anderson, Dr. George W
facing 288
Hadermann, Adam .between 302-303
Barndollar, James M.
.facing 820
Henry, Dr. James
facing 239
Blackburn, T. K., residence of
.facing 282
Harris, Josiah
.facing 322
Breneman, Dr. U. B., residence of.
facing 330
Hughes, Hon. J. W. facing 318
Barley, Daniel.
.facing 398
Jordon, Hon. Francis facing 206
Barndollar, J. W .- "The Cottages"
facing 258
Longenecker, Hon. J. H facing 214
Lutz, John between 254-255
Long, Dr. Charles.
facing 306
Mann. Job
facing 262
McNamara, Hon. Robert C
facing 216
Madara, Col. James.
.between 310-341
Cessna, Hon. John
facing 206
Madara, Mrs. James
.between 340-841
Cessna, J. Boon
facing 210
Madara, Dr. James W.
.between 350-351 between 350-351
Daugherty, Hon. William T.
.facing 250
Donahoe, Judge Thomas
.facing 374
Donahoe, Hon. William
facing 378
Miller, Josiah
.facing 374
Detwiler, Dr. M. H
facing 346
Miller, John E.
.between 302-303
Du Bois, John
Ealy, Mr. and Mrs. John C., Sr.
.facing 278
Reamer, Dr. F. C.
facing 234
Elliott, Gen. D. Stewart.
facing 316
Russell, Hon. J. M
.facing 204
Enfield, Dr. Americus.
facing 242
Russell, Hon. S. L. facing 204
Gump, Dr. S. H.
facing 240
Rice, Mr. and Mrs. D. L facing 374
facing 832
Hartley, William
.facing 252
Rhodes, Mr. and Mrs. George.
Digitized by Google
Buck, D. F.
.. facing 182
Barclay, Dr. Francis B
facing 236
Barclay, Hon. S. M.
facing 202
Barton, Peter.
.facing 310
Madara, Dr. James W., residence of
Mattingly, Mr. and Mrs. J. T
facing 366
.facing 318
Noble, Hon. Joseph B.
.facing 370
Bedford Borough, Court-House, Historic Buildings.
.facing 296
XLII - Juniata
XXIV -Bedford Borough 242
XXV - Bedford Township.
268
XXXIX -Union 350
XX - The Press 226
CHAPTER XXXI -South Woodberry
: 301
XVII -County Buildings-Townships and Bor- oughs .. 196
XXX - Woodberry 295
facing 246 Hall, Judge W. M. facing 201
PAGE
vi
CONTENTS.
Sill, Daniel
.facing 270
Shaefer, Daniel .facing 344
Sill, Henry S.
facing 270
Stoler, S. B., residence of.
facing 334
Shaffer, Daniel, residence of.
between 358-359
Washington House
between 351-355
Shaffer, Daniel.
.between 358-359
BIOGRAPHICAL.
Ake, Samuel
214
Magaw, Robert. 207
Armstrong, Thomas M
216
Mower, John 209
Alsip, J. N
217
Mann, B. F.
210
Anderson, Dr. John
facing 246
McGirr, Nicholas L 216
Anderson, Dr. George W
facing 238
Minnich, J. Frank
217
Anderson, Dr. J. Ross
237
Mowry, H. F.
217
Burd, Hon. George
208
McNamara. Hon. R. C.
.facing 216
Barndollar, James M.
320
Madara, Col. James.
.between 350 and 351
Blackburn, T. K
282
Madera, Dr. James W.
.between 350 and 351
Barley, Daniel
.facing 3'8
Mattingly, J. T.
.facing 370
Buck, D. F
.facing 296
Miller, John E.
.facing 366
Barclay, Dr. Francis B.
.facing 236
Miller, Josiah
374
Barclay, Hon. 8. M
facing 202
Marbourg, Dr. J. L.
237
"Barton, Peter M
facing 310
Musser, Dr. I. S.
238
Barton, Dr. George C.
238
Miller, Dr. S. G
239
Bruckman, Dr. J. G.
235
Miller, Dr. E. J
241
Breneman, Dr. M. B.
