USA > Pennsylvania > Lancaster County > History of Lancaster and York Counties > Part 36
USA > Pennsylvania > York County > History of Lancaster and York Counties > Part 36
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officinalis, L. Marsh Mallow rosea, Cavan. Holly Hock 5271 Malva, L. rotundifolia, L. Running Mal- low moschata, L. Musk Mallow sylvestris, L crispa, L. Curled Mallow
504
HISTORY OF
Tribus III. Hibisceae. 5277 Hibiscus, L. Trionum, L Syriacus, El.
5281 Abelmoschus, Medik. esculentus. Moench. Okra. moschentos, Medik Tribus IV. Sideae. 5289 Sida, Kunth. spinosa, L ? rhombifolia, L
5292 Abutilon, Gaertn.
Avicennae, Gaertn. Indian Mallow
ORDO CCXII. TILIACEAE.
5373 Tilia, L.
Americana, L. Linden
CLASSIS L. GUTTIFERAE.
ORDO CCXVIII. HYPERICINEAE.
5463 Ascyrum, L. Crux Andreae, L
5464 Hypericum, L. perforatum, L. St. John's Wort corymbosum, Muhl
mutilum, L
Canadense, L
Sarothra, Mx
5465 Elodea, Adans.
Virginica, Nutt CLASSIS LII. ACERA.
ORDO CCXXVII. ACERINEAE.
5558 Acer, Moench.
saccharinum, L. Sugar Ma- ple [Maple.
dasycarpum, Ehrh. Silver rubrum, 1. Red Maple
5559 Negundo, Moench. aceroides, Moench, Box El- der
CLASSIS LIII. .. POLYGALI- NAE.
ORDO CCXXXIII. POLYGALEAE. 5647 Polygala, L. sanguinea, L cruciata, L verticillata, L ambigua, Nutt
Senega, L. Seneca Snake root polygama, Walt ? paucifolia, Willd CLASSIS LIV. FRANGULA- CEAE.
ORDO CCXXXV. STAPHYLEACEAE. 5673 Staphylea, L.
trifolia, L. Bladder Nut
ORDO CCXXXVI. CELASTRINEAE.
5676 Euonymus, Tournef. atropurpureus, Jacq. Burn- ing bush Americanus, L 5679 Celastrus, Kunth.
scandens, L
ORDO CCXXXVIII. ILICINEAE.
5705 Ilex, L. opaca, Ait. Holly
5706 Prinos, L. verticillatus, L. Black Alder ambiguus, Mx ORDO CCXXXIX. RHAMENEA.
5722 Rhamnus, Juss. ? alnifolius, Herit
5726 Ceanothus, L.
Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea
CI ASSIS LV. TRICOCCAE.
ORDO CCXLIII. EUPHORBIACEAE. Tribus I. Euphorbieae.
5766 Euphorbia, L.
hypericifolia, L maculata, L
Peplus, L Lathyris, L. Mole tree
corollata, L.
? nemoralis, Fl. Cestr. non Kit Tribus III. Acalypheae,
5787 Acalypha, L. Virginica L Tribus V. Phyllantheae.
5847 Phyllanthus, Sw. Caroliniensis, Walt.
CLASSIS LVI. TEREBIN- THINEAE. ORDO CCXLIV. JUGLANDEAE- 5889 Carya, Nutt.
505
LANCASTER COUNTY.
sulcata, Nutt alba, Nntt. Shellbark Hickory tomentosa, 'Nutt amara, Nutt porcina, Nutt., Pignut ? microcarpa, Nutt
5890 Juglans, L.
nigra, L. Black Walnut cinera, L. Butternut regia, L. · English Walnut
ORDO CÓXLV. - ANACARDIANCEAE, 5905 Rhus, L. .
typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach glabra, L. Smooth Sumach copallina, L ...
venenata, DC. Poison Sumach toxicodendron, L. Poison vine ORDO COL. ZANTHOXYLEAE. 5972 Zanthoxylon, Kunth.
fraxineum, Willd. Prickly Ash CLASSIS LVII. GRUINALES. . ORDO' CCLIV. . GERANIACEAE. 6046 Geranium Herit.
maculatum, L Carolinianum, ? pusillum, L
ORDO COLV. LINEAE. 6056 Linum, L. Virginianum, L usitatissimum, L. - Flax.
