USA > California > Napa County > History of Napa and Lake Counties, California : comprising their geography, geology, topography, climatography, springs and timber, together with a full and particular record of the Mexican Grants, also separate histories of all the townships and biographical sketches > Part 86
USA > California > Lake County > History of Napa and Lake Counties, California : comprising their geography, geology, topography, climatography, springs and timber, together with a full and particular record of the Mexican Grants, also separate histories of all the townships and biographical sketches > Part 86
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Big Valley Township.
Trustees, to-wit .: John A. Kelly, President ; Samuel Clendenin, Vice-Pres- ident; S. K. Welch, Secretary ; Thomas Haycock, Treasurer, and H. W. Rice, Auditor.
From the foregoing account it will be seen that Clear Lake College com- pleted the fifth year of its history with the closing exercises of 1880-1, which occurred Thursday, June 9th, at which time the degree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred in regular course upon William J. Mewhinney, and the Hon- orary Degree of Master of Arts was duly conferred upon James L. Woods, while S. K. Welch and S. C. Hastings received the Honorary Degree of Doctors of Laws.
Thus, in the due celebration of its fifth annual commencement, the in- stitution gave practical evidence of its efficiency and worth, and sustained its claims to public confidence and support. For it proved itself to be one of the permanent institutions of Lake County, and the only college in the State that places the advantages of a broad and liberal education within such easy reach of all parties who may aspire to the rank of learned men.
Though further comment may seem unnecessary, yet it is proper to say that the mission proposed in the establishment of Clear Lake College is worthy of respectful consideration and approval, since no rational argument can be adduced to show why the plow-boys of our country should be kept in comparative ignorance, while the sons of the wealthy are to be cradled in the lap of luxury, and easily dandled into the recognition of refined society, by the special grace and favor of heavily subsidized colleges and universities.
ANCIENT ORDER UNITED WORKMEN .- Lakeport Lodge, No. 34, A. O. U. W., of Lakeport, was organized May 23, 1878, with the following charter members : J. C. W. Ingram, H. A. Oliver, A. P. McCarty, Theodore Deming, R. W. Crump, J. B. Baccus, Jr., A. A. R. Utting, Enoch Yates, J. F. Cowan, Thomas G. Adams, J. F. Scott, Dr. H. J. Crumpton, G. H. White, P. M. Daly, F. H. Vallette, and G. W. Wilson. The following officers were elected for the term ending December 31, 1878: H. J. Oliver, P. M .; J. C. W. Ingram, M .; G. H. White, G. F .; P. M. Daly, O .; J. F. Cowan, G .; The- odore Deming, Recorder; R. W. Crump, I. W .; F. H. Vallette, O. W .; Dr. H. J. Crumpton, Physician : H. A. Oliver, P. M. Daly, and G. H. White, Trustees. F. H. Vallette soon afterward leaving for the East, T. G. Adams was elected to serve out the unexpired term. As the lodge meets semi- monthly, the term of office is now one year, commencing January Ist. The meetings are held in Odd-Fellows' hall, on the first and fourth Tuesdays of each month. Since the organization of the lodge three members have died, and their widows have each received the sum of $2000. The names of deceased members are A. A. R. Utting, who died in Lakeport, June 30, 1879, and J. Mewhinney and A. Ross, who were drowned in Clear Lake, December 16, 1880. J. C. W. Ingram, H. A. Oliver and R. W. Crump have
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History of Napa and Lake Counties-LAKE.
each served one term as Master. The present officers are, R. W. Crump, P. M .; P. M. Daly, M .; J. Banks, G. F .; J. Lacock, O .; S. Ballenger, G .; G. W. Wilson, Recorder and Financier ; J. A. Kelly, Receiver ; J. Rippey, I. W. ; D. L. Woodrum, O. W .; Dr. H. J. Crumpton, Physician ; Theodore Deming, R. W. Crump, and J. Banks, Trustees. The lodge is in a prosperous condi- tion, having a present membership of forty-three. During the past year two assessments were paid from the general fund, making the annual expense of membership, $20. The finances of the lodge are in a prosperous condition.
INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD-FELLOWS .- Lup-Yomi Lodge, No. 173, was organized July 16, 1870, with the following charter members: S. K. Welch, L. Charmark, W. L. Phillips, J. C. Parker, J. O. Johnson and J. W. Robbe. The first officers were S. K. Welch, N. G .; L. Charmark, V. G .; W. L. Phillips, Secretary, and J. C. Parker, Treasurer. The following named gentlemen have had the honor of filling the position of Noble Grand : S. K. Welch, L. Charmark, Gawn Moore, W. L. Phillips, J. T. Shinn, Dr. H. J. Crumpton, J. Mantz, R. Kennedy, J. B. Baccus, Jr., G. W. Minstrel, J. W. Robbe, William Williams, James Parrish, Woods Crawford, J. C. W. Ingram, L. G. Simmons, J. M. Stuart, James Ripley and S. F. Morine. The present officers are S. F. Morine, N. G .; G. W. Minstrel, V. G .; J. R. Cook, Secretary, and J. Rippey, Treasurer. The present membership is thirty-two. The lodge meets Thursday nights, and they, in connection with the Masons, have a very fine lodge building and room. The lodge is most prosperous.
INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD-FELLOWS ENCAMPMENT. - Mount Hebron Encampment, No. 43, I. O. O. F., was organized at Lower Lake, April 15, 1872, with the following charter members: William Kesey, J. R. Cook, R. H. Lawrence, G. F. Cook, G. H. Snow, H. Allen, H. H. Wilson. The first officers were, William Kesey, G. P .; J. R. Cook, H. P .; R. H. Lawrence, S. W .; G. F. Cook, Scribe; J. H. Snow, Treasurer, and M. Butler, J. W. The following members have held the position of Chief Patriarch : William Kesey, M. Butler, J. H. Snow, R. H. Lawrence, R. F. Miles, J. Smith, H. H. Wilson, J. S. Miles, J. D. Adams, J. R. Cook, J. Mantz, Woods Crawford, L. H. Boggs, and J. W. Everett. The present officers are, J. W. Everett, C. P .; L. G. Simmons, H. P .; J. C. Crigler, S. W .; J. R. Cook, Scribe ; James Parrish, Treasurer, and R. H. Lawrence, J. W. The present membership is thirty. In November, 1876, the encampment was moved from Lower Lake to Lakeport, and is the only encampment in the county ; hence the pro- priety of having it at the county seat.
FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS .- Hartley Lodge, No. 199, F. and A. M., of Lakeport, was organized U. D. April 27, 1869, with the following charter members : A. D. Greene, Woods Crawford, D. V. Thompson, L. C. Burris,
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J. W. Casebeere, M. Sleeper, Thomas Hayter, Ed. L. Greene, A. Levison, and William Merrideth. The first officers U. D. were, A. D. Greene, W. M .; D. V. Thompson, S. W .; L. C. Burris, J. W .; Ed. L. Greene, Secretary, and J. W. Casebeere, Treasurer. The charter was granted October 14, 1869, and the first officers under the charter were, Woods Crawford, W. M .; D. V. Thompson, S. W .; L. C. Burris, J. W .; Ed. L. Greene, Secretary, and J. W. Casebeere, Treasurer, The following gentlemen have been honored with the position of Worshipful Master : A. D. Greene, Woods Crawford, J. C. W. Ingram, James Parrish, F. D. Tunis, J. R. Cook, J. W. Mackall, and J. W. Elliott. The present officers are, J W. Mackall, W. M .; E. M. Paul, S. W .; L. G. Simmons, J. W .; L. H. Boggs, Treasurer, and Mason Wilson, Secretary. The lodge is in a very prosperous condition. In connection with the Odd- Fellows, they have a fine building and well furnished hall. The pillars, which are very handsome indeed and well worthy a place in any lodge-room, no matter how finely it may be furnished, are the product of home talent.
AMERICAN LEGION OF HONOR .- A Council of the American Legion of Honor was organized in Lakeport in 1881 by Deputy Commander A. Noble, of Petaluma, to be known as Lakeport Council No. - , with the following officers : Dr. P. H. Thornton, Commander ; James C. Baker, Vice Com- mander ; Mrs. P. H. Thornton, Secretary ; Mrs. S. M. Riddle, Collector ; S. J. Gordon, Treasurer; Dr. Thornton, Medical Examiner ; H. F. Childs, Post Commander ; Isaiah Taylor, Orator; Mrs. E. E. Jenks, Chaplain ; F. H. Keyser, Guide ; Benjamin Carson, Warden ; J. F. Brott, Sentinel.
