USA > California > Napa County > History of Napa and Lake Counties, California : comprising their geography, geology, topography, climatography, springs and timber, together with a full and particular record of the Mexican Grants, also separate histories of all the townships and biographical sketches > Part 38
USA > California > Lake County > History of Napa and Lake Counties, California : comprising their geography, geology, topography, climatography, springs and timber, together with a full and particular record of the Mexican Grants, also separate histories of all the townships and biographical sketches > Part 38
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88 | Part 89 | Part 90 | Part 91 | Part 92 | Part 93 | Part 94 | Part 95 | Part 96 | Part 97 | Part 98
Seventh-Day Advent Church .- The church of Seventh-day Adventists of St. Helena was organized May 16, 1874, by Elder J. N. Loughborough, with twenty members, as follows: John Mavity, Amelia W. Mavity, James Creamer, Hannah Creamer, Emory J. Church, Millard Church, Hugh Hack- ney, Elizabeth Carter, Sarah J. Anthony, Sarah Spencer, Ruth C. Cruey, Mary Ann Stephenson, Anna Boyd, Margaret Cooper, Martha Hudson, Em- ily H. Wood, L. Thomson, Thomas Barry, Samuel Jacks, Julia Jacks. They have at present a membership of fifty-six, and are in a flourishing
342
History of Napa and Lake Counties-NAPA.
condition. They have a property which cost about $2000, and is free from debt.
Catholic Church .- The pulpit of this church has always been supplied by the pastor of the church at Napa. It is not known just when services began to be held here by the Fathers, but about 1866 a building was erected by the Rev. Father Peter Deyaert. This answered their purpose until May, 1877, when the present structure was begun under the supervision of Rev. M. Mulville. Rev. Father M. D. Slattery completed the building, and it was dedicated March 28, 1878. It is in size 30x60, cost $3500, and is a very nice edifice.
Schools .- The first school in St. Helena was held in a small building erected for the purpose, which was situated on the bank of York Creek, near the present site of Mr. Ewers' residence. About 1858 this building was moved to near the center of town, and was still used for school pur- poses. Since then a substantial, though not elegant, structure has been erected, and there are now four departments, which are under the super- vision of a competent and efficient corps of instructors.
Free and Accepted Masons .- St. Helena Lodge, F. & A. M., No. 93, was organized at Sabastopol (Yountville), U. D., November 24, 1855, with the following charter members : S. Rosenbaum, J. W. Deering, George C. Yount, J. M. Wright, J. J. May, S. S. Christman, William Baldridge and J. R. Hazelton. The first officers U. D. were: S. Rosenbaum, W. M .; J. W. Deering, S. W .; George C. Yount, J. W .; J. M. Wright, Treasurer, and J. J. May, Secretary. The charter was granted May 8, 1856, and the name of the lodge was then Caymus. The lodge was moved from Yountville to St. Helena June 3, 1865, and the dispensation to change the name to St. Helena was granted by the Grand Lodge at its next session after the removal of the lodge. The first officers U. C. were : J. J. May, W. M .; Ed. Evey, S. W .; George C. Yount, J. W .; J. M. Wright, Treasurer, and William Baldridge, Secretary. Just after receiving the charter the lodge erected a building, and the hall was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. The following named gentlemen have been honored with the position of Worshipful Master : S. Rosenbaum, J. J. May, Ed. Evey, Ed. L. Levy, George C. Yount, William H. Holliday, James Allfrey, William J. Clayton, S. Mead, F. D. Evarts, John H. Allison, D. B. Carver, C. F. A. Mitchell and W. T. Sim- mons. The present officers are : D. B. Carver, W. M .; W. W. Bradbury, S. W .; J. E. Straus, J. W .; J. C. Weinberger, Treasurer, and Charles A. Gardner, Secretary. The present membership is fifty-three, and the order is in a prosperous condition. They have a very nicely furnished hall, which they rent.