ORDO CCLVI. OXALIDEAE. 6058 Oxalis, L. ~ Wood Sorrel. 1
violacea, Life pi. _ stricta, L.'
ORDO COLVII: BALSAMINEAE. 6060 Impatiens, L. Snap weed. pallida, Nutt. fulva, Nutt. : :
ORDO CCLVIII. TROPEOLEAE. 6063 Tropaeolum, L. majus, L. Nasturtium. ORDO CCLIX. LIMNANTHEAE. :
6065 Floerka Willd. proserpinacoides, Willd.
CLASSIS LVIII. CALYCIFLORAE
ORDO CCLXV. OKNOTHEREAE. Tribus I. Jussieucac:
6111 Isuardi, DC. alternifolia, DC. palustris, L. 43
Tribus II. Epilobicac.
6115. Oenothera, L.
biennis, L. Evening Primrose fruticosa, L.
6121 Epilobium, L. angustifolium, L. Coloratum, Muhl. palustre, L. (and var.) . Tribus V.I. Circaeaceae.
6130 Circaea, Tournef.
Lutetiana, L. Enchanter's Night shade. Tribus VII. Gaureac.
6131 Gaura, L:
· biennis, L.
ORDO CCLXVI. HALORAGEAE.
6134 Hippuris, L.
? vulgaris, L. Horse-tail. ORDO CCXLVII. LYTHRARIEAE.
6146 Ammannia, Houst.
? humilis, Mx.
6151 Cuphea, Jacq. viscosisissima, Jacq.
CLASSIS LIX. MYRTIFLORAE ORDO COXLVIII. MELASTOMACEAE. 6200 Rhexia, R. Br.
Virginica, L. CLASSIS LX. ROSIFLORAE.
ORDO CCLXX. POMACEAE.
6341 Cydonia, Tournef. vulgaris, Pers. Quince.
6342 Pyrus, Lindl.
communis, L. Pear.
Malus, L. Apple.
Coronaria; L. Crab Apple. arbutifolia, L. f.
6345 Amelanchier, Medik. Canadensis, Torr & Gray.
6353 Crataegus, L. ovyacantha, L.
crus galli, L. Couckspur Thorn. coccinea, L. tomentosa, L.
punctata, L. Jacq.
? parvifolia, Ait. ORDO CCLXXI. ROSACEAE.
cordata, Ait: Washington Thorn. Sub ordo, I. Roseae.
6357 Rosa, Tournef. . Carolina, L. Swamp Rose.
506
HISTORY OF
lucida, Ehrh. Dwarf Rose. rubiginosa, L. Sweet Briar. Sub ordo II. Dryadeac. 6360 Rubus, L.
Idaeus, L. Garden Raspberry. . odoratus, Flowering Raspberry. occidentalis, L. Raspberry. villosus, Ait. Blackberry.
Canadensis, L. Dewberry. hispidus, L. Swamp Dewberry. 6361 Fragaria, L.
Virginiana, Ehrh. Wild Straw- berry. vesca L. Garden Strawberry. 6363 Potentilla, L. Norvegica L. Canadensis, L. Cinquefoil.
6398 Agrimonia, Tournef. Eupatoria, L.
6373 Sanguisorba, L. Canadensis, L.
6386 Geum, L. Virginianum, L. rivale, L. Sub ordo III. Spiracaceae.
6391 Spiraea, L.
opulifolia, L. salicifolia, L. tomentosa, L.
6393 Gillenia, Moench. trifoliata, Mounch. Indian 6581 Vicia, L.
Physic.
ORDO CCLXXIII. AMYGDALEAE. 6405 Amygdalus, L. Persica, L. Peach.
6406 Prunus, L.
Armeniaca, L. Apricot ..
dasycarpa, L. Black Apricot.
domestica, L. Damson Plum.
Americana, Marsh. Red Plum. 6615 Desmodium. DC.
chicasa, Mx. Chicasa Plum.