241
Noble, Hon. Joseph B
between 302 and 308
Cessna, Hon. John
210
Oellig, Dr. Charles S.
242
Cessna, J. Boon.
213
Points, Moses A
215
Compher, Dr. John
237
Pensyl, Dr. P. H.
239
Clark, Dr. John A
238
242
Calhoun, Dr. C. P. 238
Russell, Hon. Alexander L.
210
Conard, Dr. Henry W
240
204
Daugherty, Hon. W. T
facing 250
Detwiler, Dr. M. H.
facing 346
Donahoe, Judge Thomas.
379
Robinson, Dr. D. T.
241
Donahoe, Hon. William
facing 878
Reynolds, Hon. John M
216
Du Bois, John
facing 822
Doyle, Dr. Charles F.
238
Elliott, Gen. D. Stewart
facing 316 Rice, D. L.
878
Ealy, John C., Sr
facing 278
Rhodes, George .facing 382
Enfield, Dr. A.
facing 242
Sample, David
207
Emigh, Dr. J. C.
288 Scheel, Hon. Wm. P.
218
Earnest, Dr. D. F.
239 Spang, Hon. George H.
215
Fletcher, Frank
216
Smith, Wm. C. 216
Stayer, Joseph S.
217
Hall, Judge W. M.
.facing 201
Sill, Daniel. .between 270 and 271
240
Statler, Dr. J. B
240
Hadermann, Adam
.between 302 and 303
Harris, Josiah.
321
Hughes, Hon. J. W
322
Shaefer, David. between 358 and 359
287
Henry, Dr. James 239
Statler, Dr. S. G. 240
Henry, Dr. W. P. S.
239 Smith, Dr. S. H. 242
208
Hetrick, Dr. D. H.
240
Thomson, Hon. Alexander.
208
Hughes, Dr. John G.
240 Tate, Samuel H
210
Jordon, Hon. Francis
212
Tate, Joseph W.
215
Jordon, John H
216
Tate, J. C ... . ..
215
Jamison, Dr. Wm
288
Tate, Humphry D
216
Jenkins, Dr. E. P.
Todd, John and William ...
facing 266
King, Hon. Alexander.
210
Tomlinson, Rev. D. S. A.
between 366 and 367 Woods, George.
207
King, Alexander, Jr.
Watson, Dr. William
236
Longenecker, Hon. J. H.
facing 214
Lutz, John
between 254 and 255
Long, Dr. Charles.
facing 306
Weller, Dr. F. S.
240
Mann, Job
262
Digitized by
238
Kerr, Edward F.
218 216
Harry, Dr. B. F.
237
Scott, Dr. S. D
Hoffus, David H
214
Stehley, Dr. Martin L.
Hartley, William
facing 252
Shaefer, David. 845
Stoler, family of. 385
204
Reed, John P
214
Russell, James C. 216
Reamer, Dr. F. C. facing 284
Plank, Dr. D. A
Russell, Hon. J. M.
Russell, Hon. S. L.
Gump, Dr. S. H. facing 240
Hill, Dr. H. Howard 239
Tod, Hon. John
Watson, Dr. W. H. 237
Watson, Dr. William 237
PAGE
PAGE
Todd, William and John . facing 266 Tomlinson, Rev. D. S. A., and parsonage .between 366-367
CONTENTS.
SOMERSET COUNTY.
PAGE
CHAP. XLVIII - Erection and Organization - Public Build- ings - Townships and Boroughs. .. 389
LXIV - Conemaugh
528
XLIX -Geology, Natural Features, etc. 898
LXV - Paint 526
L - Picture of Pioneer Life. 400 LXVI -Shade. 590
LI -Civil Lists 404
LXVII - Milford 538
LII - The Bench and Bar 411
LXVIII - Elk Lick 547
LIII - Physicians of Somerset County
480
LXIX - Lower Turkey-Foot 556
LIV - The Press.
434
LXX - Upper Turkey-Foot.
566
LV - The Schools of Somerset County
499
LVI -Borough of Somerset
448
LXXII - Northampton
575
LVII -Somerset Township.
461
LXXIII -Southampton. 577
LVIII - Brother's Valley.