Independent Order of Odd-Fellows .- St. Helena Lodge, No. 167, I. O. O. F., was organized January 31, 1870, with the following charter
343
Hot Springs Township.
members : Alexander Korns, S. C. Penwell, H. A. Pellet, John S. Adams, C. E. Davis, H. G. Wyman and J. I. Logan. The first officers were : S. C. Penwell, N. G. (who died during his term of office); Alex. Korns, V. G .; J. S. Adams, Secretary, and C. E. Davis, Treasurer. The following gentlemen have filled the position of N. G .: S. C. Penwell, H. A. Pellet, J. C. Adams, C. E. Davis, G. W. Montgomery, P. Hastie, J. Mavity, W. L. Wilson, J. K. Hall, W. A. C. Smith, J. E. Straus, C. T. McEachran, J. S. Kister, W. M. McCormick, W. A. Field, John McFarling, Theodore Van Tassell, N. A. Morford; S. T. Hammond, F. E. Dickinson, P. G. Hottell, W. W. Lyman and F. Pellet. The present officers are : F. Pellet, N. G .; J. Haskins, V. G .; Theo. Van Tassell, Secretary and Permanent Secretary, and G. A. Stamer, Treasurer. The present membership is eighty-nine, and the lodge is in a flourishing condition, and they have a nicely furnished hall.
Independent Order of Good Templars .- St. Helena Lodge, No. 271, I. O. G. T., was organized July 17, 1879, with the following charter mem- bers : Mrs. A. L. Spire, Mrs. A. A. Inman, Miss Allie Warren, Miss Jessie Elgin, Mrs. Mary Howell, Mrs. Clara D. Mills, Mrs. Minnie Van Deworker, Miss Kate E. McGeorge, Mrs. L. Cooper, Miss Florence Mills, J. E. Lawson, M. L. McCord, F. Mixon, W. H. Armes, B. F. Kettlewell, G. M. Larder, R. Bussenius, W. A. Mackinder, Rev. James Mitchell, Miss Lizzie Beach, Mrs. Elizabeth F. Beach, William F. S. McGeorge, W. H. C. Reese, Miss Grant Elgin, Miss Annie Dixon, H. E. Conver, J. O'Brien, Miss Mary Cole, Miss L. Bennett, Miss Josie Risley, and Rev. S. Kinsey. The first officers were : B. F. Kettlewell, W. C. T .: Miss Josie Risley, W. V. T .; W. A. Mackinder, W. S .; G. W. Lander, W. F. S .: Mrs. A. L. Spires, W. T. The present officers are : W. A. Mackinder, W. C. T .; Miss Jessie Elgin, W. V. T .; W. F. Nixon, W. S .; Miss Lena Davis, W. F. S .; and B. F. Kettlewill, W. T. The present mem- bership is fifty.
Ancient Order United Workmen .- Eureka Lodge, No. 15, A. O. U. W., was organized December 31, 1877, with the following charter members: J. H. Allison, H. E. Alden, H. F. McCormick, G. H. Brown, Charles Young, H. J. Lewelling, J. E. Straus, W. L. Phillips, H. A. Pellet, Theo. Van Tassell, L. W. Eby, J. N. Faulkenstein, T. Greer, J. Greer, W. W. Bradberry, George Lander, A. C. Rampendahl, J. S. Fruits, O. C. Blaney, L. H. Mc- George, A. C. Simpson, G. W. Fisher, James McGee, and J. Hall. The first officers were : J. H. Allison, P. M. W .; J. E. Straus, M. W .; George Lander, Foreman ; W. L. Phillips, O .; H. F. McCormick, R .; G. W. Fisher, Finan- cier ; Charles Youngs, Recorder. The following members have filled the position of M. W .: J. E. Straus, H. E. Alden, H. F. McCormick, George Sander, S. P. Conner, and Charles A. Gardner. The present officers are: Charles A. Gardner, M. W .; M. Braghler, Foreman ; W. T. Simmons, O .; D. B. Carver, Receiver ; Charles Youngs, Recorder, and J. H. Steves, Financier.
344
History of Napa and Lake Counties-NAPA.