Cerasus, L. Cherry.
pumila, L. Virginiana, L. serotina, Ehrh. Wild Cherry. CLASSIS LXI. LEGUMINOSAE.
ORDO CCLXXV. PAPILIONACEAE. Tribus, I. Podalyricae.
6421 Baptisa, Vent. tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo.
Tribus, 1I. Loteae.
6472 Crotalaria, L.
sagittalis, L. Rattle box 6473 Lupinus, Tournef. perennis, L. Wild Lupine. 1.3 6507 Medicago, L. sativa, L. Lucerne.
lupulina, L. Hop Trefoil. 6510 Melilotus, Tournef.
officinalis, Willd. Melilot.
6511 Trifolium. Tournef. arvense, L. Stone Clover. pratense, L." Red Clover.
reflexum, L.
repens, L. White Clover.
? procumbens, L.
agrarium, L. Yellow Clover.
6539 Tephrosia, Pers. ' Virginiana, Pers. Cat-gut.
6546 Robinia, L. Psued-acacia, L. . Locust tree.
viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust. Tribus, III. Vicieae.
6578 Cicer, Tournef. arietinum, L. Chick Pea.
6579 Pisum, Tournef.
sativum, L. Garden Pea.
6580 Ervum, Tournef. Lens, L. Lentil.
? hirsutum, L.
Faba, L. Horse Bean.
Americana, Muhl.
Cracca, L.
6582 Lathyrus, L. . venosus, L. Tribus IV. Hedysareac.
6600 Stylosanthes, Sw. elatior, Sw.
nudiflorum, DC.
acuminatum, DC. -
? pauciflorum, DC. canescens, DC. Dillenii, Darlingt.
cuspidatum, Torr & Gray.
viridiflorum, Beck.
Mariland" cum, Boott.
ciliare, DC. ? rigidum, DC.
507
LANCASTER COUNTY.
paniculatum, DC. rotundifolium, DC. 6623 Lespedeza, Rich. procumbens, Mx. violacea, Pers. ? Stuvei, Nutt. hirta, Ell. capitata, Mx. . Tribus V. Phaseoleae. 6630 Amphicarpaea, Ell. monoica, Torr & Gray. 6653 Galactia, P. Br. ? glabella, Mx. 6673 Apios, Boerh. tuberosa, Moench. 6674 Phaseolus, L.
perennis Walt. ? diversifolius, Pers. helvolus, L. S vulgaris, L. Pole Bean. var. nanus. Bunch Bean. lunatus, L. Lima Bean. Tribus . VII. Sophoreae. 6750 Cercis. L. Canadensis, L. Judas Tree. Tribus VIII. Caesalpineae. 6756 Gleditschia, L. triacanthos, L. Honey Locust. 6781 Cassia, L. Marilandica, L. Wild Senna. Chamaecrista, L. nictitans, L.
The preceding List contains about 550 Genera, and something more than 1200 Species : of which upwards of 100 species may be found under cultivation, in the fields, or gardens, of Lancaster coun- ty. A detailed description of the greater portion of the plants, here enumerated, is furnished in the Flora of Chester County: and the whole of them-except, perhaps, a fewof the cultivated ones,- will be comprised in TORREY & GRAY's truly national work, the Flora of North America-now in process of publication.
October, 1843.
5
508
HISTORY OF
BIRDS OF LANCASTER COUNTY.
BY J. J. LIBHART.
In arranging this catalogue, no particular classification has been followed. Species are placed under the generic names of the older Systematis, with the expectation of rendering it more satisfactory to the general reader. 1
ORDER-ACCIPITRES-LINAEUS.
Cathartes aura, turkey buzzard. Falco peregrinus, wandering falcon : F. spouverius, sparrow hawk. Halictos leucocephalus, bald eagle. Pandion halictus fish-hawk. Astur cooperii, Coop- er's hawk. Buteo lagopus, rough-legged hawk : B. buteoides, short winged hawk : B. leverianus, red-tailed hawk. Circus uliginous, hen harrier. Surnio nyctea, snowy owl: S. asio, red owl: S. nœvia,* mottled owl. Bubo Virginiana, great horned owl. Ulula otus, long eared owl : U. nebulosa, barred owl. Strix Americana, barn owl.
