USA > Washington > Spokane County > Spokane > History of the city of Spokane and Spokane County, Washington : from its earliest settlement to the present time, Volume I > Part 76
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The school opened in January, 1892, in temporary buildings, with George Lille its first president and a small faculty of four or five members. It passed through a stormy period of political manipulation, and for the first five years grew but slowly; but with the elimination of politics and the calling to the presidency of E. A. Bryan, an educator admirably fitted by scholarship. character and versatile ability to develop a western institution, it quickly emerged into the sunshine of prosperity. In 1900 the total enrollment, including the summer school, had grown to 638, and the faculty to forty professors and instructors. At this writing, Jan- ary, 1912. the enrollment is about 1,600, and the faculty numbers about 125 pro- fessors and instructors.
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TWO BUILDINGS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, MOSCOW
GROUP OF BUILDINGS, WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE, PULLMAN
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I_ MARY
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CHAPTER LXXXII
PIONEER WHEAT-GROWING AND FLOUR MILLING
FIRST MILL BUILT AT FALLS ON COLVILLE RIVER, NINETY YEARS AGO-MISSIONARIES AND INDIANS WENT THERE WITH THEIR GRIST-FIRST PATENT FLOUR AND FARINA IN THE U. S .- HISTORIE OLD MILLSTONES PRESERVED-FIRST AMERICAN MILL BUILT .. RY "JUDGE" VANTIS-OLD-TIME MILLER WORKS ON A FLYING MACHINE-INVENTS A MACHINE CALLED "HELL ON THE GRAB"-TRIP THROUGH COLVILLE VALLEY IN 1882.
W HEAT growing and flour milling had their faint beginnings in the Col- ville valley, about ninety years ago. At the falls on the Colville river, four miles from the Columbia, a flour mill was built, probably by the Northwest Fur company, prior to the advent of the Hudson's Bay company in 1821, or at least by the latter company soon after that date. "This first mill," says W. P. Winans, "had probably gone to deeay before the second mill was built by the Hudson's Bay company in 1813. The present mill, the third, built in 1872 by I. W. Meyers, oeeupies the site of the Goudy mill."
To this old mill the missionaries Eells and Walker packed their grain on eay- uses, from Tshimakain, now Walker's prairie, and there, too, sueh Indians as took up grain growing in this region for a hundred miles about earried their grist and returned with the precious flour.
"When I first saw the mill in 1861," adds Mr. Winans, "it was a hewn log building, about 30x50, two stories, with an attie, covered with eedar bark. It had a single pair of stones, made of the granite of the neighborhood; a home-made fan- ning mill was the only wheat-eleaning machinery, and the bolt to separate the flour from the bran was a wire screen, stationary, with a revolving brush on the inside. On November 19, 1866, L. W. Meyers and George B. Wannieott, under the firm name of Meyers & Co .. leased the property. That fall a number of men eame down the Columbia from the French ereek mines, among them John Houser, a practical miller, who was employed by Mr. Meyers in December, 1866." In a letter to Mr. Winans. Houser says: "I came to Colville in the fall of 1866, and went to work for Mr. Meyers. and we remodeled the Old Hudson's Bay mill and made the first patent flour in 1867, and the first farina in the United States." Fa- rina made by this mill was freighted to Walla Walla long before patent breakfast food entered the general markets of the United States, and took first prize at the Oregon state fair at Salem about 1868.
"I have the millstones of the old mill," writes Mr. Meyers in a letter to Mr.
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Winans; "also those from the Goudy mill, with some of the original irons. The oldest set of stones were never used in the Goudy mill."
Mr. Meyers retained the property when the Hudson's Bay company withdrew from the United States. He rebuilt the mill in 1872. but it has not been run now for several years.