THE BANK OF LAKE .- This bank was organized March 10, 1874. The capital stock was $100,000, divided into one thousand shares of $100 each. Ten per cent. of the capital stock was paid up at the time of incorporating. The officers, from the time of organization until the first regular election took place in June, 1874, were, S. Bynum, President ; A. Levy, Treasurer ; F. D. Tunis, Secretary ; with the following Directors : George Bucknell, S. K. Welch, A. F. Tate, S. Bynum, S. Broadwell, J. T. Boone, J. R. Cook, A. Levy. C. Hartson, Dr. J. S. Downes and A. G. Boggs. At this time the bank was located in the lower story of the Odd-Fellows' building. The stock subscribed amounted to $53,000. The officers for the fiscal year 1874 were, S. K. Welch, President ; S. Bynum, Vice-President ; F. D. Tunis, Sec- retary ; Directors : H. L. Davis, S. Bynum, S. K. Welch, C. Hartson, Dr. J. S. Downes, J. R. Cook, S. Broadwell, A. F. Tate, J. T. Boone, A. G. Boggs and A. Levy. For the fiscal year 1875-6 the officers were, A. F. Tate, President ; S. Bynum, Vice-President; F. D. Tunis, Secretary ; Directors : C. Hartson, A. G. Boggs, H. L. Davis, Dr. J. S. Downes, J. T. Boone, A. Levy, J. R. Cook, S. K. Welch, A. F. Tate, S. Bynum and L. P. Nichols. For the fiscal year 1876-7 : A. F. Tate, President ; S. Bynum, Vice-President ; F. D.
12
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History of Napa and Lake Counties-LAKE.
Tunis, Secretary and Cashier ; S. K. Welch, Attorney ; Directors : C. Hart- son, E. J. Wilson, S. Bynum, L. P. Nichols, S. K. Welch, A. F. Tate, J. R. Cook, J. T. Boone, J. S. Downes, A. G. Boggs and A. Levy. For the fiscal year 1877-8 : A. F. Tate, President; L. P. Nichols, Vice-President ; F. D. Tunis, Secretary ; S. K. Welch, Attorney ; Directors : C. Hartson, E. J. Wilson, Dr. J. S. Downes, J. R. Cook, S. C. Hastings, A. F. Tate, L. Char- mark, S. K. Welch and L. P. Nichols. For the fiscal year 1878-9: A. F. Tate, President ; C. Goodwin, Vice-President; F. D. Tunis, Secretary ; Directors : C. Hartson, A. Levy, S. C. Hastings, B. F. Harbine, L. Charmark, C. Good- win, E. Barry, G. H. White, A. F. Tate, S. K. Welch and L. P. Nichols. For the fiscal year 1879-80 : A. F. Tate, President ; C. Goodwin, Vice-Pres- ident; F. D. Tunis, Secretary ; Directors : A. F. Tate, B. F. Harbine, C. Hartson, G. H. White, S. K. Welch, H. H. Wilson, C. Goodwin, S. Morrison, A. Levy, S. C. Hastings and E. Barry. For the fiscal year 1880-1: A. F. Tate, President ; C. Goodwin, Vice-President; F. D. Tunis, Secretary and Cashier ; S. K. Welch, Attorney ; Directors : A. F. Tate, B. F. Harbine, C. Goodwin, S. K. Welch, E. Barry, R. K. Nichols, H. H. Wilson, S. C. Hastings and A. Levy. At the regular meeting of the Directors in 1881 H. H. Wilson resigned as Director, F. D. Tunis was elected President and C. P. Hastings Cashier. In June, 1880, the capital stock of the bank was reduced to $48,310.92, which was one-half of the paid-up stock of the corporation. The correspondents of the bank are the Anglo-Californian Bank of San Francisco, the Bank of Napa, Napa City, and J. &. W. Seligman & Co. of New York. The building was erected in 1875 and is constructed of brick. The vault is twelve feet square, built of brick, and the walls are twelve inches thick. The safe has a time lock and three combination locks upon it, hence coin and other valuables are quite secure when in it.
