USA > Wisconsin > Vernon County > History of Vernon County, Wisconsin, together with sketches of its towns, villages and townships, educational, civil, military and political history; portraits of prominent persons, and biographies of representative citizens > Part 2
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72 Saxton, A. B
589
Herron, William A
590 Lowric, J. P'
595 Nuzum, Isaac F 595.
737 Saxion, Norris W Seal, John H
534
IFicok, HirabıA
702 Lowrio, W. W
201 Oakes, E. L
531 Serly, Dempster. 639
Hickok Thomas J.
546 Ludwig, Carl.
574 Officer, E. C
591 Schnell, Fred
Higgins, Jacob ..
520
Lyatle, C
712 Older, A. H.
ING Schneider, Philip
609
Ilill, Vilentia B.
519 Maddin, Patrick
576 Olson. Frederick
015 Schooley, J, IL ..
268
Hodge, William A
499 Mallow, Adolphus P
550 INson, Knudt
Fal Shattuck, George
641
Hopkins, Albert H
610 Manhart, Joseph
563 Olson, Lars
559 Shaw, Joel 'T
511
Hornby, James ..
703| Marshall, J. J ..
514 Osborn, Marion
19: Shaw, L. N.
599
Hornby, Robert.
521 Masterson, John.
491 Ott, Charles.
532 Shear, Isaac
Horton, D. W
559 Maxwell, James.
590 Ott, John.
531 Shear, Peter.
577
Houghton, E. B
271 May, Reuben
598 Outland, William.
665 Sheets, John.
590
Houghton, Edmund
731 May, William J
Owen, Pearly J
503|Sheets, William V
531
Hoverson. S
549 MeAuley, R. M
736 Parker, Jose, ho
Shreve, Caleb
Hoyt, Joseph W.
552 MeCartey, J. J.
Parker, Robert
H12 Shreve, Hezekiah 513
Ilunt, Cyrus
662 McClurg, John
70%
Parr, Jobn.
501 Shreve, James H.
543
Hurd, John
689 McCluirg, J. Booth 659|
Parsch, Frank
478| Shreve, John S ... 541
Hurd, J. Alanson
643 McConnell, William T 707| Patterson, Robert 5551
Shreve, William
543
Hutchison, B. C.
616| MeCollough, John. 516 Paulsen, Soren
617! MeGrath, John 630 Peterson, Knudt
626 Sidyie, Thomas
653
Hutchison, William.
564 Lincoln, S. C.
255 Newville, Abram
Heinrich, Heinrich
756 Lind, Edward
255 Nichols, Henry.
Henderson, John
523; Lindeman, W. F.
706: Nixon, A. M ..
Henry, Marvin
700i Lisso, Joseph ..
.448 Nixon, Irvin C
Hormonson, Hermon
490, Lowrie, Alexander
262 Norris, John.
192 Saugstad, Even T 589
Hewey, James II.
262 Lowrie, Willianı
54:2 Olson, Hans.
486 Schreiner, J. K
718
Hopkins, Herry B
616 Markle, J C.
554 Orrison, Himm
62 Slutw, John
575
Hosmer, Addison A
430 May, Alonzo F
598 Otteson, SoIf. st
659 Shear, Thomas J 576
Hoverson, Knudt.
524 MeAuley, H. W
185-735
Shisler, Elias
618
Harris, Richard J
51: Lawrence, Thomas
725 Nelson, Einer
708
Read, Daniel 600
Rred, Ellis. 596
Hamilton, N. W
5%; Lake. John R. 613
517
Morley, Calvin
104
Revels, John
540 Landrum, Charles
564
Morris, C. H.
Hammond, John J.
flo Larkie, August.
561
723 Morrison, Nathaniel.
712
Hanson, H.
506 Larson, Hans K
485 Morse, William A
5 ...
Riley, William S. 533
Robinson, H. A
267
515 Mutch, James,
573
Rogers, Benjamin. .
Rogers, Earl M :.. 712
Hall, Ralph
711 Kuehn, Albert F
533
Moody, Nathan E.
Moore, James.
639
Hamilton, J. 1.
Morgan, George W
Morgan, Henry H
739 Rentz, Michael 590
570Lumb, Ransom
Morley, Calvin E
273| Powell, Elijah
598
Green, Amos W
411 Joseph, Lemnel. 2265 Miller, Reuben
Groves, J. W.
501 Kauffman, Abraham 545
254
Michelet, John.