B. Y. Yantis, generally known as "Judge" Yantis, built the first American mill in the Colville valley. "He started from Olympia for Spokane," says Mr. Winans, "with the grinding machinery of a small flour mill, intending to build on the Little Spokane for the Indians. The Judge told me that after he commenced the build- ing. Spokane Garry, the chief, thinking he could not carry the mill machinery fur- ther. repudiated his contract. The Judge then took the grinding machinery to Colville valley, and located on the Little Pend d'Oreille, where in 1859, with the assistance of Michael Lafleur, he put in a dam and built a log house 12x14, with- out nails, using only wooden pins, Thomas Brown doing the carpenter work. The stones were about eight or ten inches in diameter and set to run vertically."
Speaking of this mill C. H. Montgomery said: "I went one day to get some bran, and found the Judge bolting the product as it came from the stones. He was shaking a small box over a larger one: the bottom of the small box was covered with cotton cloth like mosquito bar. and the larger box was receiving what went through. He asked me how much bran I wanted. I said half a bushel, and he replied, 'I can't get that much today.' I watched him a short time and began to think so myself, for the cloth was so coarse that all went into the larger box."
Yantis sold the mill in 1861 to a Canadian named Hoag, and he in turn con- veyed it the following year to D. H. Ferguson & Co .. who made improvements from time to time. putting in French burrs in 1863, and building an addition in 1865. Their miller. Thomas Martin, chiseled a set of stones from native granite, added cleaning machinery, and made a good grade of flour.
In the summer of 1868 Ferguson sold his interest in the mill and mercantile business to his partners, Joseph and Samuel Oppenheimer, who employed John Houser to enlarge and remodel the mill. They then put out an excellent patent flour and farina, and used the old granite stones for chopping grain. Mr. Winans says that S. Oppenheimer filed a homestead on this property, April 15, 1870, and commuted September 5. 1872, "which was the first filing on government land in Stevens county." It may have been the first under the homestead act, but the first filings were made under the donation land act, prior to the Indian wars in the '50s ; and these filings, made by French Canadian settlers who had taken the oath of allegiance soon after the arrival of Governor Stevens, constituted one of the griev- ances which brought on the Indian outbreak.
Quoting again from Winans' manuseript:
The first sawmill in the country was built in 1856-57. at the falls on Mill ereck, about three miles below where the United States Fort Colville was afterwards lo- cated in 1859. The money necessary was furnished by Francis Wolff, and the work of building by R. H. Douglass and John Nelson.
The partners in the sawmill did not work in harmony ; there was some litiga- tion. Mr. Douglass elaimed the water right and froze the others out. He after- wards, about 1860 or 1861, built a flour mill adjoining the sawmill, the power being buckets on a fifty-foot endless chain over a three-foot pulley. He called the mill
HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY ERECTED THIS MILL AT MEYERS' FALLS, STEVENS COUNTY.
Some of the timbers were put there in 1826, remodeled in 1843 and again in 1873.
OPPENHEIMER ON THE LITTLE PEND D'OREILLE, SIN MILES SOUTH OF COL- VILLE, WASHINGTON
United States Government operated this mill in the early days
Copyright 1908 Frank Palmer MILE STONES USED BY HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY IN MARCUS FLATS, WASHINGTON
Moved in 1827 to Meyers Falls, where they were successfully used for four years
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"Love Defeat." He also built at the foot of the falls a distillery, and generously sampled its product. His inventive genius was shown in a water pipe boring ma- chine that was fairly successful. He also worked many years on a flying machine and a saw to cut mahogany veneering. He also invented a machine to remove boulders from sluice boxes, which he called "Hell on the Grab," and sent it to the United States patent office under that name, but was refused a patent on account of its name. Mr. Douglass may have been noted for his industry. enterprise and inventive powers, but not for his financial success, for he made none of his enter- prises paying investments.