FARMERS SAVINGS BANK .- This bank was incorporated December 14, 1874, and the time of incorporation is for a term of fifty years. The capital stock is $100,000, which is divided into one thousand shares of $100 each ; $20,000 of the stock was subscribed at the time of incorporation, and the remainder has since been taken. The incorporating directors were R. S. Johnson, Wm. J. Bigerstaff, J. H. Renfro, D. V. Thompson, Lindsay Carson, D. J. Taylor and George Tucker. The first officers elected in 1874 were, R. S. Johnson, President; J. W. Mackall, Cashier; the directors remaining the same as at the time of incorporation. In 1875 the officers were, Lindsay Carson, President; J. W. Mackall, Cashier; the directors remaining the same as before. In 1876 the officers elected were the same as before, except that L. H. Boggs, was elected assistant cashier. At the election of 1878 the following officers were chosen, H. C. Boggs, President; J. W. Mackall, Cash- ier; L. H. Boggs, Assistant Cashier; Directors : H. C. Boggs, H. D. Snow,
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Big Valley Township.
G. W. Piner, George Tucker, D. V. Thompson, J. F. Burger and D. T. Taylor. In 1879 the same officers were re-elected, except that E. G. Young was chosen as one of the directors. In 1880 the same officers were again re- elected. This bank has been in a very prosperous condition ever since its organization, having declared dividends from the first, and the stock has always commanded a premium. The bank building was erected in 1876 at a cost of $16,062.99, and is 44x64 feet in dimensions. The vault is 11x14 and the safe was formerly used by Donohoe & Kelly, of San Francisco, in their bank. The walls are twenty-four inches thick, made of brick, and is lined with two inches of charcoal, thus making it practically fire proof as well as burglar proof. The lock consists of a double combination lock of superior qualities. When the bank was first organized it was located in the drug store. The correspondents are, J. H. Goodman & Co. of Napa City, and the London and San Francisco Bank of San Francisco.
LAKEPORT FLOUR MILL .- This mill was built by L. A. Young and a Mr. Hill, in November, 1871. It has two run of buhrs and a capacity of thirty barrels in twelve hours. It is run by steam and the engine is twenty- five horse power. The builders disposed of it to Mr. H. C. Boggs in 1873, and in 1875, M. Starr became proprietor and still owns it ; and he has made several improvements since he came into possession of it. The building is 50x75, with sheds for the engine, etc. The mill is kept very busy during the latter part of the summer season, being run both day and night. About fifty per cent. during the busy season is custom work, and a market is found for the surplus flour at the several mines, and some of it is shipped to Santa Rosa and Petaluma.
CLEAR LAKE COURIER .- This is not the first paper that was published either in Lakeport or in Lake County, but it is the first one that we could find any files of. In its columns mention is made of a predecessor, in not very complimentary terms, but its name is studiously avoided. The Courier was established by J. H. F. Farley, a practical printer, in 1866, the first num- ber appearing October 6th of that year. The office was on Forbes street. Its subscription price was $4 per annum, and its motto, Thomas Jefferson's im- mortal words, " Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty !" C. B. Woods was its editor, and it was rankly Democratic, and it almost openly advocated the cause of secession. Some of its leaders and quoted articles read very curiously now. It was, however, quite a readable and newsy sheet.
From a list of the papers which had been published in Lake County previous to the Courier, we find that those which had been published in Lakeport were the Times, Journal and Democrat. But little is known as to who were the originators or proprietors. Evidently they were short- lived, as the population was sparse, and hence the field a poor one. David
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History of Napa and Lake Counties-LAKE.
Pitman Iamo was one of the editors and proprietors of the Journal in 1865. B. H. Pendegast was at one time editor of the Clear Lake Times. In October, 1869, Hal. P. Williams, one of the brightest and spiciest local writers in the State, had charge of the local department of the Courier. This connection lasted for several months.
THE LAKE COUNTY BEE .- This paper was established in Lakeport by J. B. Baccus, Jr., March 8, 1873, who conducted it till June 14, 1877, when L. Wallace became a partner in the concern. In a few months, the 23d of the following August, C. S. Smyth became part proprietor, purchasing the interest of Mr. Baccus. During the next year R. W. Crump purchased Smyth's interest in the paper, and he and Wallace conducted the journal from the 24th of October, 1878. September 18, 1879, another change occurred, A. C. Jackson becoming a part proprietor in the paper with Mr. Crump. April 20, 1880, A. C. Jackson & Co. superseded Crump & Jackson in the manage- ment of the periodical. On the 11th day of September, 1880, the final transmutation took place, and the result was a consolidation of the Bee and its rival, the Democrat, under the title of Bee-Democrat, and with J. R. Cook and A. C. Jackson as editors and proprietors. The Bee has always been quite busy in gathering and dispensing news under all its various and varied administrations, and has been a well conducted journal in every sense of the word.