American Legion of Honor .- St. Helena Council, No. 431, A. L. of H., was organized February, 17, 1881, with the following charter members : J. I. Logan, C. E. Davis, J. H. Allison, H. A. Merriam, Theo. Van Tassell, W. A. Mackinder, J. E. Straus, J. C. Mixon, F. E. Meilenz, F. E. Dickinson, A. Patterson, James Cruey, Mrs. F. M. Woodward, Mrs. M. E. Mixon, James A. Allison, C. N. Hale, H. E. Alden, M. C. Cook, C. F. Rice, W. J. G. Davison, W. W. Lyman, and C. H. Butler. The first and present officers are : J. I. Logan, C .; W. W. Lyman, V. C .; Theo. Van Tassell, Secretary; and J. E. Straus, Treasurer. The present membership is twenty-four. It is a bene- ficiary order, and the amount of benefit ranges from $500 to $5000, accord- ing to the age and the degree of which deceased is a member.
The Fire Department .- St. Helena Hose Company, No. 1, was organized August 28, 1878. The officers for that year were J. Haskins, Foreman, and E. J. Levy, Secretary. For 1879, S. Risley, Foreman, W. A. Bingham, Assistant Foreman, and J. A. Allison, Secretary. The present officers are S. Risley, Foreman, J. A. Allison, Assistant Foreman, and W. A. Bingham, Secretary. The appliances of the company consists of one hose-cart, six hundred feet of hose, hooks, ladders, lanterns, axes, etc. The company now numbers twenty-two members. There are ten hydrants in St. Helena, and the head of water is strong enough to force a stream over the highest build- ing in town.
St. Helena Water Company .- This company was incorporated July 19, 1877, with the following directors: S. Ewer, Charles Krug, J. S. Berringer, G. K. Gluyas and J. York. In 1879, D. B. Carver succeeded J. York as director, that being the only change that has ever occurred in the Board. S. Ewer has been president, and Charles Krug, secretary of the company since the date of its organization. The water is taken from York Creek, just within the limits of the corporation, and led in a flume about one-fourth of a mile, from the creek to the reservoir. The reservoir covers about ten acres, and is formed by throwing a dam across a ravine. This dam is about forty feet high, and three hundred and twenty feet. long, and gives to the reservoir a capacity of about twenty million gallons. If the dam were made ten feet higher it would have a capacity of about fifty million gallons. The fall from the reservoir to the town is one hundred and seventy feet, hence the head is very strong indeed. The principal main is six and eight inch pipe, and is about one and a half miles long, and there is about three miles of sub-main and service pipe. The stock of the company was divided into twenty-five thousand shares, held at $10 each, of which two thousand were issued. The works have cost about $26,000, and one assessment of $2 on the share has been levied. There have been three dividends of one per cent. each declared, and the finances of the company are now in a prosper- ous condition. It is a notable fact that St. Helena is the only town or city
345
Hot Springs Township.
in Napa County, which is supplied with city water, which is only one of the many evidences of enterprise which her worthy citizens have evinced over her neighbors.
Banking House .- The private banking house of W. A. C. Smith was opened for business in February, 1876. It does a general banking and col- lection business and has for correspondents the Bank of Napa, Napa City, and the banking house of Lazard Fréres, San Francisco.
St. Helena Star .- The first number of this sprightly journal was issued September 23, 1874, by DeWitt C. Lawrence. The present proprietor, Charles A. Gardner, purchased it in January, 1876. It is a six-column folio and is all printed at home. On Tuesdays Mr. Gardner issues a small edition which he calls a The Junior, for circulation in St. Helena, which virtually makes it a semi-weekly. In the office there is a hand press and a jobber. The following handsome compliment we find in the Napa County Vini- culturist, which we endorse and append in this connection :
" We desire to say a word for our local press, the St. Helena Star, to the enterprising editor and proprietor of which our community owes much of its present prosperity. Mr. Gardner, in this connection, has labored hard in developing the interest of the upper valley, and especially so in calling attention to the wine industry of the county, and in gathering data and statistics relative to the subject and imparting valuable information, weekly, through the columns of his paper; also in town matters Mr. Gardner has ever proved himself wide awake, favorably mentioning and encouraging every local enterprise that has been started. He publishes an interesting and valuable local paper, one that should have the full support and endorse- ment of the community."
