History of Bedford, Somerset, Fulton counties Pennsylvania, Part 102

Author: Waterman, Watkins & Co.
Publication date: 1884
Publisher:
Number of Pages: 967


USA > Pennsylvania > Bedford County > History of Bedford, Somerset, Fulton counties Pennsylvania > Part 102
USA > Pennsylvania > Fulton County > History of Bedford, Somerset, Fulton counties Pennsylvania > Part 102
USA > Pennsylvania > Somerset County > History of Bedford, Somerset, Fulton counties Pennsylvania > Part 102


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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WILLIAM H. MILLER.


MRS. WILLIAM H. MILLER.


THE MILLER FAMILY.


JOSEPH, JOSEPH, JR., JACOB J. AND W. H. MILLER.


In 1784 Joseph Miller, the progenitor of the Miller family in Quemahoning, came from Reading, Penn- sylvania, with his family and settled in Stony Creek township, near Coleman's station, where he purchased a large tract of land, which he improved and on which he resided until his decease. His remains were laid away in a family burying-ground one mile north of Coleman's station, on the Berlin road. He reared a large family of children, the eldest of whom, Joseph, Jr., was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1784. The elder Miller was a man of more than or- dinary intelligence, and for his time, a successful farmer. Joseph, Jr., grew up on his father's farm, and was reared to the life of a farmer. He married Mary Shaffer, daughter of Henry Shaffer ; eleven children were born to them, five boys and six girls. At the age of twenty-three years (1804) he came to Quemahoning and settled upon a tract of three hundred and twenty acres of land lying adjacent to Higgins' creek, a branch of Stony creek, now known as Beaver Dam creek. The patent for this land was issued in 1784 by the ex- ecutive council of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania to one John Paul, a Quaker, from whom Mr. Miller made his purchase. The land was entirely unim- proved, and he began the erection of "a home and a farm," on the place now owned by Valentine Miller. He was thrifty and successful, and acquired a well- earned competency; to each of his sons he bequeathed a nice farm. He died in 1860, in the seventy-ninth year of his age, " full of days, riches and honor." He was a religious man, a worthy member of the Luth- eran church, in which faith he reared his family.


Jacob J., the second son of Joseph, Jr., was born on the farm first settled by his father, April 18, 1812. He married Miss Isabella, daughter of Jacob Maurrer, in January of 1839. One son and two daughters were born to them : William H., Ann Eliza and Sarah E. He died in June of 1883. William H. was born Decem- ber 6, 1846. He received a good common-school edu- cation, and in 1868 married Miss Mary C., daughter of Daniel J. Lichty. The Lichty family are of Swiss ex- traction, and among the early settlers of Somerset township. In 1872 he purchased the farm on which he now resides, and which is a portion of the original purchase of his grandfather. During the war of the rebellion he served as a member of Co. G, 93d regt. Penn. Vet. Vol. Inf. This regiment was attached to Sheridan's command, and did good service. Mr. Mil- ler was in the service until the surrender of Lee at Appomattox, when he returned to his home and re- sumed his former occupation, that of farming and school-teaching. Of the descendants of Joseph Mil- ler, Jr., one son, Noah J., and twelve grandsons were in the Union army, three of whom lost their lives in battle. Grand Army Post, No. 318, was named in honor of one of them, Reuben Ferner. In closing this brief sketch of the Miller family, it is but just to say that no family in this township have been more largely identified with its development than they, and that no member of the family has ever stained the family escutcheon since the emigration of their worthy ancestor. To William H. Miller the reader is indebted for this sketch of the family and the illus- tration on the opposite page, the upper portion of which shows the farm where his grandfather, Joseph, Jr., laid the foundation for the magnificent inheri- tance he left to his posterity.


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RESIDENCE OF WY H. MILLER ESQ. QUEMAHONING TP., SOMERSET CO, PA.


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QUEMAHONING.


which are prosperous communities. Coal min- ing for local purposes has been carried on for many years, but no extensive operations have yet been undertaken.


The people are mainly of German descent, and are thrifty, moral and intelligent.