A correspondent of the Portland Oregonian, who rode horseback from Spokane to Colville in May, 1882, in company with W. C. Jones, was informed by James O'Neill of Chewelah that there were then living in the Colville valley about 125 families. most of them French and Indians. Only four townships had been sur- veycd in the entire valley. Between Chewelah and Colville the correspondent stopped at "a nicely furnished farm 'owned by Jasper Roberts," who had been there since 1860 and had 100 acres under cultivation. The writer visited that afternoon the old Oppenheimer mill on the Little Pend d'Orcille, which "even the Chicago (?) of the Pacific coast, Spokane Falls, gives credit with turning out better flour than can be purchased in Walla Walla." The mill was described as "a quaint old structure, made principally of logs, and standing in a little corner against the mountain on the bank of the Calispel river. Going inside," added the correspondent, "the first thing that attracts one's attention is the total absence of that creaking noise and jarring peculiar to all other mills. Not a single piece of iron shafting, no pulleys, connecting rods or gearing of any kind can be seen. Everything is made of wood. The shafts and pulleys are large, cumbrous-looking things, but run easily and without the least noisc, and, with an old turbine water wheel, were all made by hand from timber cut on the hillside. Even one of the millstones was taken from a bed of granite on the neighboring hill. It has a capacity of about thirty barrels per day, although it is seldom called upon to turn out that amount."
At "the new town of Colville" the correspondent found a brewery, a store, and two or three residences. The only person found at Fort Colville was J. Stitzel, clerk of the Stevens county court, who had a fine ranch a few miles from the fort and "seemed perfectly contented."
CHAPTER LXXXIII
RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION IN THE INLAND EMPIRE
PACIFIC RAILROAD FIRST ADVOCATED PUBLICLY IN 1834-FORECAST OF TEN MILES AN HOUR, AND ROUND TRIP IN THIRTY DAYS-PORTAGE ROAD AT CASCADES FIRST LINE IN WASHINGTON-NORTHERN PACIFIC STARTS CONSTRUCTION IN 1870-DR. BAKER'S FAMOUS ROAD FROM WALLA WALLA TO THE COLUMBIA-LATTER-DAY CONSTRUC- TION OF MAIN AND BRANCH LINES.
N THE first annual report of the Washington state railroad commission is given a concise review of the railroad history of this section. The first pub- lic discussion of railroad construction affecting what is now the state of Washington is credited to Dr. Samuel B. Barlow, of Granville, Mass., in an article published in the Intelligencer, a weekly paper of Westport, Mass., in about 1834. He proposed a government railroad from New York to the Pacific, near the mouth of the Columbia river. Its length was estimated at 3,000 miles, and the cost at $10,000 a mile, a total of $30,000,000. At an average speed of ten miles an hour it was estimated that a passenger could take the trip from New York to the Pacific ocean and return in thirty days. "What a glorious undertaking for the United States," exclaimed the writer. "The greatest public work-I mean the greatest in its end and utilities-that mortal man has ever yet accomplished." I
Ten years later, continues the commissioners' report, Asa Whitney of New York took up the subject and advocated the building of a railway from Lake Michigan to Puget Sound. He advocated a grant of land by congress of thirty miles on each side of the track, the proceeds to be used to build the road. This was the first definite attempt to secure the building of such a road.
About ten years later, in the early '50s. Edwin F. Johnson, an eminent civil engineer of Vermont, took up the project and succeeded in securing the appoint- ment of two officers of the army to make an exploration for a railroad to Pnget Sound. These two officers were Isaac I. Stevens, afterward first governor of Washington territory, and George B. MeClellan, afterward commander of the army of the Potomac.
Ten years later, by an act approved by President Lincoln, July 2, 1864, the Northern Pacific Railroad company was incorporated and given a grant of land to aid in the construction of a railroad from Lake Superior to Puget Sound.
First actual construction in the state of Washington was done by another com- pany, a portage railroad on the north bank of the Columbia around the cascades. This company was incorporated by an act of the legislative assembly of Washing-
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ton territory, January 31. 1859, to be known as the Cascade Railroad company. The act provided that a good railroad of wood should be constructed within three years, and iron tracks within five years. The road was surveyed in 1861 and built the following year. It was afterwards acquired by the Oregon Steam Navi- gation company. In 1879 the Oregon Railway & Navigation company succeeded to ownership of the road, which was never extended beyond the portage for which it was constructed. It is a narrow gauge, and has been put to but little use in recent years.