St. Helena Cream Turtar Works .- Charles Farrand & Co's Cream Tartar Works consist of a plain but neat frame building, 20 x 40 feet in size, standing between Pope street and the creek, east of the railroad, and the various appurtenances for carrying on the work. These latter consist principally of a three hundred gallon boiler, set over a brick furnace, six wooden tanks of three hundred gallons each, and two copper tanks of the same capacity. The cream tartar is made from the sediment, or lees, of wine, and also from the " argols" which form in wine casks. Without entering minutely into the process, this sediment, looking like red mud, or the argols, looking like gravel, as the case may be, is first boiled in the kettle over the furnace; then it is placed in the wooden tanks where it forms crystals. These crystals are then boiled again and placed in the copper tanks, where they form pure crean tartar, which needs only a whitening process to fit it for market. The establishment is large enough to make five hundred pounds of cream tartar per week.
346
History of Napa and Lake Counties-NAPA.
St. Helena Brewery .- This is the property of E. Fautz, and is situated about one mile north-west of town. It has a capacity of about five hun- dred gallons a day. It has been running about eight years, and everything about the place is complete, and the building is commodious.
St. Helena Business Interests .- The business interests of St. Helena are represented as follows: nine stores, six saloons, five hotels, five blacksmith shops, three milliners, three shoe shops, one hardware store, two tinware stores, two furniture stores, one bakery, three livery stables, one newspaper, two wagon shops, two paint shops, one tailor, two saddlers, two meat markets, three barber shops, two confectionery and stationery stands, one jeweler, two drug stores, two lumber yards, one bank, one real estate office, post-office, Wells, Fargo and Co.'s express, and telegraph office.
General Remarks .- We have thus fully given the early history of St. Helena, and its present status, but a few words still remain unsaid. To appreciate the real beauty of the town one must pay it a visit, not of a few hours or a day, but of weeks, for it will take that length of time to drink in and comprehend all its charms. We never spend a day in the place but we see new features in it that please and commend. There are broad, well-kept streets, which make excellent drives; there are elegant residences and handsome lawns for the eye to feast upon ; flowers in profu- sion grow on every side, which add much to the beauty of the scene; and, all in all, one will travel over many States before finding another so cheer- ing a place. The climate is all that the heart of man can desire, while the people are genial, generous and hospitable, and happy, indeed, is he whose lot is cast among them, in their lovely and embowered city.
SPRINGS .- There are two mineral springs in this township, which have achieved notoriety, viz : Hot Springs and White Sulphur, the waters of both of which contain sulphur as the chief characteristic. We will give their history by beginning with the
HOT SPRINGS .- These springs are located at Calistoga, and though known to the Indians and Mexicans long before the advent of white settlers, yet they seem to have attracted but little or no attention until about 1859, when Samuel Brannan purchased the extensive tract of land on which they are situated. They were known to the native Californians, Mexicans and Indians as the aguas calientes, or hot waters, and they were visited occa- sionally by these people for their curative qualities. The springs are situ- ated in the level valley, and are surrounded, except on the south side, by high and picturesque mountains. After the purchase of the property, Mr. Brannan immediately commenced improvements on a very large scale, in- tending, as he said, to make this the Saratoga of the Pacific Coast. He set
Abraham Clark
347
Hot Springs Township.
about making all the improvements and furnishing all the comforts neces- sary to render this the most attractive place of resort for tourists and inva- lids in the State. The main grounds belonging to the springs proper consisted of about one hundred acres, near the center of which stands a small hill, to which he gave the name of Mount Lincoln. On the summit of this he placed an observatory, from which a fine view of the whole of Calistoga and of the surrounding country could be obtained. On this hill he also put a reservoir, which held ninety thousand gallons, the supply of water for which was brought from Napa River by means of steam.