Graham, Lamch Graham, John
580 Johnson, Robert
652 Millard. Henry
Minor, John I.
Mockett, Robert S.
Mollinger, John
570
573| Knapp, Henry. 501
Monti, Mathew ..
560 Kuower, W. H.
206-528
5334 Rabbitt, Lemuel S. 626
Moody, Hiram.
257 Phillips, W. F.
Glasshorn, Alfred
588, JJames, Thomas.
Goodell. E. S.
706 Johnson, Andrew J.
MeVey, Eli.
271 Poorman, Jacob N
588 Johnson, Ole.
643 Potts, Jonathan
489| Shreve, William Smith. 541
Ilinkst, Michael.
740 Mahr, David
Olson, Christian ('
651 Schonberger, John 659
Hollingstad, Charles
Morterud, Christian A 502
697 Rodgers, J. C. 514
Healy, Patrick
546-576 Nichols, Marshall C.
Proctor, H. P.
McKitrick, Samuel
X11
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
PAGE
PAGE!
PAGE
Silbaugh, Edward.
To stevenson, James
628 Tinker, Jerome S ...
703 Wells, John H
515
Silbaugh, Jacob.
705 Stevenson, John.
559 Tollefson, O ..
718 Westby, Ok. T.
489
Sims, Samuel ....
477 Stevenson, William
533 Tollefson, Louis
195 Westrum, Arnt. 663
Slack, Nathan J
581 Stoddard, V. A
758 Torgar, Ole T ..
522 White, French B. 652
Small, John, St
636 Storer, Robert
626 Towner, Frank M
715 White, Giles
752
Small, John, Jr.
636 Stout, Stanley
6:3 Tripp, Dier N ..
572 White, John W
737
Smith, Ananias,
699 Strang, Edmund
2 3 Trott, Benjamin
730 White, W. S ..
255
Smith, Charles E.
616 Strawn, David.
714 Turner, H. L.
62], Whitworth, Jolin.
705
Smith, D. T
657 Struthers, Willian
555 Turner, William
623 Widmer, Arnold Wigdall, Peter. Wilkinson, Mons S
1527
Smith, Samuel
640 Suttic, 11. J.
270 Upham, Charles H 742
Willey. Froland.
504
Smith, William
523 Swain, George W.
553
Van Wagner, Felix K 523
Wiliams, Clarke D.
711
Soloi, Ole E ... 525
Somerby, J. A
282 Tainter, Anson
516 Wakefield, Adelbert
654 Willians, Israel
Southwick, Milton
520 |Tate, John.
625 Wakefield, Leonard 654
Williams, Roger.
578
Spellum, John C
700 Tate, J. Henry ..
715 Wakeman, Gaylord S.
503 Williamson, George
590
Spencer, John ...
723 Tate, Robert.
625 Wakeman. William
503
Wilson, De Witt Clinton
290
Sperry, G. S ..
2"] Toderick, William H.
752 Walker , Perry
755 |Winslow, Aaron
0.16
Spurrier, Green
265 T'enney, Jeremiah T.
739 Walker, Samuel.
254 Winslow, L. B. T.
575
Staley, John ..
544 Terhune, William F ..
772 Wallar, Frank A
262 Winsor, Ora
758
Stark, Ethan A.
718 Tewalt, Solomon W.
650 Walloe, J. 1 .. ..
270 Wise George W
623
Starner, Jonathan
642 Thompson, Andrew T ..
652 Ward, Cincinnatns
624 Wisel, Orin
256
Steadman, M. W
744 Thompson, Ellis P.
597 Watterman. Carlos F
577 Wolfe, G. W
Steenson, Steen.
757 Thompson, Lewis.,
65s Waters, Clark
593 Wood, C. L.
596
Steinmetz, Philip F
672 Thompson, Luther.
525 Waters, Isaac.
581 Wood, Jonathan
596
Stelting, Dederick.
510 Thompson, Sever
613 Waters, W. S.
595 Wood, L J
596
Stelting, Frederick
513 Thompson, Thomas.
200 Watson, Samuel.
511 Wright, J. N.
263
Stelting, William C.
513 Thereson, Torger.
560| Weaver, Alfred.
515 Wyman, O. B.
193
Stephenson, Stephen.
Fol Thorp, 1. F.
205| Weber, Henry.
654
Sterling, Harvey
649 Tilton, Elijah
414 Weber. Nicholas
653 Yakey, D. C 500
Sterling, Le Grant.