It was not until 1870 that actual construction of the Northern Pacific was begun. This was a twenty-five mile section between Kalama, on the Columbia, toward Puget Sound. This was extended and completed to Tacoma in 1873.
Then followed a period of financial depression, and no further construction was done until 1879. when work was started at the junction of Snake river and the Columbia. now Pasco. The line was built to Wallula, and extended to a transcontinental connection, which was made in 1883. The line from Pasco to Tacoma was completed in 1887.
The Northern Pacific, by purchase or otherwise, has acquired ownership or control of several local companies, among them the following:
Seattle. Lake Shore & Eastern. in 1892. This company was incorporated in 1885, and afterwards constructed a line from Seattle to Snoqualmie falls. It also constructed a line from Spokane westward as far as Davenport, intended to connect with the line from Seattle through Snoqualmie pass. Pending efforts to raise money for the completion of the road, eastern capitalists interested in the Northern Pacific purchased from New York stockholders control of the stock, and the road passed to the ownership of the Northern Pacific.
"The Spokane & Palouse, operated from Spokane southerly. Construction of this line was begun in 1886, and completed the following year. Later extended from Pullman to Moscow, Idaho.
Washington Central, operated from Spokane to Coulee City. Construction was begun in 1888. and completed in 1891. It was extended to connect with the Great Northern in 1903.
The Washington & Columbia River railroad, originally organized as the Oregon & Washington Territory railroad in 1887, and locally known as the Hunt road. Its first construction was in 1887, the road being completed to Hunt's Junction, near Wallula, in 1888. with a line to Walla Walla and Eureka Flat. The follow- ing year the line was extended from Walla Walla to Dayton. The Washington & Columbia River railroad, a subsidiary company of the Northern Pacific, acquired ownership in 1892.
The Oregon Railroad & Navigation company acquired ownership of a road from Wallula to Walla Walla, known as the Dr. Baker road. The company which built this road was incorporated in 1868; construction began in 1872 and was completed in 1873. The first ten miles were built entirely of wood. Fir stringers, 4x6, were laid on cross ties. Subsequently strap iron was placed on the stringers, and later a light 26 pound rail was laid the entire distance. Dr. Baker built the road practically with his own money. No bonds were placed on it during his ownership. It was a money-maker from the beginning, a rate of $1.50 per ton being charged for the haul of 31 miles. The road was originally a narrow gange.
HENRY VILLARD
President of the Northern Pacific when the rails were laid into Spokane
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It was widened to a standard gauge in 1882, when turned over to the Oregon Railway & Navigation company.
This latter company in 1881 completed a line from Portland to Wallula, which, with the Baker road, reached Walla Walla. The same year the line was extended from Walla Walla to Riparia, and from Bolles to Dayton, and in 1883, under the name of the Columbia & Palouse, from Connell, then Palouse Junetion, on the Northern Pacific, to Colfax, and in 1885 to Pullman and Moseow, Idaho.
The company, the same year, extended its line from Starbuek to Pomeroy; in 1886. as the Columbia & Palouse, from Colfax to Farmington; in 1888, as the Washington & Idaho, from Farmington to Rockford, and in its own name from Riparia to LaCrosse; in 1889, as the Washington & Idaho, from Roekford to Spokane, and from Tekoa to Mullan, Idaho, in the Coeur d'Alenes; the same year, as the Oregon Extension company, from Winona to Seltice; as the Snake River Valley railroad, from Wallula to Grange City in 1899, and in its own name from Dayton to Turner, and from Fairfield to Waverly.
In 1906 a line was completed from Lewiston, Idaho, along the north bank of Snake river to Riparia.
The work of construction of the main line of the Great Northern was begun April 9, 1892, and completed January 6, 1893. This was from the Idaho line to Lowell. The Washington & Great Northern, Curley to Midway, was eom- menced August 19, 1905, and completed November 28, 1905. Mareus to Repub- lie, commenced October 3, 1901, and completed July 29, 1902.