470
LXXIV - Middle Creek
580
LIX - Summit 484
LXXV- Allegheny
588
LX - Quemahoning 494
LXXVI - Greenville. . 587
LXI -Jenner ..
508
LXXVII - Larimer . 589
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Black, Judge Jeremiah 8.
facing 414
Livengood, Dr. Theo. F. .between 430-481
Baer, Judge W. J ...
.facing 420
Livengood, Mr. and Mrs. J. D. facing 556
Brubaker, Joseph P.
.between 478-479
Lepley, Mr. and Mrs. Adam C .. .facing 546
Berlin Reformed Church
between 478-479
Musselman, Hon. C. C. .between 462-468
Beachy, James W
.facing 548
Miller, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. .between 494-495
Beachy, A. P.
.facing 560
Miller, W. H., residence of. between 494-495
Barclay, Samuel
.facing 584
Musser, Jacob, residence of. facing 484
Coffroth, Hon. A. H
facing 422
Colborn, Hon. A. J.
facing 428
Meyers, Dr. W. H facing 482
Casebeer, A. J.
.facing 400
Ross, Gen. M. A. facing 570
Covode, Dr. Joseph
betweon 480-431
Reiman, S. F., residence of
facing 172
Commercial Printing-Office.
facing 488
Ream, N. B
.facing 562
Dumbauld, George
.facing 582
Fechtig, Dr. Samuel C.
.facing 584
Flickinger. Mr. and Mrs. 8. 8.
between 574-575
Schrock, 8. 8., residence of.
Flickinger, 8. 8., residence of ..
between 574-575
Hoblitsell, J. J.
facing 490
Hoblitsell, J. J., residence of.
facing 490
Hay, Calvin, residence of.
.facing 470
Heffley, Peter.
between 462-468
Hay, Peter 8.
facing 552
Hay, Mr. and Mrs. C. T.
between 542-548
facing 466
Hay, C. T., residence of, and business block
between 542-543
.facing 580
Harab, Dr. W. 8 ..
.facing 560
Will, Mr. and Mrs. Hon. A. S.
.facing 538
Hay, Norman D., residence of .. .facing 540
Yutzey, Col. E. D. facing 566
Kiernan, Edmund.
.facing 454
Zimmerman, Hon. Michael. .between 502-508
Koontz, Hon. W. H.
.facing 424
Zimmerman, John H., residence of .between 502-508
BIOGRAPHICAL.
Bailey, Samuel G ...
418
Caseboer, A. J.
460
Black, Judge Jeremiah 8.
.. 418
Covode, Dr. Joseph. .between 430-181
Daer, Judge W. J ....
419
Cox, Hon. Joshua F
418
Brubaker, Josoph P ..
between 478-479
Cunningham, Elias
428
Boachy, J. W ..
facing 548
Colborn, Lewis C. 4.29
Beachy, A. P ..
.facing 550
Coffroth, A. Bruce.
429
Cover, Dr. John P
481
Cunningham, Dr. W
432
Maok, Henry ...
481
Dumbauld, George. 5-46
Elder, Dr. Wm. G
490
Espy, Josiah.
417
Edie, Col. John R.
418
Dear, Henry G ...
428
Elder, Hon. Cyrus
427
Endsley, Harry S
429
Beer, George F ..
430
Forward, Hon. Chauncy.
416
Blessoker, F. W.
432
Fechtig, Dr. Samuel.
.. facing 584
Besohly, Dr. N. M.
555
Flickinger, S. 8.
between 574-575
Becky, Amfly of ..
422
Fichtner, Dr. A. B.
. 432
Coffroth, Hon. A. H.
Colborn, Hon. A. J.
426 Forward, Dr. Chauncy
. 433
Digitized by
Bruce, Dr. N. M.
427
Beer, Herman L.
427
Black, Hon. Chauncey F.
428
Barclay, Samuel ..
facing 584
416
Brubaker, Dr. Henry
430
Snyder, Judge Samuel
Scott, Noah, residence of. between 558-559
Scott, Mr. and Mrs. Noah . between 558-559
Stutzman, Hon. Jost J. .facing 554
Stutzman, Dr. C. G. facing 484
Somerset Borough and Public School -Court-House ... facing 890 Walker, J. J., residence of. .facing 474
Walker, Alexander, residence of. Whipkey, J. B ..