650 Tilton, Simeon H ..
714 Webster, William
Sterling, Lewis
261 Timerman, Hiram
755| Weeden, Henry G
268 Zabolie, Albert
535
Stevens, l'a
735 Tinker, Elisha W.
208|Welch, Michael.
708 Zink, John
PORTRAITS.
PAGE
PAGE
PAGE
PAGE
Bennett, Van S.
331 Frazier, William
584 Millard, O. H.
745 Sandon, Robert ...
.. 205
Blake, I. W.
709 Frazier, Mrs. Phuna
585 |Morterud, Christian A.
495 Sterling, Le Grant.
656
Boutlleur, Philip
Graham, Carson
223 Nichols, Marshall C
Nixon, Irvin C.
#17 Terhune, William F 133
Connor, Henry
691
McLees, John M
547
Tollefson, Louis
187
Ellefson, Chris
313| Me Michael, R. S.
259| Proetor, II. P.
109,Tripp, Dier X
565
Vance, Alexander 650
Williams, Benjamin
520
Smith, Zacharinh
613 Swan, L. P
50G
Vumback, John H. 626
Williams, Howard D.
211
Smith, Jamies C
500 Sudduth, John H
268
758
Smith, William
581 Swain, George A. 268-519
ISterling, Laura A 657
General Committee Vernon County.
We the undersigned members of the committee appointed to revise aud correct the general chapters of the History of Vernon County, certify that we have examined the same and have made all the corrections and additions that we, in our judgment and to the best of our recollection, deem necessary, and as corrected we approve and are satisfied with the same. Viroqna, Nov. 16, 1883.
[Signed.]
P. P. Hektoen,
1
H. Nelson,
D. W. C. Wilson,
Wm. F. Terhune.
Com-
mittee.
Town Committees.
We, the undersigned committee, appointed by the old settlers, for the purpose of correcting the history of our respec- tive towns for the History of Vernon County, hereby certify that the manuscript has been submitted to us and that we have made such additions and corrections as we, in our judgment, deein necessary, and that as corrected, we to the best of our recollection, consider it a true history and approve of the same:
Committe names with townships alphabetically arranged:
E. (1. Dudley, William Patterson, -Bergen Town. Matthew Mouti, William L. Riley,
Ole Niarison, Peter M. Johnson, -Coon Town.
Chris. Morternd, -Clinton Town.
C. H. Ballsrud,
John Mitehelet,
-Christiana Town.
George Swain, Ole Johnson,
Le Grant Sterling,
-Hamburg Toun. A. Vance, -Sterling Town.
Nathan Sherman, Hartwell Allen, David Calkins,
Mrs. Emma Sherman, -Forest Town. -Harmony Town.
Eli MeVey, Dempster Seeley,
A. Carlyle,
Alex. Latshaw,
John W. White,
D. A. Steele,
- Wheatland Town.
O. White,
Wm. Sandon,
O. H. Millard,
Thomas Cade,
Michael Hinkst.
-Franklin Town.
-Hillsborough Town.
D. N. Tripp, Albert Field,
-Stark Town.
George II. Eastman,
Robert Butcher,
-Union Town.
- Whitestown Town.
Alfred Glasshorn,
Lameh Graham,
-Jefferson Town.
J. E. Newell,
Wm. F. Terhune,
R. S. McMichael,
-Viroqua Town.
H. L. Turner,
Allen Rusk,
-Liberty Town,
Isaiah Glenn,
Wm. P. Brown,
Oliver Brian,
- Webster Town,
-Greenwood Town.
Philip Schneider,
Thomas Flanagan,
-Kickapoo Town,
P. Abbott, James II. Shreve,
-Genoa Town.
1
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
CHAPTER I.
PRE-HISTORIC AND SETTLEMENT.
A T a remote period there lived in this coun- try a people now designated mound build- ers. Of their origin nothing is known. Their history is lost in the lapse of ages. The evi- dences, however, of their existence in Wiscon- sin and surrounding States are numerous. Many of their earth works-the so-called mounds-are still to be seen. These are of various forms. Some are regularly arranged, forming squares, octagons and circ'es; others are like walls or ramparts; while many, especially in Wisconsin, are imitative in figure, having the shape of implements or animals, resembling war clubs, tobacco pipes, beasts, reptiles, fish and even man. A few are in the similitude of trees.