ORDER-PASSERES-CUVIER.
Family-DENTIROSTRES-Cuv.
Lanius exubitor, great American shirke. Muscicapa tyrannus, king-bird. M. crinita, crested fly catcher : M. atra, pewit fly catch- er : M. vireds, wood pewee : M. acadica, small pewee. Setophaga ruticcilla, red start : M. cœrula, sylvan fly catcher. Vireo flavifrons, yellow throated vireo : V. noveboracensis, white eyed vireo : V. sul- vus, warbling vireo : V. olivaceus, red-eyed vireo. Icteria viridis, yellow-breasted chat. Sylvia coronata, myrtle bird : S. petechia, red-poll warbler : S. ætiva, yellow warbler: S. pardalina, Canada warbler : S. maculos, black and yellow warbler : S. vivens, black
*We are confirmed in the opinion, that Wilson was correct in making the red and mottled owls distinct species. We possess an old female red ow! and its young, already fledged, possesssing the same colors, sbot from the nest. Later authors, say the mottled individuals are the old and mature birds, and the red ones the young.
509
LANCASTER COUNTY.
throated green warbler: S. blackburnic, blackburnian warbler : S. castenea, bay breasted warbler : S. striata, black-poll warbler : S. va- ria, spotted warbler : S. pinus, pine warbler : S. formosa,* Kentucky warbler: S. trichas, yellow throated warbler. Dacnis vermivora, worm-eating warbler : D. solitaria, blue winged yellow warbler .- Regulus calendulus, ruby-crowned wren : R. cristatus, golden crest- ed wren. Sialia Wilsonii, blue bird. Bombycilla carolinensis, ce- dar-bird. Orpheus pollyglottus, mocking bird : O. rufus, feruginus thrush : O. felivox, cat bird. Turdus migratorius, robin : T. Mus telinus, wood thrush : T. minor, little hermit thrush: T. Wilsonii, Wilson's thrush. Pyranga rubra, black-winged red-bird.
Family-FISSIROSTRES-Cuv.
Hirundo purpurea, purple martin : H. rufa, barn swallow : H. bi- color, white bellied swallow : H. reparia, bank swallow: H. fulva, f cliff swallow. Cypselus pelasgius, chimney swallow. Caprimul- gus vociferous, whip-poor-will: C. Virginianus, night-hawk.
Family-CONIROSTRES-Cuv.
Sturnus ludovicianus, meadow lark. Icterus phoniceus, red- winged blackbird : I. Baltimore, oriole : I. spurious, orchard oriole. Emberiza agripennis, bob-o-link: E. Americana, black-throated bunting: E. nivalis, snow bunting, Spiza cyanea, indigo bird : S. Pennsylvanica, white-throated sparrow : S. melodia, song sparrow : S. savanna, savannah sparrow : S. graminea, grass sparrow: S. can- adensis, tree sparrow : S. socialis, chipping sparrow: S. nivialis, common snow bird. Carduelis tristis, American gold-finch. Frin- gilla erythropthalma, towee finch. Erythrospiza purpurea, purple finch. Guiracæ cardinalis, cardinal grosbeak: G. ludoviciana rose- breasted grosbeak: G. cærulea,¿ blue grosbeak. Pyrrhula enuclea-
*This sylvia, it is said, is not found east of the mountains. I have several specimens in my collection, procured here.
¡This species was first observed in this vicinity eight or ten years ago .- They attached their singular and ingenius nest on the sides of the piers of the Columbia bridge.
#Bartram, saw this bird near the city of Lancaster; it is seldom seen in the Union.
43*
510
HISTORY OF
tor,* pine grosbeak. Parus bicolor, tufted titmouse : P. palustris, black-capped titmouse. Alauda alpistris, shore lark. Garrulus cris- tatus, blue Jay. Corvos corone, common crow. Quiscalis, versico- lor, crow blackbird : Q. baritus, slender billed blackbird : Q. ferru- gineus, rusty blackbird.
Family-TENUIROSTRES-Cuv.