THE LAKE DEMOCRAT .- This paper was established by A. A. R. Utting, June 15, 1875, in opposition to a Democratic paper, the Bee. Mr. Utting had been previously identified with the journals of Napa County, and was a man who could get up a good paper ; but it would seem strange that any- one would think of starting an opposition paper in so small a field as Lake County, especially of the same shade of politics ; and no man with less ability and nerve than Mr. Utting possessed could have made a success of it. Mr. Utting continued in charge until April, 1879, when John R. Cook came into possession, and conducted it till it was fused into the Bee-Demo- crat, as stated above. The Bee-Democrat is one of the best conducted papers on the Pacific Coast, and the mechanical department cannot be ex- celled anywhere. The editors are gentlemen in every sense of the word, and it is a pleasure to lend them a helping hand. The paper under their joint management is building up rapidly in public favor, and the time is not far distant when they shall reap, in a measure, the reward they so justly merit, by having an extended subscription list. They have a full line of job type and a nice job press in their office, and the work they do will compare very favorably with the city offices.
LAKEPORT BREWERY .- This enterprise was established by R. O. Smith in 1863, and was then located in Scotts Valley. In the fall of 1864 he moved
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Big Valley Township.
it to its present location, one-half mile west of Lakeport. It has a capacity of twelve barrels of beer a day. The quality of the product of this brewery is excellent.
SAILING VESSELS .- The first sailing craft ever put upon the lake was owned by J. Broome Smith. It was called the " Plunger ;" was sixteen feet long, and five foot beam. It was brought over the mountains on a wagon. The next one of any size was a schooner-rigged vessel, which was built by Henry Alter about 1862. It was forty feet long and ten foot beam. On the 5th of October, 1866, the yacht " Lady of the Lake" was launched by Captain Carr-the man who obtained such an ignominious reputation in connection with the Mendocino outlaws in 1879. This was a fast sailing craft, and was run on the lake for several years. There have been a host of yachts and other classes of sailing vessels on the lake since that day, hence it is impossible to follow them all. When the wind blows there is nothing more delightful than a sail on the lake, but it is rather uncertain in its moods ; and when a party gets left in a dead calm within a mile of Lakeport, about ten o'clock at night, it is not at all pleasant, for they must either take the oars and " work their passage " home, or sit around and await the pleasure of the breezes.
STEAMERS .- The " Hallie " was the pioneer steamer of Clear Lake. She was purchased in San Francisco by Captain Floyd, and brought on a wagon from Napa to Lower Lake over St. Helena. Just on the north side of the ridge of the summit the wagon upset and the little steamer landed keel up in the cañon below. She was righted up, and no serious damages found, however. She was launched in July, 1873, and on the 24th of that month made her first trip to Lakeport. She was a small affair, but there was quite a degree of certainty of arriving at one's destination on her, but not so much could be said of the sailing craft. In August, 1873, Mrs. Chapman con- structed a wharf opposite her property on the lake for the accommodation of the steamer " Hallie." This was the first wharf in Lakeport.
The " Emma Garratt " was the next steamer put upon the lake, and was built in Lakeport in 1874, by Captains J. B. Robinson and William S. Luke. Work was begun on her June 4th, and she made her first trip October 10th. This steamer was seventy-five feet long, fourteen feet wide, and three and a half feet hold, and was built at a cost of $7,000. She was a stern paddle- wheel, and had a cabin on the lower deck and a promenade hurricane deck. In the fall of 1880 a new boiler was put into her, and she was generally overhauled. In March, 1881, she was snagged and sunk at the wharf, but was raised the next day. She was the property of the Bank of Lake, and ran regularly between Lakeport and East Lake.
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History of Napa and Lake Counties-LAKE.