Let the reader try to imagine the loneliness, the dreariness and the desolation of this region in 1776 ; and unless he is gifted with an extra- ordinary imagination, he will not picture the situation worse than it really was. Yet there were several families of white people then living here, with woods and wild beasts all about them, and constant danger from the savages threatening them. Pack-horse trails were the principal routes of travel. There were few stores or mills in any part of the then vast territory of Bedford county, and frequently long journeys over the mountains to the eastern settlements had to be made when the pioneers desired to procure sup- plies. Salt and sugar were luxuries, and were used sparingly. Tea and coffee appeared on the table only on rare occasions. Simple food, well cooked, and good home-made garments fed and clothed the early settlers.


At the organization of Somerset county, Quem- ahoning included about one-sixth of the terri- tory of the county. In 1796 the taxables were as follows :


George Anderson,


Frederick Allishouse,


John Armstrong, George Ankeny,


Thomas Campbell, John Comer,


Christian Ankeny,


Adam Berkey,


John Bridges,


John Baker,


Jacob Barnhart,


Christly Bralier,


Peter Conrad,


Emanuel Bralier,


Christly Berky, John Berky,


Jacob of Jos. Berkey,


Michael Baker, Benjamin Baker, Christopher Beam, Jacob Beam, Henry Beam,


Peter Beam,


Jacob Brener, Dewalt Bonebreak, Jacob Baker, John Burns,


John Campbell, John Colpany, George Dum, Elphritz Deal, Samuel Duncan, George Emmert, Thomas Edmon, George Edmon, Josiah Espy, Esq., Prothy., Abraham Flory, William Findley, Jacob Faith, Thomas Faith, Moses Frame, Daniel Ferner, Adam Fisher, Jacob Fronehiser,


Jacob Fisher,


William Frame,


William McKelteck,


Peter Miller,


Abraham Faith, John Fuery, John Good,


John Marteny,


John Nofsinger,


Abraham Good,


George Gardner,


George Grimes,


Matthias Goshett,


Jacob Good,


John Ozburn,


John Overholtz,


Joseph Hattery,


James Hattery,


Abraham Hagerman,


Alexander Handline,


Conrad Hoffany,


Christian Hiple,


Henry Hiple,


Walter Huse,


Cornelius Haneline,


John Hoffman,


George Heminger,


Solomon Horner,


Christly Plough, Big,


Alexander Hunter,


Jacob Hess,


Adam Horner,


Daniel Horner,


John Horner,


David Hully,


John Heiple,


Jacob Huff,


John Husband,


Isaac Husband,


Widow Husband,


Phebe Husband,


Herman Husband, Est.,


Jacob Hoover,


Ludwick Hays,


Thomas John,


Solomon Kimmell,


Robert Smiley,


Samuel Kerr, Daniel Kizer,


George Stickell, Samuel Steel,


Andrew Kack, Jacob Kizer,


Isaac Sharreman,


Frederick Krise,


Lewis Kiser,


Frederick Keller,.


Adam Keever,


Michael Kimmell,


George Koonce,


George Showman, James Shanks, Jacob Stutzman,


Nicholas Kimes, George Kimes,


Philip Kimell,


George King,


Jacob Loud,


David Levingston,


Conrad Lint,


John Lint,


Henry Lephart,


John Layman,


Thomas McCall,


James McDermet, John Murphy, Ephraim Mattock,


Peter Swiger, Philip Sheffer, Michael Soma, John Spiker, Jacob Stover, Daniel Stoy, Esq.,


James McDermet, Jr., Jacob Melkteberger, John More, Frederick Mostoller, John Mostoller, Michael Mowry, George Messebaugh, John Mishler, William Matthews, Samuel Matthews, Joseph Mishler, Christian Miller,


Henry Snyder, Jacob Snyder, James Smith, Adam Snyder, George Thomas, Felty Tallybaugh, George Thomas,


Philip Ugly,


John Wright, Thomas Wallice, Abraham Morrison, Esq., David Wright,


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Peter Barnhart, Dewalt Bugher, Joseph Berkey, Jacob Berkey, Joseph Buck, Jacob Baker, Robert Brown, William Boyd, Richard Brown, Jacob Bonnet, 33