In selecting sites for many of their earth works, the mound-builders appear to have been influenced by motives which prompt civilized men to choose localities for their great marts; hence, Milwaukee and other cities of the west are founded on ruins of pre-existing struc- tures. River terraces and river bottoms seem
to have been favorite places for these mounds. Their works are seen in the basin of the Fox river, of the Illinois, and of Rock river and its branches, also in the valley of the Fox river of Green bay, in that of the Wisconsin, as well as near the waters of the Mississippi. As to the object of these earth works, all knowledge rests upon conjecture alone. It is generally believed that some were used for purposes of defense, others for the observance of religious rites and as burial places.
In some parts of Wisconsin are seen earth works of a different character from those usu- ally denominated "mounds." These, from their supposed use, are styled "garden beds." They are ridges or beds about six inches in height, and four feet in width. They are arranged methodically and in parallel rows. Some are rectangular in shape; others are in regular curves. These beds occupy fields of various sizes, from ten to a hundred acres.
The mound builders have left other evidences besides mounds and garden beds, to attest their
1
18
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
presence in this country, in ages past. In the Lake Superior region exist ancient copper mines, excavations in the solid rock. In these mines have been found stone hammers, wooden bowls and shovels, props and levers for raising and supporting mass copper, and ladders for descending into the pits and ascending from them.
There are, also, scattered widely over the country, numerous relics, evidently the handi- work of these pre-historic people; such as stone axes, stone and copper spear-heads and arrow heads, and various other implements and uten- sils. As these articles are frequently discov- ered many feet below the surface of the ground, it argues a high antiquity for the artificers. These relics indicate that the mound builders were superior in intelligence to the Indians. None of their implements or utensils, however, point to a "copper age" as having succeeded a "stone age." They all refer alike to one age, the indefinite past; to one people, the mound builders.
There is nothing to connect "the dark back- ward and abysm" of mound-building times with those of the red race of Wisconsin. And all that is known of the savages inhabiting this section previous to its discovery, is exceedingly dim and shadowy. Upon the extended area bounded by Lake Superior on the north, Lake Michigan on the east, wide-spreading prairies on the south, and the Mississippi river on the west, there met and mingled two distinct ln- dian families, Algonquins and Dakotas. Con- cerning the various tribes of these families, nothing of importance could be gleaned by the earliest explorers; at least, very little has been preserved. Tradition, it is true, pointed to the Algonquins as having, at some remote period, migrated from the east, and this has been con- firmed by a study of their language. It indi- cated, also, that the Dakotas, at a time far be- yond the memory of the most aged, came from the west or southwest, fighting their way as they came; that one of their tribes once dwelt
upon the shores of a sea; but when and for what purpose they left their home for the country of the great lakes there was no evi- dence. This was all. In reality, therefore, Wisconsin has no veritable history ante-dating its discovery by civilized man. The country has been heard of, but only through vague re- ports of savages .* There were no accounts at all, besides these, of the extensive region of the upper lakes; while of the valley of the upper Mississippi, nothing whatever was known.
FIRST EXPLORATION OF THE NORTHWEST.
The history of Wisconsin commences with the recital of the indomitable perseverance and heroic bravery displayed by its first visitant, John Nicolet. An investigation of the career of this Frenchman shows him, at an early age, leaving his home in Normandy for the new world, landing at Quebec in 1618, and at once seeking a residence among the Algonquins of the Ottawa river, in Canada, sent thither by the governor to learn their language. In the midst of many hardships, and surrounded by perils, he applied himself with great zeal to his task. Having become familiar with the Algonquin tongue, he was admitted into the councils of the savages.
The return of Nicolet to civilization, after a number of years immured in the dark forests of Canada, an excellent interpreter, qualified him to act as government agent among the wild western tribes in promoting peace, to the end that all who had been visited by the fur-trader might remain firm allies of the French. Nay, further: it resulted in his being dispatched to Nations far beyond the Ottawa, known only by heresay, with whom it was believed might be opened a profita' le trade in furs. So he started on his perilous voyage. Ile visited the Hurons, upon the Georgian bay. With seven of that Nation, he struck boldly into wilds to the north- ward and westward never before visited by civ- ilized man. He paddled his birch canoe along
*Compare Champlain's Voyages, 1632, and his map of that date; Sagard's, Histoire du Canada : Le Jeune Relation, 1632.
19
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
the eastern coast of Lake IInron and up the St. Mary's Strait to the falls. He floated back to the Straits of Mackinaw, and courageously turned his face toward the west. At the Sault de Ste. Marie, he had-the first of white men-set foot upon the soil of the northwest.