At the foot of Mount Lincoln, on the western side, were the hotels, cot- tages, and pleasure grounds, as well as the most of the springs. There were erected about twenty-five neat cottages on these grounds, for the accommo- dation of guests, and some of these were owned by private individuals. The grounds were laid off into walks, and ornamented with choice selections of trees, shrubbery and flowers. To the west of the grounds lies the town of Calistoga, and between the two passes the railroad. In the days of its full glory this was truly a grand place. Three hundred thousand dollars were spent, yea, sunk, by Mr. Brannan at this place. The servants about the place were all liveried, and moved about with a more consequential air than the millionaire guest, (James Lick for instance) who used to frequent the place. Oil paintings worth thousands of dollars, were pendent from the walls of the hotel parlors. But the pristine glory of the place is gone. With the departure of Mr. Brannan went all that kept the place up to anything like a mediocre resort in the estimation of the public, and in 1875 it could not be sold at public sale for any reasonable figure at all, and the sale was deferred, as the writer well knows, being present on the day of the attempted sale. It has since changed hands several times at merely nomi- nal figures compared with the money Mr. Brannan invested there.
The water of the springs hold in solution, sulphur, iron, magnesia, and various chemical properties. Several years ago a well was bored directly in front of the hotel, and at the depth of seventy feet rock was struck which prevented further progress, and water stood in this well at the uniform temperature of one hundred and eighty-five degrees. There was a Russian steam bathı formed by having the bath-room erected immediately over a spring which had a temperature of one hundred and ninety-five degrees, with apparatus for letting steam come up into the room. There are a host of springs there, each differing from the others in some peculiarity. One of them has a small summer-house erected over it, over the door of which is the following significant and suggestive legend : "The Devil's Kitchen ; Cook for Yourself." The water of this spring is highly charged with sul- phuretted hydrogen, which, being the property that imparts the peculiar flavor to eggs and chickens, gives to this water a taste very much resembling
348
History of Napa and Lake Counties-NAPA.
chicken broth, and with the addition of a little salt and pepper a very good imitation of the real article is readily concocted. We have frequently had occasion to narrate this fact to friends from the East, who, though not doubting our veracity, charged it up to the list of "California yarns," as all Eastern people are prone to call everything surprising they hear about our wonderful State.
In illustration of the completeness of the deception that this water, when so prepared, will perform, we will narrate the following incident to which we were an eye witness : In 1875 we paid the springs a visit, and, like all others, had our dish of bogus chicken soup. While we were disposing of it quietly, soup just below boiling, still steaming, and the thermometer at one hundred degrees in the shade, a gentleman and his wife entered the spring house and proceeded to procure a lunch, having some crackers with them for the purpose. They were evidently strangers, from their remarks, and we awaited developments. The first saucerful was duly prepared, and handed to the lady, who proceeded to devour it with various and sundry commendatory exclamations. Presently the husband, seeing that her saucer was about relieved of its contents, essayed to replenish it, and in so doing spilled not a little of the water on the lady's dress. She forthwith proceeded to give him no gentle "curtain lecture " for spilling " the nasty, greasy stuff" upon her new silk. The gentleman was thrown into convulsions of laughter, which so nonplussed her that she set to think- ing what there was to laugh about. Suddenly she bethought herself that the " nasty, greasy stuff" was only harmless spring water. Her confusion can be better imagined than described.
In Bancroft's "Tourists' Guide," published some years ago, the follow- ing appeared: "There is evidently some mysterious agency at work underground at Calistoga, not quite comprehensible to visitors. Chemists and savans, indeed, explain the matter in a most learned and scientific manner, by speaking of chemical reaction among mineral substances and the like, and make out a very plausible theory. But the explanation, to many people, needs as much explaining as the mystery itself ; and when a man finds the ground under his feet to be hot, and the waters issuing from it to be in the neighborhood of the boiling point, he can not well help harbor- ing the suspicion that the diabolus ipse is at work within perilous proximity, especially since the imagination is somewhat helped to the sinister conclu- sion by a prevailing and most stygian odor.