Henry Bonebreak, Gen. J. Chambers,


Andrew Campbell, John Cesler,


James Crage,


Joseph Cather,


Daniel Cohanbower,


Christly Carver, Abraham Carver, Lew. Cortz, Jonathan Cable,


Samuel Stutzman, John Sheffer, Simon Sheffer,


Christian Spangler, Jacob Simmerman,


Thomas Swank, Casper Swank, Jacob Swank, Michael Simmerman,


Abraham Clemmens, Jacob Coffman,


Casper Ripple, Peter Ramon,


Henry Swoger, Jacob Smoker,


John Shaw, Frederick Sharreman,


Henry Stall, John Shull, Henry Sheffer, Samuel Specker,


Henry Pitall, David Penrod, John Penrod, Christly Plough, John Plough, Henry Plough,


Jacob Plough, Peter Plough,


Rudolph Pitcher, Henry Pence, John Reed, Gabriel Rhoads,


Thomas Rose, Jacob Reed,


Israel Penrod, Eleazer Penrod,


Jacob Hoffman, John Hare, Lawrence Oats, Peter Pisel,


Christly Nofsinger, Gotlip Netz, John Neal, Alexander Ogle,


Melker Seece, Philip Smith, Jacob Shull, Samuel Shull, David Showman,


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HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY.


Peter Wolf, Andrew Wolf, John Wertz, John Ward,


John Webster, George Wimer, James Wells, Esq.,


Jacob Youngman.


Total valuation of the township, one hundred and two thousand sixty-eight dollars, real and personal. Amount of taxes collected, five hundred and ten dol- lars and thirty-eight cents. John Good, collector.


Michael Zimmerman, Joseph Miller and several others were resident taxpayers at this time, but for some reason their names do not appear on the records.


The Statlers and the Berkhards settled in the northern part of Somerset county in 1775. In 1776 another family came to this wilderness- the Mostollers. Frederick Mostoller settled near Friedens station, where, about 1782, he erected a gristmill, the site of which is now occupied by a dwelling. He lived and died in Somerset township. His sons were John and George. John died in Somerset township, in 1842, aged seventy-two years. He served as county commissioner, and represented the county in the legislature in 1820. He married Christina, daughter of Yost Miller, and was the father of Joseph, George, Elizabeth, Rosa and Leah, of whom only Joseph is living. Joseph was formerly engaged in the lumber business. He is now eighty-two years old, and resides with his son, J. W., in Quemahoning. He mar- ried Sarah, daughter of Michael Mowry, and is the father of nine children : David, Charles H. (deceased), J. W., Louisa (Lambert), Elizabeth (deceased), Mary (Wilt), Rosa A. (deceased), Nancy (Lambert) and Belinda (Carver). David and J. W. served in the late war, the former one year and the latter three years. J. W. was captured, and held in Libby prison two months.


Michael Zimmerman was a prominent man in early times, and was the owner of about fourteen hundred acres. He was born in Lancaster county, in 1761 ; came to Somerset county about 1784, and purchased his land from Daniel Stoy, the early pioneer. Mr. Zimmerman ran a distillery during the whisky insurrection, but sustained no loss. At one time a few soldiers encamped at his place. The dwelling- house now occupied by John Griffin was built by Michael Zimmerman in 1800. He died in 1823. His wife was Elizabeth Kimmel. They reared a family of nine children, whose names are given in a biography of the Zimmerman family in this chapter.


The Berkeys were among the first settlers of Somerset county. The first generation came


from Germany, probably before the revolution. Jacob Berkey was born in Conemaugh township in 1792. He was a farnter, and died in Quema- honing, in 1872. He married Elizabeth Sadoris, and was the father of Daniel, William, Jonathan (deceased), Jacob S., Oliver (deceased), Henry S., Susan, Mary and Louisa. Daniel, William, Oliver and Henry S. served in the late war, and Oliver died in the service. Henry S. served during two terms of enlistment; was taken prisoner and held two months, being confined in Libby prison. William Berkey has resided in Stoystown since 1883. He married Caroline Maurer and is the father of Albert, Herman W., Jeremiah, Jacob M., Catharine E., Amanda, Minerva and Idella C. Jacob M. is a school- teacher, and taught normal school in Berlin in 1883.