Nicolet coasted along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, ascended Green Bay, and finally entered the month of Fox river. It was not until he and his swarthy Hurons had urged their frail canoes six days up that stream, that his western exploration was ended. He had, mean- while, on his way hither, visited a number of tribes; some that had never before been heard of by the French upon the St. Lawrence. With them all he smoked the pipe of peace; with the ancestors of the present Chippewas, at the Sault; with the Menomonees, the Winneba- goes, the Mascontins, in what is now the State of Wisconsin; with the Ottawas, upon the Man- itonlin Islands,and the Nez Perces, upon the east coast of Lake Huron. He made his outward voyage in the summer and fall of 1634, and re- turned the next year to the St. Lawrence. He did not reach the Wisconsin river, but heard of a "great water" to the westward, which he mistook for the sea. It was, in fact, that stream, and the Mississippi, into which it pours its flood.
"History cannot refrain from saluting Nicolet as a distinguished traveler, who, by his explora- tions in the northwest, has given elear proofs of his energetie character, and whose merits have not been disputed, although, subsequently, they were temporarily forgotten." The first fruits of his daring were gathered by the Jesuit fathers, ever before his death; for, in the autumn of 1641, those of them who were among the Hurons at the head of the Georgian bay of Lake Huron, received a deputation of Indians occupying the "country around a rapid [now known as the 'Sault de Ste. Marie'], in the midst of the channel by which Lake Superior empties into Lake Huron," inviting them to visit their tribe. These "missionaries were not displeased
with the opportunity thus presented of knowing the countries lying beyond Lake Huron, which no one of them had yet traveled;" so Isaac Jogues and Charles Raymbault were detached to accompany the Chippewa deputies, and view the field simply, not to establish a mission. They passed along the shore of Lake Iluron, northward, and pushed as far up St. Mary's strait as the Sault, which they reached after seventeen days' sail from their place of starting. There they-the first white men to visit the northwest after Nicolet-harrangued 2,000 Chippewas and other Algonquins. Upon their return to the St. Lawrence, Jogues was captured by the Iroquois, and Raymbault died on the 22d of October, 1642,-a few days before the death of Nicolet .*
WISCONSIN VISITED BY FUR TRADERS AND JESUIT MISSIONARIES.
Very faint, indeed, are the gleams which break in upon the darkness surrounding our knowledge of events immediately following the visit of Nicolet, in what is now the State of Wisconsin. That the Winnebagoes, soon after his return, made war upon the Nez Perces, kill- ing two of their men, of whom they made a feast, we are assured .* We also know that in 1640, these same Winnebagoes were nearly all destroyed by the Illinois ; and that the next year, the Pottawattamies took refuge from their homes upon the islands at the mouth of Green bay, with the Chippewas.t This is all. And had it not been for the greed of the fur trader and the zeal of the Jesuit, little more, for many years, probably, would have been learned of the northwest. However, a ques- tioning missionary, took from the lips of an Indian captainį "an account of his having, in the month of June, 1658, set out from Green Bay for the north, passing the rest of the sum- mer and the following winter near Lake Supe- History of the discovery of the northwest by John Nico- let in 1634, with a sketch of his life, by C. W. Butterfield, Cincinnati. Robert Clarke & Co., 1881.
* Le Jeune, Relation, 1636.
+ Col. Hist. New York ix, 161.
$ Not "captive, " as some local histories have it.
20
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
rior ; so called in consequence of being above. that of Lake Huron. This Indian informed the Jesuit of the havoc and desolation of the Iro- quois war in the west ; how it had reduced the Algonquin Nations about Lake Superior and Green bay. The same missionary saw at Que- bec, two Frenchmen who had just arrived from the upper countries with 300 Algon- quins in sixty canoes, laden with peltries. These fur traders had passed the winter of 1659 on the shores of Lake Superior, during which time they made several trips among the surrounding tribes. In their wanderings they probably vis- ited some of the northern parts of what is now Wisconsin. They saw at six days' jour- ney beyond the lake toward the southwest, a tribe composed of the remainder of the Hurons of the Tobacco Nation, compelled by the Iroquois to abandon Mackinaw and to bury themselves thus deep in the forests, that they could not be found by their enemies. The two traders told the tales they had heard of the ferocious Sioux, and of a great river upon which they dwelt-the great water of Nicolet. Thus a knowledge of the Mississippi began to dawn again upon the civilized world."*
The narratives of the Indian captain and the two Frenchmen induced further exploration two years later when Father Rene Menard attempted to found a mission on Lake Superior, with eight Frenchmen and some Ottawas. Ile made his way in 1660 to what is now Kewcenaw, Mich. He determined while there to visit some Ilu- rons on the islands at the mouth of Green bay. He sent three of his companions to explore the way. They reached those islands by way of the Menominee river, returning to Keweenaw with discouraging accounts. But Menard re- solved to undertake the journey, starting from the lake with one white companion and some Ilurons ; he perished, however, in the forest, in what manner is not known, his companion reaching the Green bay islands in safety. White men had floated upon the Menominee, * History Northern Wisconsin, p. 39.