Sitta Carolinensis, white breasted nuthatch: S. Canadensis, red- billed nuthatch. Certhia familiaris, brown creeper. Troglodytes fulvus, house wren : T. eurepæus, winter wren : T. palustris, marsh wren. Mellisuga colubris, ruby-throated humming bird.
ORDER-ALCYONES-TEMMINCK.
Alcedo alcyon, belted king fisher.
ORDER-SCANSORES-Cuv.
Colaptes auratus, golden wood pecker or flicker. Piscus pileatus, log-cock : P. erythrocephalus, red-headed wood pecker : P. varius, yellow-bellied wood pecker: P. Carolinus, red-bellied wood pecker: P. villosus, hairy wood pecker: P. pupescens, downy wood pecker. Coecygus Americanus, black-billed cuckoo : C. dominicus, yellow- billed cuckoo.
ORDER-GALLINÆE-cuv.
Maleagris gallopavo,t wild turkey. Ortyx Viginiana, partridge. Tetrao umbellus, ruffed grouse or pheasant. Columbo Carolinensis, turtle dove : C. migratorias, wild pigeon.
ORDER-GRALLÆE-cuv.
Caladris arenaria, sand plover. Charadrius pluvialis, golden plover : C. melodia, ring plover: C. vociferous, kildeer plover : Squatarola helvetica, field plover. Tringa pectoralis, peetoral sand piper: T. Wilsonii, Wilson's sand piper. Heteropoda *It is not often that this species extends its emigration this far south .- Late in November, 1836, the writer obtained several individuals in this vi- cinity, from a flock of fifteen or twenty.
+The wild turkey is still occasionally to be met with on the northern con- fines of the county. A few are also known still to exist on Chesnut hill ridge. Several years ago an individual was shot near Chiques creek, on the grounds, now the property of S. Boyd, Esq., by Mr. F. Nagle.
1
LANCASTER COUNTY. 511
semipalmai, semipalmated snipe. Totanus, vociferus, greater yel- low shanks tattler : T. flavipes, smaller yellow shanks tattler : T. chloropygius, green rump tattler : T. macularius, peet-weet snipe. Limosa fedoa, mardled godwit. Numenius longinostris,* long bill- ed curlew : N. hudsonicus esquimaux curlew. Scolopax Wilsonii, American snipe. Rusticola minor, woodcock. Rallus Virginianus, Virginia rail. Crex Carolinus, soree or rail. Ardea herodius, great blue heron : A. nycticorax, qua-bird : A. lentiginous, bittern : . A. virescens, green heron or fly-up the creek : A. exillis, least bittern.
ORDER-NATATORES-VIEILLOT.
Phchicopterus ruber,f red flamingo. Fulica Americana, coot. Podiceps cornutu, dobchick. Hydroka Corolinensis, pied-billed dobchick. Sterna argentea,# silvery tern. Larus capistratus, brown masked gull. L. canus, common gull : L. argentatus, herring gull : Zonorhynchus, ringed-billed gull. Anser hyperboreus, white snow goose : A. Canadensis, common wild goose: A. barnicla, brent goose. Cynus ferus, white swan. Anas clypeata, shoveler duck : - A. domestica, mallard duck : A. strepera, gadwall duck : A. acuta, grey or pintail duck : A. Americana, bald pate duck : A. obscura, black duck : A. discors, blue winged teal : A. erecca, green winged teal. Dendronessa sponsa, wood duck. Oidemia fusca, velvet duck : O. Americana, American scoter duck : O. nigra, scoter duck. Gymura rubida, ruddy duck. Fuligula valisneria, canvass-back duck : F. ferina, pochard or red-headed duck : F. rufitorques, ring- necked duck. Clangula vulgaris, whistling or golden eyed duck : C. Albeola, spirit duck. Herelda glacialis, long-tailed duck, or " South Southerly." Mergus merganser, goosander or great fisher duck : M. serrator, red breasted fisher duck : M. cucullatus, hooded fisher duck. Colymbus glacialis, loon.
The principal number of the species enumerated in the foregoing catalogue, have come under the observation of the writer; and are known to be residents, or casual visiters within the limits of the county. Specimens of most of them are in Libhart's "Museum of the Arts and Sciences," in Marietta, and were obtained in that vicinity.