The Clarks are of English descent. Samuel Clark came from New Jersey to Somerset county about 1798, and settled on Stony Creek, two and one-half miles southwest of Hooversville. He married Margaret Manges, and was the father of thirteen children. Those living are Jacob, Noah, Joseph, William and Benjamin. Ben- jamin served three years in the late war, in the 54th regt. Penn. Vols. Jacob resides in Indiana county. He is now eighty-eight years old. John, the eldest son of Samuel, now deceased, was born in Bedford county in 1793, and settled in Quemahoning township in 1818. He was a captain of militia. He married Susan Smith, and was the father of G. W., now an old resi- dent ; John A., hotelkeeper at Hooversville since 1880 ; Eliza (Foust) and Susan (Hoover). G. W. Clark married Matilda Berkebile. Four of his children are living : Frank F., Jeremiah, Albert B. and Mary J. A. B. Clark is a black- smith at Hooversville, and has also been engaged in the hardware business since 1881. Frank F. served about one year in Co. D, 5th Penn. Heavy Art., and was discharged in June, 1865. Jere- miah is a carpenter in Hooversville.


John S. Bowman, a native of Germany, was one of the earliest settlers in this portion of the county. He lived the greater portion of his life in Quemahoning. He was the father of one child, Peter, who lived and died in this town- ship. His death was in 1875, at the age of eighty-four.


Peter Bowman married Mary Horner. His children were : Joseph, John, Daniel, Benjamin, William, Peter and Catharine, living ; Jacob,


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QUEMAHONING.


Elizabeth, Susanna, Rachel and Mary, deceased. Benjamin is a farmer in Quemahoning township and owns three hundred acres.


Joseph Miller, Jr., of German descent, was born in Berks county and settled in Quemaho- ning at the time when this entire region was little more than a wilderness. Everybody lived in log houses. Boards were few and most of the settlers made floors, doors, tables and benches, by splitting logs and hewing them into shape with a broadax. Joseph Miller, Jr., married Mary Shaffer. Their children were: Jacob J. and Valentine J., farmers in Quema- honing ; Elizabeth and Susanna, Stoystown ; Rosanna, Westmoreland county ; Samuel J., Noah J., Nancy, Mary and Sarah, deceased. Valentine J. was county commissioner in 1868. Samuel J. was the eldest son. He married Elizabeth Mowry, and was the father of thirteen children. Four of his sons-Josiah, Noah S., Gideon and Samuel S .- served in the late war. Gideon was killed at Gettysburg ; Noah S., who held a captain's commission, was wounded in the service. Jacob S., the seventh son, is living on the Spangler farm, which is one of the oldest farms in this part of the county.


Jacob J. Miller, son of Joseph, married Isa- bella, oldest daughter of Jacob Maurer, who moved from Brother's Valley to Quemahoning in 1818. Children : William H., Anna E. and Sarah E. (Weller). William H. is living on part of the farm once owned by his grandfather. He is a prominent farmer and owns about four hundred acres of land. Mr. Miller was elected justice of the peace in 1882.


There was far more pleasure in pioneer life than one would imagine. Nearly all the settlers were poor, but few, if any of them, were desti- tute. Cheerfulness is an excellent substitute for riches, and this quality was the early set- tler's mainstay and support amid privations and hardships. There was, and always is, among settlers in a new country, almost a fraternal intimacy, coupled with a lively interest in the prosperity of all -a helpful, generous spirit, which advancing civilization and accumulated wealth have almost banished from rural com- munities. In early days, every important work, such as clearing, raising a cabin or a barn, etc., was performed by the united efforts of the neighborhood. These busy playdays were called " frolics," and the name was not inappropriate, for there was a great amount of mirth and


mischief pent up in the minds of those sturdy sons of the forest, and on these occasions some of it was sure to break forth to relieve the monotonous routine of work, and make it appear but pastime. There was a time when going to a raising was esteemed the ne plus ultra of en- joyment by the farmer's boy, and having heard the announcement of one of these grand occa- sions, his brain was full of the thought of it until he witnessed the fulfillment of his antici- pations. Whisky flowed freely on these gala days, but reckless intemperance was probably no more common then than now.


John Steinbaugh came from Germany to this county in 1832. He died in Quemahoning in 1881, at the age of seventy-four. He married first, Nancy Shaffer, and second, Sarah Baker. Children : Lewis (deceased), George, John J., Henry . (deceased), Catherine and Julia (Lam- bert). Lewis died in the late war. George and John J. are farming in Quemahoning. Catharine and Julia reside in Shade.


