USA > Tennessee > Davidson County > Nashville > History of Nashville, Tenn. > Part 45
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The professors in the Academical Department have been as follows: Physics and Astronomy: L. C. Garland, LL.D., 1875-90. Chemistry : N. T. Lupton, A.M., LL.D., 1875-85; William L. Dudley, M.D., 1886- 90; J. T. McGill, B.S., Ph.D., Adjunct Professor, 1886-90. Mental and Moral Philosophy: J. C. Granbery, D.D., 1875-82 ; John J. Tigert, M.A., D.D., 1888-90. Greek Language and Literature: Milton W. Humphreys, M.A., Ph.D., 1875-83; Charles F. Smith, A.M., Ph.D., 1883-90. Latin Language and Literature: B. W. Arnold, A.M., 1875- 78; J. L. Buchanan, LL.D., 1879-80; James W. Dodd, LL.D., 1880- 86; James H. Kirkland, A.M., Ph.D., 1886-90. Modern Languages and Literatures: Edward S. Joynes, M.A., LL.D., 1875-78; John M. Doggett, M.A., 1879-81; Charles F. Smith, A.M., Ph.D., 1883; James H. Worman, A.M., Ph.D., 1884-85; Casimir Zdanowicz, A.M., 1886- 89. At present Waller Deering, M.A., Ph.D., German; A. R. Hohl- feld, French.
Philosophy and Criticism: Andrew A. Lipscomb, D.D., LL.D., 1875- 80; and Emeritus Professor since that time. Mineralogy, Botany, and Economic Geology: James M. Safford, M.D., Ph.D., 1875-78. Zool- ogy, Historical, and Dynamical Geology: Alexander Winchell, LL.D., 1875-78. Natural History and Geology: J. 'M. Safford, M.D., Ph.D., 1878-90. Mathematics: William LeRoy Broun, M.A., LL.D., 1875-82 ; William J. Vaughn, M.A., 1882-90.
History and English Literature: Thomas J. Dodd, D.D., 1877-81. History and Criticism: Same professor, 1882. English Language and Literature; W. M. Baskervill, Ph.D., 1881-90; W. R. Sims, Ph.D., Adjunct Professor, 1888-89.
Engineering: Olin H. Landreth, M.A., C.E., 1883-86.
History and Political Economy: John J. Tigert, M.A., S.T.B., 1886- 87; E. W. Bemis, Ph.D., 1890, having served as lecturer two years.
In the Biblical Department the professors have been as follows: Sys- tematic Theology: T. O. Summers, D.D., LL.D., 1875-82; W. F. Til- lett, A.M., 1884-90. Exegetical Theology: A. M. Shipp, D.D., 1875- 85. Practical Theology: J. C. Granbery, D.D., 1875-82. Hebrew and Ecclesiastical History: T. J. Dodd, D.D., 1877-82. Hebrew and Prac- tical Theology: T. J. Dodd, D.D., 1883-85. The department was entirely remodeled in 1886, with W. F. Tillett, Dean and professor, etc. Greek and New Testament Exegesis: Rev. Gross Alexander, A.B., B.D., 1886-90. Biblical and Ecclesiastical History and Homilet- ics: Rev. E. E. Hoss, M.A., D.D., 1886-90. Hebrew and Old Testa- ment Exegesis: Rev. W. W. Martin, M.A., B.D., 1886-90.
In the Law Department the professors have been as follows: Commer-
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cial Law and Equity: Thomas H. Malone, 1875-82. Since 1882 Mr. Malone has been Dean of the faculty and Emeritus Professor till this year (1890). He is now professor, Allison having resigned. W. A. Mil- liken, 1883-86; Andrew Allison, M.A., 1888-90. Common and Statute Law: W. B. Reese, 1875-90. Pleading, Practice, and Evidence: Ed. Baxter, 1875-90.