.facing 426
Meyers, Hon. B. F.
Schrock, Rev. W. G., residence of.
facing 482 facing 458 facing 446
LXII - Jefferson.
510
PAGE
CHAP. LXIII - Stony Creek 518
vii
LXXI - Addison 570
viii
CONTENTS.
-
PAGE
PAGE
Gaither, Samuel.
. 418 Miller, Dr. J. K.
432
Garman, Dr. W. A.
431
Mckinley, Dr. H. Clay . 432
Garman, Dr. J. S. 532
Meyers, Jacob 487
Garey, Dr. Henry
432
Meyers, Peter. 487
Good, Dr. S. S.
.433
Ogle, Gen. Alexander.
417
Gardner, Dr. W. H. H.
Ogle, Hon. Charles.
417
Hugus, Hon. Isaac
419 Ogle, Andrew J
417
Hay, David and Norman D.
555
Ogle, John G.
428
Harah, Dr. W. S.
facing 560
Pugh, James L.
429
Hoblitzell, J. J.
Patterson, Dr. R. H.
434
Hay, Calvin
482
Pritts, Milton J
480
Heffley, Peter.
. between 462-463
Ross, Gen. M. A
. facing 570 '
Hay, Peter S
facing 562
Hay, C. T
... between 542-543
Ream, N. B.
.facing 562
Hay, Valentine.
.. 428
Ross, George
417
Hamer, Dr. J. W
482
Ruppel, William H.
428
Husband, Herman
458
Rauch, Dr. William
431
Kiernan, Edmund
459
Schrock, Rev. W. G
482
Koontz, Hon. W. H.
424
Snyder, Judge Samuel.
facing 458
Kimmel, Hon. Francis M.
418
Scott, Noah
.between 558-559
Kimmel, John O
428
Stutzman. Hon. Jost J
554
Kuhlman, Dr. W. 8. . 434
Stutzman, Dr. C. G.
.facing 434
Krissinger, Dr. W. R . 482
Scull, Edward.
126
Kooser, Francis J.
. 428
426
Kimmel, Parker Y
. 430
Kimmel, Dr. E. M.
.. 480
Kimmel, Dr. John
481 Scull, Edward B
429
Livingood, Dr. Theo. J
between 480-431
Livingood, J. D.
.facing 566
Lepley, Adam C.
.facing 546
Lichty, Hon. Lewis
427
Louther, Dr. J. M.
484
Livingood, family of .
553
Walker, J.J.
522
Musselman, Hon. C. C.
.between 46 !- 468
Miller, W. H.
. between 494-495
Whipkey, J. B. .facing 580
Musser, Jacob.
. 483 Will, Hon. A. 8. .facing 588
Meyers, Hon. B. F. .. 425
Williams, Hon. Joseph 418
Meyers, Dr. W. H. . 482
Weyand, Hon. Daniel .. 419
Morrison, Abrabam. .. 417
Y'utzey, Col. E. D. .facing 566
Meyers, Cyrus.
427
Zimmerman, Hon. Michael .between 502-503
FULTON COUNTY.
CHAP. LXXVIII- Introduction to the History of Fulton
County 592
XC- Belfast. .654
LXXIX - Events of Colonial Days. 594
XCI - Brush Creek 655
LXXX - Civil History of Fulton County 601
XCII - Dublin. 658
LXXXI - Military History. 606
XCIII - Licking Creek 661
LXXXII - The Public Schools- The Press. 617
XCIV -Taylor 663
LXXXIII - The Bar of Fulton County 621
XCV - Thomson
664
LXXXIV - The Medical Profession. 624
XCVI - Union 665
LXXXV - The Borough of McConnellsburg. 627
XCVII - Wells
669
LXXXVI - Ayr and Tod
632
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Austin Rowland.