*This and the following species have been shot on the Conestoga, near Lancaster,-now in the museum of that city."
+We have been informed that the specimen in the Lancaster museum, was shot on the Conestoga. When found thus far north they must be considered only as stragglers.
1
+A specimen now in my possession, shot on the Susquehanna in 1840.
1
512
HISTORY OF
APPENDIX.
A. p. 23.
THOMAS and RICHARD PENN surviving proprietors of the province of Pennsylvania entered, July 4, 1760, with Lord Baltimore into a definite agreement touching the final adjustment of the boundary line between Ma- ryland and Pennsylvania. Commissioners were appointed for that purpose. Those for Maryland were Horatio Sharpe, Benjamin Tasker, jr., Edward Lloyd, Robert Jenkins Henry, Daniel Dulany, Stephen Bordley, Rev. Alex- ander Malcolm ; on the part of Pennsylvania, the Hon. James Hamilton, William Allen, Richard Peters, Benjamin Chew, Lynford Lardner, Ryves Holt, George Stephenson.
While the committee were engaged in their labors, the following persons were appointed on the part of Maryland to supply vacancies, the Rev. John Boardley, George Stuart, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, and John Beale Boardley: To supply vacancies on part of Pennsylvania, Rev. John Ewing, William Coleman, Edward Shippen and Thomas Willing.
The commissioners convened at New Castle, Nov. 19, 1760, and after much deliberation, made a final report the 9th Nov. 1763. The whole of their transactions have been faithfully recorded, and the document been pre- served. In 1762, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were employed to run the line, and put an end to a subject of early and continued warm controversy.
Before the final adjustment of this vexed question, and the definiteness of the line, many had taken up lands under Maryland warrants. The lands now owned by David Brown, and James Barnes, in Drumore township, and by James M'Sparran, Jeremiah and Slater Brown, James A. Caldwell, Nich- olas Boyde, Timothy Haines, Allen Cook, Robert Maxwell, William Cook and others of Little Britain township, were, we have been informed, all taken up under Maryland warrants.
B. p. 39.
JAMES LE TORT was according to R. Conyngham, Esq., a French Hugue- not, and member of the French settlement on the Schuylkill; living among the Indians, he acquired a knowledge of their language, and was useful to the government as an Indian agent and interpreter. He lived on or near the banks of the Susquehanna, within the present limits of Lancaster county in 1719. From the Colonial Records, vol. II. p. 100-it seems he came to this country when quite young. " Having been bred in it from his infancy,'{ and from p. 123, it appears he had been at Conestoga prior to 1703; and accord- ing to Hazzard's Register, vol. XV. p. 82, he penetrated to Cunberland Valley as early as 1731, and settled at Le Tort's spring near Carlisle.
513
LANCASTER COUNTY.
C. p. 69.
THE HUGUENOTS .- This term, now so well understood as an honorable, rather than a dishonorable designation of those who professed the Re- formed religion in France, during the persecutions and civil wars in that kingdom, is involved in some obscurity. Whether it was originally confer- ed upon them by the adherents'of the so styled " Mother Church " as a term of reproach, or volunterily assumed by themselves as a party man, or whether it is a derivation from some other word, having an analogous sound, and introduced from some foreign language, 'is equally uncertain. Many and various are the sources to which the learned and the curious have en- deavored to trace the etymology of this word; but like every thing else founded upon conjecture, we are left as much in the dark as ever.