In the Medical Department the professors have been as follows: Ob- stetrics: Thomas Menees, M.D., 1875-90. Chemistry: James M. Saf- ford, M.D., 1875-90. Operative and Clinical Surgery: Paul F. Eve, M.D., 1875-76. The two professorships combined under the title of surgery, William T. Briggs, M.D., 1877-90. Principles and Practice of Surgery: William T. Briggs, M.D., 1875-76. Institutes and Practice of Medicine, Thomas L. Maddin, M.D., 1875-90. Diseases of Women and Children, and Clinical Medicine: William L. Nichol, M.D., 1875-90. Physiology: Van S. Lindsley, M.D., 1875-76. Eye and Ear added, 1877-79. Eye and Ear alone, 1884-85; George C. Savage, 1886-90. Materia Medica and Therapeutics: Thomas A. Atchison, M.D., 1875-90. Anatomy and Histology: T. O. Summers, Jr., M.D., 1875-79; Van S. Lindsley, M.D., 1880-83; Orville H. Menees, M.D., 1884-90. Brain and the Nervous System: J. H. Callender, M.D., 1875-79. Physiology and Psychology: J. H. Callender, M.D., 1880-90. Demonstrator of Anatomy: Charles S. Briggs, M.D., 1875-79. Orville H. Menees, M.D., 1883. Charles L. Eves, M.D., 1884-90. Malarial Diseases : William K. Bowling, M.D., 1877-78. Surgical Anatomy and Operative Surgery: C. S. Briggs, M.D., 1885-90. Materia Medica and Pharmacy: William G. Ewing, M.D., 1890. Gynecology: Richard Douglass, M.D., 1890.
In the Department of Pharmacy the professors have been as follows: Chemistry : N. T. Lupton, M.D., LL.D., 1879-86; William M. Dudley, M.D., and J. T. McGill, B.S., Ph.D., 1886-90. Botany and Mineral- oly: J. M. Safford, M.D., Ph.D., 1879-90. Materia Medica and Toxi- cology: T. A. Atchison, M.D., 1879-83; W. G. Ewing, M.D., Ph.D., 1884-90. Theory and Practice of Pharmacy: W. G. Ewing, M.D., Ph.D., 1879-83; J. C. Wharton, Phar.D., 1884-90.
Olin H. Landreth, M.A., C.E., has been Professor of Engineering ever since the department was established, and the other professors have been named in connection with their respective chairs.
The Observatory was erected in 1876, and was at once supplied with an equatorial telescope with clock movement, made by T. Cooke & Sons, of York, England, accompanied by a small stellar spectroscope by Mertz, of Munich, and a solar spectroscope by Grubb; a meridian cir- cle reading to seconds, with four micrometers by Ertel & Son; a fine
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sidereal time clock by E. Dent & Co., No. 2.034, which during the year ending May 15, 1890, has not varied one minute; and an altazimuth or "universal instrument" by T. Cooke & Sons. There are also a fine transit instrument, a seismometer, and an excellent mercurial clock made by E. Howard & Co., of Boston, Mass.
The work done at this observatory is noteworthy. The first official work that was reported was that of observations upon the transit of Ve- nus, December 6, 1882. The observations were made by Professor Landreth, Mr. E. E. Barnard having a telescope outside, and the reduc- tion of the observations was by Professor J. C. Thornburg. Professor Barnard became connected with the observatory at this time, and re- mained here until the fall of 1887. During his management of the ob- servatory he gave it at least a national reputation by his successful obser- vations upon comets and nebulæ, discovering several of each class of these objects, and taking half a dozen of the Warner prizes for the discovery of new comets. Professor Thornburg has been in charge of the observ- atory since the fall of 1888, and while he has not made so many new dis- coveries as Professor Barnard, yet he is thorough in his instruction to his classes, and has prepared an exceedingly valuable set of tables for transit observations, which are used in all the principal observatories in the world. By their use about one-fourth of the entire labor is saved. They are called "Reduction Tables for Transit Observations."
The Observatory is centrally located, and is well adapted to the pur- poses for which it was designed.
University Hall is of brick, with gray stone trimmings, four stories high, and one hundred and ninety feet front by one hundred and forty feet deep. Science Hall is three stories high above the basement, and has a front of eighty feet and a depth of ninety feet. It is located mid- way between University Hall and Wesley Hall.