The "City of Lakeport" was the next steamer put upon the lake. She was built in 1875 by Captain R. S. Floyd, and was constructed after the pattern of the Pacific Mail Company's finest steamers. In fact, she is a miniature ocean steamer, and is a perfect beauty. She is seventy-eight feet long over all, and seventy-two between her perpendiculars, is nine feet three inches in beam, and six feet in depth of hold. Her frame is made out of Eastern oak, her stern from Clear Lake oak, and the remainder of the wood used in her construction is Oregon pine, and the trimmings are of teak. She is strong, substantial, and perfectly seaworthy. She is brig- rigged, having a fore and main-topsail, square foresail, spanker, fore spencer, fore staysail, and jib. There are two engines in her, which are six and one- half inches in diameter and have an eight-inch stroke. The propeller has two blades, forty-eight inches in diameter, and with a six-foot pitch. There are two cabins in the boat, one forward of and the other abaft the engine- room. There is a jaunty little pilot house in front, and a small after-deck.
The "Independence " was the next steamer launched on the lake. She was built in the latter part of 1878, by Captain Henry Alter, and is thirty- two feet over all, with a twenty-four foot keel, six and one-quarter foot beam, and four-foot hold. She is a very staunchly-built vessel, has a cabin, is a propeller, and is a nice boat in every respect.
In 1881 a new steamer, the " Robert P. Hastings," was constructed to take the place of the " Emma Garratt," which was then broken up. The " Hastings" is a fine, staunch steamer, and well adapted to the service which she is expected to perform.
TELEGRAPH, STAGES, ETC .- In September, 1874, the Colusa, Lake and Mendocino Telegraph Company completed its line from Colusa to Lakeport, and afterwards extended its line to Calistoga. In 1881 this line passed into the hands of Mr. C. E. Lark, who changed its name to the Northern Tele- graph Company.
Lakeport is connected with Calistoga, Middletown, Cobb Valley and Kelseyville, by W. F. Fisher's stage line, which makes tri-weekly trips, leaving Lakeport Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and making close connection with the trains for San Francisco, at Calistoga. The stages leave Calistoga after the arrival of the up morning trains, on the alternate days of the week, and arrive in Lakeport the same evening. This stage is under the charge of that prince of Jehus, Joseph Johns, than whom no more careful, accommodating and pleasant traveling companion ever pulled a rein or cracked a whip.
A stage line owned by John Van Arman extends from Cloverdale, via Kelseyville, Lakeport and Upper Lake, to Bartlett Springs, which makes daily trips, and it is by this route that the most of the San Francisco and
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Big Valley Township.
Eastern mail reaches Lakeport. This line connects with the trains for San Francisco, at Cloverdale.
Ukiah is connected with Lakeport by a tri-weekly stage, which is owned and conducted by A. J. Gibson. The route runs via Upper Lake, Witter Springs, Pearsons Springs, and the Blue Lakes.
On Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, the steamer "Robert P. Hastings" leaves Lakeport at 5 o'clock in the morning, and makes connection at East Lake (Sulphur Bank) with stages on W. F. Fisher's line, which runs via Lower Lake and Middletown to Calistoga, making connection with the trains for San Francisco. Thus people from Lakeport can get through to the city by two routes every day of the week except Sundays.
The stages all carry mails, hence the postal facilities of Lakeport are unexcelled. Wells, Fargo & Co.'s exprses matter is carried from San Fran- cisco via Cloverdale, but all stages carry it to way stations on their routes.
KELSEYVILLE .- This is a small but rather pretty village, situated in Big Valley, on the east bank of Kelsey Creek, about eight miles south of Lakeport. The first settlers here were of course, Stone and Kelsey, but it was long after their day before any idea of locating a town here was had by the citizens of that section. The first business place was opened here by a blacksmith by the name of Benham, who opened a shop here in 1857, and he had associated with him a wagon maker named German. No other place of business was begun until 1864, when T. F. Fall opened a store, which was the pioneer in that line. Messrs. Rosenbreau & Pace opened a store and boarding-house also in 1864. From that time on to the present the growth of the town has been steady, though not very fast. The business of the town is now represented as follows: Three stores, one drug store, two hotels, one blacksmith shop, one gunsmith, one livery stable, one meat market, one shoe shop, one millinery store, one doctor, Wells, Fargo & Co.'s express, post-office, and telegraph office. There are four churches, and a school-house in which two teachers are employed.
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