.facing 662 Logan, Judge Daniel. .facing 650
Barton, Joseph F
. facing 638
McConnellsburg Borough facing 628
Elysian Mills
facing 630
Greathead, Jno. W. .facing 630
BIOGRAPHICAL.
Austin, Rowland
facing 662
Carl, Dr. William. 626
Alexander, Walter S
.. 623
Donahoo, Jobn R
623
Agnew, Col. James . 629
Duffield, Dr. Samuel E.
625
Bonnett, John J. 622
Duffield, Wm. 629
-- Barton, Charles M 622
651
Goldsmith, David
631
- Barton. Joseph F.
651 Greathead, Jno. W .facing 630
Digitized by
429
Smith, Lou. A
438
Shuri, Geo. H.
438
Trent, Samuel U
429
Uhl, John H.
428
Walker, Alexander
522
Meyers, Dennis
430
..
Stewart, Robert L.
Schell, Henry F 427
Scott. John R
429
Scull, George B.
483
. 433
493
Reiman, S. F.
Fletcher, Col. John 629
- Barton, family of.
CHAP. LXXXIX - Bethel 652
ix
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Hems, Jonathan
Schell, Wm. P
622
Smith, Geo. A
6.22
Logan, Wm. C 622
Smith, Henry G 623
Lyon, Samuel. 622
Skinner, Capt. Geo. W 623
McFadden, T. W. B
622
Skinner, Wm. B 624
McKimo, Dr. Wm. L.
626
- Sipes, John P.
Mc Donald, Jacob
630
Ott, Nicbola
630
Pott, John
647
Trout, Dr. Wm. F
625
Rexroth, A ...
F31
Robinson, John A
623
Wishart, Dr. Henry S
626
- Sipes, James
630
Woollet, S. B.
6:30
- Bi pes, Nelson
623
Shade, Dr. N. B. 624
525
Stewart, Dr. Richard.
626
Woodcock, S. M 623
PAGE
630 Logan, Judge Daniel.
650
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HISTORY
OF
BEDFORD, SOMERSET AND FULTON COUNTIES.
CHAPTER I. DESCRIPTIVE AND INDIAN OCCUPATION.
Position and Extent of the Counties - Prominent Natural Fea- tures - Indian Occupation - This Region Never the Home of any Considerable Body of Red Men - Traditional Ac- counts of Them - Wars Between Neighboring Tribes - The Delawares in Possession, but the Six Nations the Acknow- edged Owners of the Land - Other Paragraphs.
DESCRIPTIVE.
T will be seen, by reference to the map of the Commonwealth, that Bedford, Somerset and Fulton, the counties affording subject- matter for consideration in the following pages, are situated side by side in the southwest quarter of the state. In extent Bedford and Somerset are among the largest of Pennsylvania's grand civil divisions, being two of the eleven counties each of which contains more than one thousand square miles. Hence, from Ray's Hill on the east to Laurel Hill and the Yonghiogheny river on the west, and from the Maryland line northward for a distance of about forty miles, an area is embraced of 2,105 square miles, or 1,347,200 acres. Fulton county is less than half the size of either Bedford or Somerset, and con- tains but 442 square miles, or 282,880 acres. Its eastern boundary is the Cove and Tuscarora mountains. The adjoining divisions are Cam- bria, Blair and Huntingdon counties on the north, Franklin county on the east, the State of Maryland on the south, and Fayette and Westmoreland counties on the west.
The Allegheny mountains are the chief and central figure in the topography of the coun- ties. This range strikes in a northeast direc- tion, N. 30° to 35° E., and after crossing the Pennsylvania border, runs for nearly forty miles in an unbroken straight line.
Throughout this distance and for many miles more it forms a distinct water-shed between streams, which, here taking their rise, flow south- westerly into the Gulf of Mexico and south- easterly into Chesapeake Bay; and although its flanks are here and there indented by shallow ravines, hollowed out in the course of time by mountain torrents, the continuity of the ridge is nowhere broken in these counties by deep gaps extending through the mountain mass. At the Maryland border its summit attains an ele- vation of nearly twenty-eight hundred feet above sea-level, an altitude which is maintained by it with slight variations throughout the whole length of these counties and many miles be- yond.