Wesley Hall was erected in 1880-81, by means of a donation of $150,- 000 by William H. Vanderbilt. It is designed for the Biblical Department and also to provide homes for theological students, and will accommodate one hundred and sixty. It is of brick with cut stone trimmings, and is five stories high, including the basement. It is of two parallel transverse sections, one hundred and four feet by forty feet and one hundred and thirty feet by thirty-five feet respectively, connected by a longitudinal section one hundred and ten feet by fifty feet.
The Gymnasium is a brick building ninety feet by sixty feet. It is well supplied with all kinds of apparatus needed in such an institution.
The Hall of Mechanical Engineering was erected in 1888, the corner- stone having been laid May 9, of that year. It is situated on the campus
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near Broad Street, is two stories high, and thirty-eight feet by sixty-three feet in size. This building is fitted up with all kinds of machinery need- ed, and includes forge-shop, foundry, dry house, store-rooms, etc.
Besides these buildings there are located on the grounds nine profess- ors' houses, and as many dwellings for the janitor and other employees. The Medical College is on South College Street, and consists of two build- ings, one containing lecture halls and museum, and the other the hospital. The Law and Dental building is on North Cherry Street, near Union, is five stories high, and was completed and opened in the fall of 1889.
The officers of the Board of Trust have been as follows: President, Bishop H. N. McTyeire, from the foundation of the university until his death in 1889; Bishop R. K. Hargrove, D.D., from May of the same year until the present. Vice-presidents: These are the same as at the time of the establishment of the university, except that in 1887 Rev. S. H. Babcock took the place of Hon. W. W. Floyd, and in 1888 Andrew Hunter, D.D., took the place of A. R. Winfield, D.D. Secretary: Rev. R. A. Young, D.D., 1875-90. Treasurer: Dempsey Weaver, 1875-79; Thomas D. Fite, 1880-85; E. W. Cole, 1886-90. Bursar: J. M. Leech, 1878-83; John W. Shipp, 1884-85; Wils Williams, 1886-90.
At the beginning the university was organized, and later more fully developed, for the purpose of making original research, drawing a dis- tinct line between university and collegiate instruction. The professors were, many of them, graduates of German universities, Johns Hopkins, the University of Virginia, and other leading universities. These and others had the spirit of original research in them, and soon became asso- ciated with the principal publishers in the country. They are now rep- resented in different series of scholarly work: Milton W. Humphreys and Charles F. Smith, in Greek; J. H. Kirkland, in Latin; W. M. Bas- kervill, in Anglo-Saxon and English; J. H. Worman, Waller Deering, and A. R. Hohlfeld, in French and German; P. A. Rodriguez, in Span- ish; W. L. Dudley and J. T. McGill, in Chemistry; J. M. Safford, in Geology; E. E. Barnard and J. C. Thornburg, in Astronomy; Rev. J. J. Tigert, in Philosophy; Rev. W. F. Tillett, in Theology; Rev. Gross Alexander, in New Testament Greek; and Rev. E. E. Hoss, in Bib- lical Studies, etc.
In addition to the gifts mentioned above to this university, Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt, in July, 1883, added $100,000 to the permanent endowment. In his will he bequeathed to it $200,000, which makes the endowment $900,000. In January, 1888, Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt, grandson of the founder, donated $30,000 for the erection of a mechanical engineering hall and for the enlargement of the library.
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HISTORY OF NASHVILLE.
Fisk University had its origin in the establishment of Fisk school in the fall of 1865. The credit for the beginning of this movement is due to Revs. E. P. Smith and E. M. Cravath. The former was Secretary of the American Missionary Association at Cincinnati, and the latter had been a preacher in an Ohio Church. This labor he exchanged for an army chaplaincy early in the war. He was an ardent anti-slavery man, and took great interest in the negro race. His army experience gave him a clear insight into the needs of the freedmen, and at the close of the war he was commissioned by the Association for special service in organiz- ing its schools in the same department to which Mr. Smith had been as- signed.