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CHAPTER LXXXIV
NATIVE RACES IN THE INLAND EMPIRE
ORIGIN AND MEANING OF "SPOKANE -INDIAN LANGUAGES-LEGENDS OF THE SPOKANE RIVER-HOW CHIEF GARRY WAS NAMED-INDIAN ROCK PICTURES- GAMBLING AND GHOST DANCING-GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION BY FATHER DIOMEDI-STRANGE LEGEND OF THE COEUR D'ALENES-CRUDE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS-HABITS AND CUSTOMS OF THE NEZ PERCES-A RICHI AND BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE-ELOQUENT SPEECH BY AN INDIAN ORATOR.
They waste us-ay- like April snow In the warm noon, we shrink away; And fast they follow, as we go Toward the setting day,- Till they shall fill the land, and we Are driven into the western sea. -William Cullen Bryant.
S POKANE" is a word of Indian origin, signifying the sun, though slightly altered by the usage of civilization. M. M. Cowley says the native sun word was "Spo-kan-ee." H. T. Cowley recalls it as "Puk-ka-nee." The Rev. Sam- nel Parker, who traveled through this country in 1835, learned that the chief of the Spokanes was ealled "Illum-Spokanee," meaning "Son of the Sun," and the tribe ealled themselves "Children of the Sun."
"I always thought that the fur traders must have named these Kootenai Siwashes, 'The Spokanes,' " said M. M. Cowley, who settled on the Kootenai river near Bon- ner's Ferry, Idaho, in 1867, and moved to the Spokane Valley in 1872. "The In- dians ealled themselves the 'Sinkomahnahs.' If the Indians had wanted to call themselves 'Children of the Sun,' they would have made it 'Spo-kan-ee,' that means sun. and the ordinary Indian greeting, instead of good morning, is 'Hust-Spokanee,' which merely means 'good sun.' "
Colonel Thomas W. Symons, who made a report on the upper Columbia river in 1881, for the engineer corps of the U. S. army, says, "It is fair to infer that the tribe name meant something like 'Children of the Sun.' I have been told by men long resident in the country. that the aboriginal word was pronounced with a slight vowel syllable 'e' at the end. This vowel syllable, indistinet at best, was soon dropped by the busy whites."
Baneroft, in "Native Races," says, "The Spokanes live on the Spokane river and
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plateau, along the banks of the Columbia from below Kettle Falls nearly to the Okanogan. The Spokanish or Spokanes live south of the 'Schroolyelpi' and chiefly upon or near the Spokane river. The name given to a number of small bands is that given by the Coeur d'Alenes to the ones living at the Forks. They are also called the 'Sinkoman' by the Kootenaies."
Father Desmet, the Jesuit priest, refers to the Spokanes as the "Zingomenes," obviously a varied spelling for Mr. Cowley's "Sinkomahnahs" and the "Sinkoman" of Bancroft.
With minor variations the Spokanes spoke the Selish or Flathead language, as also the Coeur d'Alenes, the Upper and Lower Calispels, and the tribes in the Colville country. "Their language," says Father Palladino ("Indian and White in the Northwest"), "is in many points original and difficult to master. Its utterance is slow, tolerably clear and distinct, though some of its sounds are aspirated and others intensely guttural. Five of the consonants commonly heard in other tongues, that is b, d, f, r and v, are wanting in theirs and are supplied by p, t, I and m; thus Adolph with them is Atol; Ambrose, Amelo; Raphael, Apel; Mary, Malee; Rosalie, U'salee ; Victor, Mitt'to, etc., the accent in all these names falling on the last syllable."