David Shaffer was an early settler of Somer- set township. His son Simon, who was proba- bly born in Bedford county, in 1785, came to this county with his father. About 1842 he re- moved to Quemahoning, where he died in 1862. He owned about six hundred acres in this town- ship and Jenner. His wife was Barbara Poor- man, and their children were: George, Jeremiah, Jacob and David, dead ; Samuel, Aaron, Adam, Noah and Simon, living ; Nancy and Mary, de- ceased, and Elizabeth (Anawalt), living. Adam, Aaron and Simon each served in the late war about nine months. Noah is farming on the homestead and owns about two hundred acres.


Henry Hummel moved from Franklin county to Somerset county, and followed his trade, blacksmithing, until 1849, when he died, in Shade township. He was the father of nine children, all of whom are dead : Henry, Samuel, Barney, John, Daniel, David, Jacob, Mary and Elizabeth. Joseph was born in this county in 1810. He followed blacksmithing. He died in this township at the age of seventy. He mar- ried Mary Rhoads and was the father of seven sons and two daughters. Three of the sons, Joseph R., Samuel and Benjamin, served in the late war in Co. E, 54th regt. Penn. Vols. Jos- eph R., the eldest son and the only member of the family now residing in the county, lives on the Noah Miller farm, one of the earliest settled farms in the township.


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HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY.


.Henry Custer, whose ancestors are mentioned elsewhere, is a native of this county and resides in this township. His son, Adam, enlisted in August, 1862, and served until July, 1865, in Co. D, 142d regt. Penn. Vols. He was captured at Gettysburg, but paroled immediately after. He now resides in Quemahoning.


IIarrison Dinges, of German descent, was born in Lebanon county in 1810. He came to Stoystown in 1832, and engaged in shoemaking, which occupation he has followed for fifty years. His first wife was Mary Pisel ; his second, Eliz- abeth Brisbing. Children : Henry F., Edward, Maria and Hester, deceased ; William J., Loren- 70, Rebecca and Eliza, living. Henry was in the army and was killed at the battle of South Mountain; Edward served one year in the United States navy ; William J. served three years in the army, and was wounded in the right leg at Petersburg. He is a shoemaker and has been postmaster at Stanton Mills since 1880.


Andrew Baush came from York county and settled near Stoystown about 1808. He died at the age of fifty-two. His wife (nee Susanna Peterson) bore thirteen children : John, Will- iam, Daniel, Elizabeth, Mary, Catharine, Nancy and Susanna, deceased ; Joseph, Jacob, Andrew, Hannah and Louisa, living. Joseph was born and still resides near Stoystown. He married Rebecca Stauffer, and is the father of two chil- dren - James H. and Susanna C. James H. served in Co. G, 93d regt. Penn. Vols., from September, 1864, until June, 1865.


John L. Smith was born in this county in 1811, and died in Quemahoning township in 1878. He married Margaret Crissey, and was the father of eleven children : George, David, Frank, John, Jonathan, Josiah, Edmund, James, Lewis E., Catharine and Julia. George and David were soldiers in the late war nearly one year. Edmund taught district school six terms and normal school two terms. He is now study- ing telegraphy at Stoystown station.


Philip Shaver, an early settler, came to this county from Hagerstown, Maryland, and fol- lowed the trade of a millwright. He settled at the place known as Snyder's mill, and erected at that point a mill, which is still in operation. The mill was erected about 1830. Mr. Shaver died in 1879, in the ninety-third year of his age. His son Philip, born in Somerset township in 1817, moved to Quemahoning in 1850. He died in 1879. He was the father of ten children.


His eldest son, O. P. Shaver, has resided in this township since 1850. He enlisted and served three years in the late war, and was wounded at the battle of the Wilderness.


The oldest men in Quemahoning township are Valentine Muller and John G. Stahl, born in 1800.


The first gristmill in the township was built by George Kimmel, one mile east of Stoystown, at a very early date. Early mills were crude affairs ; they performed but little work, not always doing even that little well. But they were most useful and serviceable to the pioneers, who, prior to their erection, often ate boiled wheat, or corn cracked in a mortar and baked, rather than endure the fatigue of a journey on horseback to some distant mill.


STOYSTOWN.