Carefully surveying the field, these two gentlemen were agreed that Nashville was a fine location for the establishment of a permanent cen- tral university for the higher education of the freed people. To aid in starting such an enterprise there were two other men, friends of the late slaves, at hand-General Clinton B. Fisk and Professor John Ogden. General Fisk was then in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in the Dis- trict of Kentucky and Tennessee, and Professor Ogden had been Princi- pal of the Minnesota State Normal School, afterward an officer in the Union army, and was then a resident of Nashville, as an agent of West- ern Freedmen's Aid Commission. This Society was then the almoner of large sums of money contributed by English friends of the Freedmen, through the agency of Levi Coffin, the veteran manager of the " under- ground railway," but was afterward merged into the American Mission- ary Association.
These four gentlemen took hold of the work of establishing a school for the colored people. A favorable site was secured by three of them becoming responsible for the purchase money-$16,000. The ground was occupied by a group of one-story frame buildings, erected and used for hospital barracks by the Union army, and was situated on West Church Street, between Knowles and McCrary Streets. These build- ings were easily and cheaply adapted to the necessities of the new enter- prise, and the school opened in January, 1866. The opening of this school was a notable event in the educational history of the colored peo- ple of Tennessee. It was really the beginning of that history, for under slave laws few of the slaves had been permitted to gain the slightest knowledge of letters. Distinguished men in civil and military life were present, and Governor Brownlow made a short address. The number of pupils in daily attendance the first year averaged over a thousand. The education was of course elementary, and when in 1867 the city of Nash- ville made provision for the education of black children in the public
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schools this school was relieved of many of its primary pupils, and the way was opened for carrying out the original purpose in its foundation- · viz., that of providing the highest collegiate advantages for such as could take them. A charter for Fisk University was secured, and the Academic and Normal Departments were opened in September, 1867. During the first academic year after the obtaining of the charter the whole number in attendance was 412, of whom 41 were in the Normal Department and 87 in the high school. The Board of Trustees at this time was composed of Rev. George E. Whipple, of New York; Rev. E. M. Cravath, of Cin- cinnati; Prof. J. H. Barnum, of Memphis; and Rev. H. S. Bennett, Judge John Lawrence, John Ruhm, Charles Crosby, John J. Carey, and Professor John Ogden, all of Nashville. The officers of the Board were: John Ogden, President; John Ruhm, Secretary; and John J. Carey, Treasurer. The Board of Instruction was composed of John Ogden, A.M., Principal, and Professor of the Science of Education and Art of Teaching; Miss H. M. Swallow, Principal of High School; Miss E. E. Palmer, Assistant in High School; Miss M. E. White, Principal in Gram- mar School; Miss C. M. Semple, Principal of Secondary School; Miss A. C. Clapp, Principal of Model School; Mrs. C. A. Crosby, Principal of Night School; Rev. H. S. Bennett, Teacher in Latin; George L. White, Teacher in Vocal Music; and Mrs. John Ogden, Teacher of In- strumental Music and Gymnastics.
The incorporators of the University were the same as those named above as trustees, with the exception that Rev. W. W. Mallory was an in- corporator instead of Rev. H. S. Bennett. The purposes of the corpora- tion were " the education and training of young men and women irrespect- ive of color." In November, 1867, a boarding department was opened, students came for advanced instruction, and a normal class was formed. There was granted from the Peabody Fund $800 a year to aid indigent students ; and in 1868 the Freedmen's Bureau granted $7,000, with which. and funds from the Association, the old buildings were repaired, and a dormitory and chapel erected and made ready for use in 1869.