Some have asserted that the term was originally applied to the members of the Reformed by the dignitaries of the Romish Church, as one of reproach . To sustain this position, it is argued that when the new doctrine was first preached in France, a number of the inhabitants of the city of Tours- which afterwards, and next to the city of Rochelle, ranked as the strongest hold of the Reformed party-embraced the same. Unlike the Romanists, their worship was conducted in the evening as well as in the day. Culti- vating a spirit of genuine piety, they met after night in each others houses, for social prayer. In this, they imitated the example of primitive christians, and like them, they became the subjects of a persecution almost as relent- less. Going from house to house as the place of meeting might chance to be, after the labors of the day were over, to attend to this pious duty, and returning therefrom at a later hour, their enemies, the papists, endeavorcd to prevent the extension of their doctrines, by reporting at first that they were engaged in some foul conspiracy against the government, and afterwards against the people. Failing in their attempts to effect them in this way, and finding that the fallow ground was being broken up daily, with the pro- mise of a rich return, and that the seed of the true faith which was sown in confidence, was germinating and yielding an abundant harvest, despite their efforts, to the contrary, they next changed their mode of warfare, and en- deavored to effect their object by bringing them in to ridicule and contempt. For the purpose, they seized upon the fact of their mecting after night, and connected with it a story, then current, concerning the city of Tours. One of the greatest of the city, it seems, was called Hugo, and according to a popu- lar tradition from Hugo, comte Tours, who it seems according to the same tradition, was eminent in life only for his crimes, oppression and cruelty .- After his death-so runs the story-his spirit incapable of repose, haunted. immediately after nightfall, the scene, which was the neighborhood of the gate in question, of its cruelty and crimes, when embodied in the flesh .- « Many and strange pranks were played, and many a hapless wight was
514
HISTORY OF
bruised and beaten by his pugnacious spirit, all of which added to horrible sounds and unearthly noises in the immediate vicinity of its walks, so alarmed the inhabitants as to induce them to keep closely housed, whenever the hour for its appearance drew near. Hence, Hugo and ghost came to be synonymous ; and as has been already shown, the social worship of night- meetings of the Reformers being so wide different from the imposing cere- mony of the Romish church, and requiring them consequently to be out more after night that the latter, each individual of the former was called a Hugo, the whole Huguenots. Thus much for this derivation, and the tale that thereby hangs.
The next suppored derivation, is that it was a term voluntarily assumed by themselves as a party name, when their religion was attacked and they were forced to take arms against the government in self-defence. As they were rigid Calvinists, of great sanctity of character and purity of morals. Caseneuve has pretended to have discovered the original in the Flemish word Heghenon or Huguenon, which means Cathari or Puritan ; but this is not very probable, inasmuch as it is not likely, that having a word in their own vocabulary, so expressive as " Puritan," they would be disposed to bor- row from a language no more known than the Flemish.
Another author has attempted to trace its origin to Huguenote, a name given to an iron or earthen pot for cooking, by connecting it with the persecu- tions to which the Reformed were subjected in France; and basing it upon the hypothesis, that some of their number may have been roasted or tortured and exposed to the flames like a vessel used for culinary purposes.
These are all, however, but mere surmises, unsupported and unsustained by any thing at all calculated to give them a proper title to serious consider- ation. The only etymology then, which in our humble opinion remains, is undoubtedly the true one-this we shall briefly attempt to prove by the history of the times and the people.
Eidgenoss is a German compounded word, in the Saxon and Dutch dial- ects Eedgennotten ; of which the singular is Eidgenoss or Eedgenot.# It is formed from Eid an oath, and Eenoss a confederate or partaken of the oath ; and was the original designation of the three Swiss patriots, William Tell, Walter Fuerest and Arnold of Melcthal, t on then night of the 7th Nov. 1307, met at Ruetli on the lake of Luzerne and their bound themselves by a solemn oath, to shake off the yoke of their Austrain oppressors, and to re-establish the liberties of their country. The conspiracy thus formed was embraced with delight by all to whom it was communicated, each member of which was called an Eidgenoss and afterwards, January 7, A. D. 1308 when the people of the Waldstetter, composed of the Cantons Appenzell, Glaris and Uri, met in solemn council and took the oath of perpetual alliance, they were designated as the Eidgenossenschaft i. e. Confederation. Through suc- cessive generations they were thus known, and when in aftertimes, the peo- ple of Geneva which had now been included in the Swiss confederation, em- braced the doctrines of John Calvin; they threw off the allegiance of the Duke of Savoy ; and in order to maintain their independence, formed a con- federacy after the example of the Waldstetter with the Cantons of Bern and Freibourg, which was also confirmed by an oath of all the contradicting par- ties. Like the original patriots, they in turn were called Eidgenossen. This movement being half temporal and half ecclesiastic or spiritual, related to.
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