" A well was bored at this place preparatory to the erection of a bath- house, to the depth of sixty-five feet, when the boring instruments were blown out with tremendous force high into the air, as if some unseen power beneath was resenting the intrusion of mortals upon his domain. The workmen ran for their lives and could not be induced to resume operations
349
Hot Springs Township.
on any terms. An attempt was made to pump water from this well, and after a few strokes a violent stream was blown out of the well ten or fifteen feet high. If the pumping were stopped the blowing would stop also, but was renewed afresh as often as the pumping was resumed. The water being cold at the top, seemed to hold in abeyance the steam and intensely hot water below; the action of the pump relieved the superincumbent pressure when the hot water below rushed out."
In the olden days it was marvelous how many people visited these springs. The number of pleasure and health resorts was limited then to what it is now, and these springs were so easy of access that they were re- sorted to by great crowds. During four months of 1872, April, May, June and July, the unprecedented and unparalleled number of three thousand and twenty guests arrived at the Hot Springs Hotel.
In 1880, Mr. A. C. Tichenor became the proprietor of this property. Now, Mr. Tichenor is a natural born genius, and he saw at a glance that the possibilities of this place were great, although the realities had been hitherto quite small. He began to project with the water, and the first anybody knew, he had a steam-whistle and some machinery in motion, op- erated by the steam of one of the springs. He claims that he can gather enough steam to run all the machinery in Napa County, more or less. He then went out into the marsh south of Mount Lincoln, where there are in- numerable springs welling up, and placed a gas receiver over one of them, and attached a burner to it, and behold! he had a lighted jet; and with the gas that is daily going to waste there, he says he can light a whole city. Everybody knew that there was sulphuretted hydrogen gas there, but no one dreamed that there was carburetted hydrogen until he demonstrated it.
Then he suspended very thin strips of lead foil in the vapors emanating from the springs, and behold ! he finds upon cupelling that he has quicksil- ver. But this is not all. Either of three things happen now. Either Mr. Tichenor is an alchemist, and has found the "philosopher's stone," or he manipulates matters fraudulently, or there is gold held in large quantities in solution in these waters. We have never seen the process, but have seen the buttons of gold in the bottoms of the cupells, or what appeared to be gold. The processes, he claims, are secret, and are patented ; therefore, the world must remain in the dark concerning them for the present, at least. We have been informed that he does not deny the putting of gold into the water, but says that it takes gold to eliminate the metal from the water by a law of affinity, and that he only puts in about one-sixth of the amount which he takes out. The following, from a San Francisco paper, will serve, perhaps, to throw some light upon the subject. We give it for what it is worth ; and if Mr. Tichenor has got the wonderful treasure that he claims to have, it will not interfere in the least with the yield of the
350
History of Napa and Lake Counties-NAPA.
precious metal; and if it be that he puts into the water all the gold which he extracts, it may save some one from purchasing an elephant. We believe in presenting both sides of any question, and in consonance with that prin- ciple, give room to the following :
" In the latter part of January, a man visited the United States Mint in this city and requested of the superintendent, Mr. Dodge, permission to procure some of the waste water discharging into the sewer after being used in Mint processes. The applicant stated that he had a process by which he could eliminate gold held in solution by water, and showed in proof about $188 worth of gold, which he claimed to have extracted from three barrels of water from the springs at Calistoga. Mr. Dodge told him that he had no objection to allowing him the water to experiment upon, as it was a privilege he had granted several other parties, but assured him that he would find no such quantity of precious metal in the water from the Mint, and told him that he could not understand why he should wish to try it if he had such a rich thing already. A few weeks elapsed and a second visit was made to the Mint, the man this time giving the name of A. C. Tichenor, and asking an assay from a bar of gold which he brought. The assay was made and the gold pronounced 9.93} fine. A day or so later the same bar was returned for coinage, under a different name. The Mint employés in handling the metal remarked its exceedingly brittle nature, an almost unheard-of characteristic of gold so nearly pure, and they were obliged to "toughen" it for coinage. This brittle state is precisely the con- dition which the gold would assume if it had been precipitated from chlo- ride of gold by lead, and as it was plainly proven at the time that the gold exhibited from the water of the springs was introduced by means of this fluid' chloride, the connection may be readily traced."
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.