The old buildings, however, though often repaired, could not be pre- served from decay. A new site and new buildings must be secured or the enterprise would be seriously crippled. The means with which this new site was secured and the buildings erected were raised in an unex- pected and unprecedented manner. George L. White, a native of Ca- diz, N. Y., had charge of vocal music in the university, and proved to be an exceedingly proficient teacher in the art. He gradually collected into a chorus those who had the finest voices. With this chorus he gave a public concert in the spring of 1867, which was financially a great suc-
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cess. In 1868 he gave another and better concert; and in 1870 his well- drilled classes rendered the beautiful cantata of " Esther " before a large assembly. He also gave concerts in Memphis and Chattanooga; and at the National Teachers' Association, which held its annual convention in Nashville that year, arrangements were made for the Fisk choir to sing in the opening exercises. Their singing was so popular that they were in demand for every session of the convention until its close. In the meantime Mr. White was so often asked, " Why do you not take your singers North to make money for your institution?" that at length, in the fall of 1871, he decided to act upon the suggestion. His party, as it left Nashville on Friday, October 6, 1871, consisted of thirteen persons : Mr. White, who had charge of the enterprise; Miss Wells, principal of an American Missionary Association school at Athens, Ala .; and eleven students-Ella Sheppard, Maggie L. Porter, Jennie Jackson, Minnie Tate, Eliza Walker, Phœbe J. Anderson, Thomas Rutling, Benjamin M. Holmes, Green Evans, Isaac P. Dickerson, and George Wells. On Sun- day, October 8, praise services were given in the two leading Congrega- tional Churches in Cincinnati-those of Rev. Mr. Halley and Rev. Mr. Moore. A free concert was given next day, and a collection taken at its close. Their first paid concert was given in Chillicothe, and the pro- ceeds (nearly $50) were contributed to the Chicago Relief Fund, the great fire in Chicago having occurred only a few days before. After a tour of some weeks in Ohio, and the christening at Columbus of his sing- ers by Mr. White as the " Jubilee Singers," and after an extended tour through New York and the Eastern States, in which latter States they met with remarkable success, they returned to Nashville with a net sum of $20,000 earned. A second campaign, commenced almost immediately, netted another $20,000. In the spring of 1874 they went to England, extended their tour into Scotland, and returned in little more than a year, having met with even greater success than in the North, having raised nearly £10,000. A second visit to Great Britain was made in 1875, with the result that a second £10,000 was added to their earnings for their university. On this second tour they sung in many places in both En- gland and Scotland with Moody and Sankey in the great religious move- ment of those evangelists.
With the first $20,000 earned by the "Jubilee Singers " twenty-five acres · of land were purchased to the north-west of the city, one of the most eli- gible and beautiful locations that could have been selected-the former site of Fort Gillem during the war. On January 1, 1873, excavation for the foundation of Jubilee Hall was commenced, and on October I fol- lowing the corner-stone was laid. The dedication of this hall occurred
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January 1, 1876. The twenty-five acres cover a ridge or plateau extend- ing north and south, and Jubilee Hall is on the north end of this plateau. The site is an excellent one for perfect drainage and beautiful views. The building is in the form of an "L," and has an east front of 145 feet and a south front of 128 feet. Including basement and cellar, it is six stories high; and it is supplied with all the conveniences of water, steam, and gas. The entire building contains one hundred and twenty rooms. The building is made of pressed brick, with stone trimmings, and the style is modern English. Taken all in all the building is worthy of its origin in the songs of the "Jubilee Singers."
The dedication of this hall was a notable occasion. A large number of professional and reverend gentlemen from the other educational insti- tutions and Churches of Nashville, as well as many prominent citizens, were present. General Clinton B. Fisk delivered the dedicatory ora- tion-a very able, eloquent, and appreciative address-in which he re- ferred to Rev. A. L. P. Green as having been his constant adviser and wise counselor, and to the wonderful work of the "Jubilee Singers " in this country and in Great Britain. Rev. John B. McFerrin, senior Sec- retary of the M. E. Church, South, was then introduced by General Fisk, as having most faithfully aided him during his official residence in Nash- ville. After Dr. McFerrin's address there were addresses by Revs. M. E. Strieby, D.D., G. D. Pike, and E. P. Smith. After the dedicatory prayer by Rev. H. S. Bennett, General Fisk delivered the keys to Rev. A. K. Spence, who was serving as President in the absence of that offi- cer. On Monday morning, January 3, the school assembled for the first time in the new building.
Originally the university had two departments-the Academic (includ- ing the High School and the Model School) and the Normal Department. Students began to go out from the university to teach as early as 1868. A college Preparatory Department was opened in 1869, with five students in the Senior Class and twelve in the Junior Class. In 1871 a College Course was established, and a class admitted consisting of four students. In 1872 these Freshmen became Juniors, and another Freshman Class fol- lowed of equal numbers. In 1874 the same students admitted to the first Freshmen Class were the Senior Class, and graduated in 1875. These first graduates from Fisk University were James D. Burrus, John H. Burrus, America W. Robinson, and Virginia E. Walker, all of whom took the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Since that time the number of graduates from the university College Course have been as follows: 1876, 5; 1877, 7; 1878,2; 1879,4; 1880,6; 1881,6; 1882, 1; 1883, 7; 1884, 5; 1885, 15; 1886, 3; 1887, 7; 1888, 5; 1889, 13; 1890, 12.