These counties are likewise traversed by sev- eral ranges of mountains which are scarcely in- ferior in hight to that of the Allegheny proper. The entire region is picturesque and healthful. Famed mineral waters, possessing wonderful medicinal properties, are abundant, and as 'a result these salubrious mountain districts are favorite resorts, annually, for great numbers of summer visitors and tourists. The soil is espe- cially well adapted for the various purposes.of agriculture, while beneath the surface lie vast deposits of limestone, coal and iron ore. How- ever, as matters relating to the topography, drainage, soils and minerals of this region will be treated at considerable length in other chap- ters, we refrain in this connection from further mention of such topics.
THE INDIAN OCCUPATION.
Neither in written history nor in tradition has the claim been made that the region of country now embraced by the counties to which this his-
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HISTORY OF BEDFORD, SOMERSET AND FULTON COUNTIES.
tory is devoted was ever the permanent home of any considerable number of the savages known to us as North American Indians. These narrow valleys, precipitous mountain sides, and high table-lands or "glades," intersected here and there by pure, bright, swiftly-flowing streams, afforded the sons of the forest magnificent hunt- ing grounds, yet no better, probably, than a few generations ago abounded everywhere through- out the continent.
When the Indian traders, who preceded the actual settlers by several years, first came into this region, they found it occupied in part by roving bands of Indians, who had a few tempo- rary villages, or, more properly speaking, camps, but whose permanent towns or settlements were located upon streams greater in magnitude than these counties can boast. These savages were of the Delaware and Shawnee tribes and a few Iroquois, or "Mingoes," as they were commonly called, who represented the powerful Six Na- tions of New York. The last named were rec- ognized as the real owners of the lands south- ward to the Potomac and westward away be- yond the western limits of Penn's Province, and it was only by their permission that the less important tribes were allowed to occupy the hunting grounds of which these counties then formed a part. True, the cowardly Delawares and the perfidious Shawnees always boldly claimed these grounds as their own (except when confronted and rebuked by the chiefs and head men of the Six Nations); yet the Penns wisely recognized the claim of the Six Nations to this territory, and it was with that great con- federation of red men they treated when the purchases of 1754-58 and 1768 were made.
Concerning the early history of the tribes once the occupants and claimants of these re- gions, the most rational and lucid accounts are obtained from the journals of the Moravian and Jesuit missionaries, men who, during the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries, penetrated this region far in advance of the boldest hunters and trappers. They were informed by the old men of the Delawares (the Lenni Lenape, or original people, as they called themselves) that many centuries previous their ancestors dwelt far in the western wilds of the American continent, but emigrating eastwardly, arrived after many years on the "Namoesi Sipu " (the Mississippi) or river of fish, where they fell in with the Mengwes (Iroquois), who had also emigrated
from a distant country, and approached this river somewhat nearer its source. The spies of the Lenape reported the country on the east of the Mississippi to be inhabited by a powerful nation, dwelling in large towns erected upon their principal rivers.
This people bore the name of Allegewi. They were tall and strong, some of whom were of gigantic size, and from them were derived the names of the Allegheny river and mountains. Their towns were defended by regular fortifica- tions or intrenchments of earth, vestiges of which are yet shown in greater or less preserva- tion throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, and in the regions of the Great Lakes. The Lenape requested permission to establish them- selves in their vicinity, a request which was refused, but leave was given them to pass the river and seek a country farther to the eastward. 'But while the Lenape were crossing the river, the Allegewi, becoming alarmed at their num- ber, assailed and destroyed many of those who had reached the eastern shore, and threatened a ilike fate to the others should they attempt the |passage of the stream. Frenzied at the loss Įthey had sustained, the Lenape eagerly accepted a proposition from the Mengwes, who had hith- erto been spectators only of their enterprise, to conquer and divide the country. A war of many years' duration was waged by the united nations, marked by great havoc on both sides, which resulted in the conquest and expulsion of the Allegewi, who fled by way of the Missis- sippi river, never to return. Their country was apportioned among the conquerors, the Iroquois choosing the neighborhood of the Great Lakes, and the Lenape, or Delawares, possessing them- selves of the lands to the south:
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