so that the northeastern part of what is now Wisconsin, as well as its interior by Nicolet in 1634, had now been seen by civilized white mant.
FOUNDING OF JESUIT MISSIONS IN WISCONSIN.
In August, 1665, Father Claude Allouez embarked on a mission to the country visited by Menard. Early in September he had reached the Sault de Ste. Marie, and on the first day of October, arrived in the bay of Chegoimegon, at a village of Chippewas. IIere he erected a chapel of bark, establishing the first mission in what is now Wisconsin to which he gave the name of the Holy Spirit. While Allouez had charge of this field, he either visited or saw, at Chegoimegon, scattered bands of Hurons and Ottawas ; also Pottawat- tamies from Lake Michigan, and the Sacs and Foxes, who lived upon the waters of Fox river of Green bay. He was likewise visited by the Illinois, and at the extremity of Lake Superior he met representatives of the Sioux. These declared they dwelt on the banks of the river "Messipi." Father James Marquette reached Chegoimegon in September, 1669, and took charge of the mission of the Holy Spirit, Allouez proceeding to the Sault de Ste. Marie, intending to establish a mission on the shores of Green bay. lle left the Sault Nov. 3, 1669, and on the 25th, reached a Pottawattamie cabin. On the 2d of December he founded upon the shore of Green bay the mission of St. Francis Xavier, the second one established by him within what are now the limits of Wisconsin. Here Allouez passed the winter. In April, 1670, he founded another mission; this one was upon Wolf river, a tributary of the Fox river of Green bay. Here the missionary labored among the Foxes, who had located npon that stream. The mission, the third in the present Wisconsin, he called St. Mark.
In 1671 Father Louis Andre was sent to the missions of St. Francis Xavier and St. Mark, as a co-worker with Allouez. At what is now the
+ Bancroft, in his History of United States, evidently mis- takes the course pursued from Keweenaw, by Menard.
21
HISTORY OF WISCONSIN.
village of DePere, Brown Co., Wis., was located the central station of the mission of St. Francis Xavier. This mission included all the tribes inhabiting the vicinity of Green bay. A rude chapel, the third one within the present limits of Wisconsin, was soon erected. Allouez then left for other fields of labor; but Andre re- mained here, working with zeal during the summer of 1671. However, during a temporary absence his chapel was burned, but he speedily erected another. Then his dwelling was de- stroyed, but although he erected another, it soon shared the same fate. He was at this time laboring among the Menomonees. When he finally left "the bay tribes" is not known. In 1676 Father Charles Albanel was stationed at what is now DePere, where a new and better chapel was erected than the one left by Andre. In 1680 the mission was supplied by Father James Eryalran, who was recalled in 1687. When he left, his house and chapel were burned by the Winnebagoes. It was the end of the mission of St. Francis Xavier. The mission of the Holy Spirit was deserted by Father James Marquette in 1671. It was the end for 170 years of a Roman Catholic mission at Che- goimegon.
WISCONSIN UNDER FRENCH DOMINATION.
In the year 1671, France took formal posses- sion of the whole country of the upper lakes An agent, Daumont de St. Lusson, was dispatched to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian Nations at the Falls of St. Mary, between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. The principal chiefs of the Wisconsin tribes were gathered there by Nicholas Perrot. Who .. all were assem- bled, it was solemnly announced that the great northwest was placed under the protection of the French government. This was the begin- . ning of French domination in what is now Wis- consin. The act of Daumont de St. Lusson, at the Falls of St. Mary, in 1671, in establishing the right of France to the regions beyond Lake Michigan, not being regarded as sufficiently def- inite, Nicholas Perrot, in 1689, at the head of
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