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The entire number of students each year in attendance at this univer- sity has been as follows: 1867-68, 412; 1868-69, 357; 1869-70, 477; 1870-71, -; 1871-72,370; 1872-73, -; 1873-74, 390; 1874-75, 262; 1875-76, 212; 1876-77, 246; 1877-78, 338; 1878-79, 284; 1879-80, 347; 1880-81, 355; 1881-82, 403; 1882-83, 424; 1883-84, 442; 1884- 85, 427 ; 1885-86, 384 ; 1886-87, 437 ; 1887-88, 475 ; 1888-89, 508; 1889- 90, 523.
Professor John Ogden was succeeded as President of the Board of Trustees in 1871 by General Clinton B. Fisk, who has served continually until the present time, and who has accomplished much good for the uni- versity in that capacity. Rev. H. S. Bennett became Secretary of the Board in 1869, and served until 1878, when he was succeeded by Rev. G. D. Pike, who served until 1884. Rev. M. E. Strieby, D.D., has been Secretary ever since. George L. White became Treasurer in 1868, and served as such until 1877, when he was succeeded by Rev. M. E. Strie- by, D.D., who served until 1883, during which year he was succeeded by Rev. E. C. Stickel, the present Treasurer.
The school and university were under the charge of Professor Ogden until June, 1870, when he was succeeded by Professor A. K. Spence, of the University of Michigan, who remained until the summer of 1875, when Rev. E. M. Cravath was elected President, and has served in that capacity ever since. While Professor Spence was at the head of the in- stitution he taught Greek and French, and since he has been Dean of the faculty he has taught the same studies. The President of the facul- ty, Rev. E. M. Cravath, has always taught Mental and Moral Science. Rev. H. S. Bennett, since 1871, has been Professor of Theology and University Pastor. Miss Helen C. Morgan has been Professor in Latin since 1870. Rev. Frederick A. Chase has been Professor of Natural Science since 1873. Rev. Sylvanus Hayward was Professor of Mathe- matics from 1873 to 1876. Miss Anna M. Cahill was Instructor in Math- ematics and History from 1876 until 1880. James D. Burrus was In- structor in Mathematics until 1882. J. M. McPherron was Instructor in Mathematics and Vocal Music until 1884; Herbert H. Wright, until the present time. Miss Henrietta Matson was Instructor in English Gram- mar and Composition from 1872 to 1884, when she became Principal of the Common English Department, and Mrs. Abbie A. Sprague succeed- ed Miss Matson in English Grammar and Composition. In 1885 Miss Gertrude Bridgman became Instructor in English Grammar and Compo- sition, and retained the position until 1887, when Miss Matson was again placed in charge of the classes in these studies; and was followed in 1888 by Miss Lottie May Penfield. Miss Mary E. Clark became Instructor
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in those branches in 1889. Miss Sarah Bowen became Principal of the Common English Department in 1887, and was succeeded in 1889 by Miss Mary E. McLane. George L. White was Musical Director from the organization of the school until 1876, when he was succeeded by Theodore F. Seward. Since 1880 there have been various teachers of vocal and instrumental music. The number of professors and teachers has been increased from time to time, as necessity required. The fac- ulty at the present time is as follows: Mental and Moral Science and Po- litical Economy, Rev. E. M. Cravath, D.D .; Greek and French, Rev. Adam K. Spence; Theology and German, Rev. H. S. Bennett; Natural Science, Rev. Frederick A. Chase; Latin, Miss Helen C. Morgan ; Mathematics and Vocal Music, H. H. Wright; History, English Litera- ture, and Book-keeping, Miss Anna M. Cahill; Principal Young Ladies' Department, and Rhetoric, Miss Anna T. Ballantine; Principal Common English Department, Miss Frances M. Andrews. There is a full corps of instructors in all departments and branches.
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