Stoystown is one of the oldest towns west of the Allegheny mountains. It was formerly a place of considerable importance. Being situ- ated on the old Pittsburgh turnpike, before the railroads diverted the lines of travel and built up towns along their routes, the industries and trade at Stoystown made it the principal com- mercial center of Somerset county.


Daniel Stoy, after whom the town was named, was the first settler in this part of Somerset county. He probably came from Lancaster county prior to the revolutionary war. He lived by hunting and fishing and the primitive agriculture of pioncer days. Stoy was the owner of cousiderable land, and among his pos- sessions was a part of the tract on which Stoys- town is situated. He was frequently obliged to leave his home in the woods and take shelter in the fort at Bedford, on account of the Indians. The savages once burned his cabin. He built the first building and sold the first town lots in Stoystown. A thriving settlement soon grew up around. A Connecticut traveler, journeying to Ohio in 1798, mentions Stoystown and Greens- burg as being the only settlements of importance between Bedford and Pittsburgh. Daniel Stoy was a revolutionary soldier. He died in 1834.


The first store in Stoystown was kept by Joseph Buck, and the first tavern by George Graham. Jacob Oberholtzer was the first blacksmith, and John Garman the first wagon- maker, according to the testimony of the oldest residents. The first settled physician was Dr. Franklin Young. The first mail brought to the place was carried by John Kennedy.


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QUEMAHONING.


Stoystown grew far more rapidly than is usual with country villages. The opening of the turnpike added much to its prosperity. On March 29, 1819, the village was incorporated as a borough. Some years later, through neglect of duty on the part of the borough officers, the char- ter was forfeited. Stoystown then became a part of the township, and so remained until 1838, when it was incorporated for the second time. The borough now has a population of three hundred and thirty. It is well and neatly built, contains four churches, and supports a good school.


The taxables of Stoystown borough in the year 1839 were as follows : John Armor, stage- driver ; Geo. Ackerman, innkeeper ; John Acker- man, smith ; Conrad Althouse, tailor ; Dav. Baldridge, physician ; widow Bisel ; Jos. Bisel, stagedriver; Benj. Berkey, joiner; John Bricker, stagedriver ; Thos. Boyd, stagedriver ; Jac. Custer ; Dav. Clarke, wagonmaker ; Ph. Custer, joiner ; Geo. A. Clark, merchant ; Harri- son Dinges, shoemaker ; widow Davison (tan- yard); Francis M. Erhart, wagonmaker ; Wm. Febrige, carpenter ; Henry Fisher, Esq., hatter ; Henry Fisher, Jr., saddler ; Geo. Graham ; John Garman's estate ; John Graham's estate; Mary Graham ; Thos. Greenwood, teacher; Geo. Hartzel, Esq. (tanyard); Geo. Hartzel, Jr., tan- ner ; John Hite (tavern); Jac. Imhoff, tanner ; Jos. Johnson, hatter ; Dan. Kesler, smith ; Sam. Kimmel ; Andrew Longabaugh, cooper; John Leberkneight, weaver ; widow Lehmer ; Henry Little, merchant; Dav. Little, blacksmith ; Rogers Marshall ; Jac. Reily, laborer ; Jac. Risherberger, stagedriver ; widow Reily ; Jere. Shaefer, coachmaker ; widow Shumaker ; Dav. Staller, tinner ; Jona. Staller, merchant ; Henry Shoemaker, tailor; Mich. Sherer, smith ; Sam. Staller, Jr .; Val. Shoaf, tanner; John G. Tant- linger, saddler ; Jas. Waugh (tavern); Wm. Waugh, stagedriver ; John F. Wolf, shoe- maker ; Alex. Young, coachmaker. Single free- men : Jac. Brubaker, blacksmith ; Wm. Arm- strong, tailor ; Alex. Bovard, stagedriver ; John Cassady, stagedriver ; Mich. German, tanner ; Jos. Davison, tanner ; Geo. Deter, shoemaker ; C. Fleeh, merchant ; John Fry, shoemaker ; Geo. J. Foy, clerk ; Henry Harner, saddler ; Wm. Hite, laborer ; Thos. Shepley, Jr., painter ; Sam. Shank, stagedriver ; John Snell, stage- driver ; Wm. Johnson, saddler ; Simon Keller, chairmaker ; Adam Ketring, laborer ; Francis




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