11. T. Cowley, who came among the Spokanes as a missionary in 1871, recalls the following specimen words from their language:
Man skul-ta-meeh Cat
. poos
Woman
sim-a-am
Hand
. chels
People
skal-ih
Head spel-kain
Boy
. tit-a-weet
Heart, mind . spo-oas
Girl
shy-shu-tum
Tomorrow na-ha-lup
Day
hul-hult
Yesterday
spees-stah
Night
sko-qua-ats
Today vitl-wha-s-hulhult
Morning
. ha-leep
When? specs stamh
Evening
tche-luh
Already, now tlam-me
House, dwelling
sheethu
Many, much . whai-cet
Fire
so-ro-sheets
Few. little fle-thuwat
Water saulkhu
Great, hig
. que-toont
World, region stoluh
Chief
. eel-a-me-hoom
Soil, earth
muhl
Horse .sintl-chas-kah
Sun
puk-ka-nec
Cold
tsar-rat
Good
. hasht
Bad
. tava
Dog
hah-tle-scen
Father Diomedi, who labored many years as a missionary among the Coeur d'Alenes and other tribes who speak this common language, believed it to be of Semitie origin, and that these tribes are descendants of Asiatics who probably found their way across frozen Bering sea, and slowly drifted down the Alaskan coast and out into the interior.
A strange fact, baffling to philologists who have inquired into the characteristics of the Indian tongues of this section, is presented in the total dissimilarity between the language of the Spokanes and that spoken by the Nez Perces. Close students have searched in vain for one common word in the two tongues, a mystery which
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deepens when one considers the elose similarity of European languages, and the large number of identical root forms relating them to many Asiatic tongues.
In their folk-lore of the river, the Spokanes carried a tradition which resembled the English myth of the dragon and St. George. Ages ago (so ran this myth) the land was devastated by a monstrous dragon of fetid. reeking breath and claws that uprooted in a single stroke the largest pine tree. The people everywhere stood in constant dread and awe of it. An Indian girl. gathering berries on a sum- mer day, discovered the monster. sleeping in the sunshine, on a hillside near the present mouth of the Spokane. Slipping away, she ran to the village of her tribe and reported the seene that had burst npon her astonished vision. Instantly the chief assembled his warriors, and gathering up every cord and thong in the vil- lage. they stole upon the sleeping dragon and stealthily bound it to many an adjacent tree and erag. This accomplished, the whole tribe fell upon the drowsy mammoth with all their implements of chase and war. Under this rude reveille the dragon bestirred himself. by a single mighty lunge broke all his bonds, and vanished like the wind, tearing as he went a deep gorge and channel to Lake Coeur d'Alene. The imprisoned waters of the lake rolled down the dragon's course, and ever since the pleasant Spokane has gone fretting to the sea.
In a paper prepared for the Inland Empire Ilistorical Association. Major R. D. Gwydir, former Indian agent on the Colville reservation, narrates a legend, as told to him by Chief Lot of one of the three bands of the Spokanes. "Lot or Whistleposum. his Indian name," says Mr. Gwydir, "was one of the best and most truthful Indians I ever knew. He gave me a traditional history of Spokane and the country surrounding it, which as I recall it, ran as follows: Centuries ago and long before the pale face was known on this continent, the region where Spo- kane is now situated and for many days' travel east of it, was an immense and beautiful lake. with many islands rising from its surface. The country swarmed with game, the lakes abounded with fish. and it was a hunter's paradise. Many well populated villages lay along the shores of the lake. One summer morning the entire population was startled by a rumbling and shaking of the earth. The waters of the lake began rising and were tossed into mountainous waves which threatened to engulf the entire country. To add to the horror, the sun became obsenred by an celipse and darkness enveloped the frightful scene. The terror strieken inhabitants fled to the hills for safety. The quaking of the earth contin- ned for two days, when a rain of ashes began to fall so heavy that there was little difference between day and night. This downpour of ashes continued for several weeks. The game abandoned the country. the waters of the lake receded, dry land appeared and desolation spread over the entire country. The Indians died by thousands from starvation. The remnants that eseaped followed the course of the receding waters and arrived at the falls of the Spokane. Here they founded their first village, which was located nearly where the Galland-Burke Brewery now stands. The place north of Bridge avenue and between Post and Monroe streets was their swimming pool. The tradition further states that the devil in the form of a coyote gave them a great deal of trouble. but finally they snared him and all the Indians were in at the killing, after which they divided the carcass among the different tribes.
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