USA > California > San Francisco County > San Francisco > The annals of San Francisco; containing a summary of the history of California, and a complete history of its great city: to which are added, biographical memoirs of some prominent citizens > Part 5
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1
53
THE ANGLO-SAXONS IN THE PACIFIC.
country. Men feed the ox and the sheep for their milk and fleece, the hog for his flesh, the ass for the strength of his back, and all for their increase ; so did the Fathers feed their Indian converts, and find abundant profit in their labor and personal services, whom they left, as they perhaps found, if they did not transform them into moral beasts, just as tame, dull and silly, dirty, diseased and stupidly obstinate as the other brutes named. Meanwhile, the little independence, natural intelligence and su- periority of mind and character which even the rudest savages possess over the lower creatures were gradually sapped and brushed away, and the Christian converts left ignorant, super- stitious and besotted, having neither thoughts nor passions, strength nor will, but at the command and beck of their spiritual and temporal teachers and masters. Better, a thousand times, that the missions and all their two-legged and four-legged beasts should be ruthlessly swept away, than that so fine a country, one so favored and framed by bountiful nature for the support, com- fort and elevation of her worthier children, should longer lie a physical and moral waste-a blotch on the fair face of creation.
But another race was destined soon to blow aside the old mists of ignorance and stupidity, and to develope the exceeding riches of the land, which had lain, undisturbed and concealed, during so many ages. The Spaniards had scarcely proceeded any way in the great work,-if they had not rather retarded it,-when the Anglo-Saxons, the true and perhaps only type of modern progress, hastily stepped in, and unscrupulously swept away both their immediate forerunners as effete workers, and the aborigines of the land, all as lumberers and nuisances in the great western highway of civilization. This highway is fated to girdle the globe, and probably, in the course of a few centuries, will join the original starting-point in the natal home of the "Pilgrim Fathers " in old England. The " pioneers" of California are our " Pilgrim Fathers," and there need be not the slightest doubt but that the empire, or rather the great union of peoples and nations in the Pacific will soon-perhaps in fifty years, perhaps in a century-rival, if not surpass the magnificent States of the Atlantic. Indians, Spaniards of many provinces, Hawaiians, Japanese, Chinese, Malays, Tartars and Russians, must all give
54
ANNALS OF SAN FRANCISCO.
place to the resistless flood of Anglo-Saxon or American progress. These peoples need not, and most of them probably cannot be swept from the face of the earth ; but undoubtedly their national characteristics and opposing qualities and customs must be ma- terially modified, and closely assimilated to those of the civilizing and dominant race. The English in India have already shown how a beginning may be made ; the Americans, on the California coasts, and farther west, will still more develope the modern system of progress. People may differ in opinion as to the equity of the particular steps attending the process, and many honest folk may even doubt its ultimate benefit to mankind ; yet that some such grand result will hereafter be evolved from the energy and ebullition of the American character, and from the peculiar circumstances of American position in the world, must be evident to all who take a dispassionate and unprejudiced view of the matter.
Not only are Japan and China much nearer to the Californian coast than India is to England ; but with the aid of steam the time for accomplishing the distance is immensely reduced. In the pahny days of the English conquests in India, her ships took several years to make the voyage out and home. Now, the ocean steamship may traverse the whole northern Pacific from California to China, and back again, within two months ! Indian sepoys fought the battles of England against their own countrymen. Chinese sepoys may do the same for Americans. China, like India, has been long used to, and its national spirit broken by the usurping governments of foreign races. And even while we write, its extensive dominions are being separated by a wide-spread and hitherto successful rebellion, into detached kingdoms under the sway of military chiefs. These, standing alone, and mutually jealous of their conquering neighbors, may be casily played off, one against another, by a white people skilled enough to take advantage of circumstances and direct the moves of the political chess-board. So it was with the English in India ; and so it may be with the Americans in China. Only give us time. England has not been very scrupulous in her stealthy progress over Hindostan, Ceylon and Birmah. Then neither need America fear her reproaches, if she, in like manner,
1
55
THE ANGLO-SAXONS IN THE PACIFIC.
acquire, conquer, or annex the Sandwich Islands, the Islands of Japan, those of the great Malayan Archipelago, or the mighty " Flowery Empire " itself. A few more years, and a few millions of Americans on the Pacific may realize the gigantic scheme, which even our fathers, on the Atlantic border, would have laughed at as impossible and ridiculous. The railway across, or through the Snowy and Rocky Mountains, which will bind all North America with its iron arm into one mighty empire, will facilitate the operation. And then SAN FRANCISCO-in the execution and triumph of that scheme, will assuredly become what Liverpool, or even London is to England, and what New York is to the Middle and Eastern States of America-a grand depot for num- berless manufactures and produce, and a harbor for the fleets of every nation. Long before that time, the English and American peoples will have finished the last great struggle which must some day take place between them for the commercial and polit- ical supremacy of the world. It is more than probable that the hosts of English from India, and Americans from California, will meet on the rich and densely peopled plains of China, and there decide their rival pretensions to universal dominion. What- ever may, in 1854, be thought of the relative strength of the two nations, it appears very evident to the people of America, that the natural increase of their population must necessarily make them victors in the end.
CHAPTER IV.
Conduct of the Fathers towards the natives .- Thelr mode of instructing, employing and subsisting the converts .- The Fatliers do not appear to have promoted the true welfare of the aborigines, or done any good to humanity .- Pictures, if gaudily colored and horrible in subject, great aids to conversion .- Missions and population of the country at recent dates .- Table on this subject .- Tables of the farm produce and domestic cattle of the country .- Table of prices.
IT may now be necessary to explain shortly in what manner the Fathers conducted their missions, and the state of their property and finances down to the decline of their prosperity and ultimate fall. Their mode of conversion, if not very ingenious, was easy enough. It was like the teaching of a monkey, or a dog, by means of food and caresses, or sometimes by kicks, to perform a few simple tricks. The Indian-like the hare in Meg Dodds', or it may be Mrs. Glass's Cookery Book, being first caught, was dressed in the following fashion, as described by Captain Beechy, in his second voyage :- " I happened to visit the mission about this time and saw these unfortunate beings under tuition. They were clothed in blankets, and arrayed in a row before a blind Indian who understood their dialect, and was assisted by an alcalde to keep order. Their tutor began by desiring them to kneel, informing them that he was going to teach them the names of the persons composing the Trinity, and that they were to repeat in Spanish what he dictated. The neophytes being thus arranged, the speaker began :- Santissima Trinidad, Dios, Jesu Christo, Espiritu Santo-pausing between each name to listen if the simple Indians, who had never spoken a Spanish word before, pronounced it correctly, or any thing near the mark. After they had repeated these names satisfactorily, their blind tutor, after a pause, added, Santos-and recapitulated the names of a great many saints, which finished the morning's tuition."
The pay and inducement to the Indians to submit to what
57
TREATMENT OF THE NATIVES.
would doubtless appear even to them a farrago of nonsense, were a daily allowance of Atole and Pozzoli, which were two kinds of pottages, the first composed of barley flour and the second of the same, varied by the addition of peas, beans and maize. The for-
Indians under instruction
mer was the usual breakfast and supper dish, the latter was chiefly taken for dinner. Then huts, of which the Fathers kept the keys, were provided for the nightly lodgings of the faithful ; while a simple kind of clothing was furnished to them at intervals. Soldiers took care meanwhile that order, decency and obedience were strictly observed at work and play, at devotion and rest. In return for these benefits, the Indians rose early, and attended mass every morning, for an hour ; and during the day, in the intervals between a second mass and meals and pretty constant prayers, cultivated the gardens and fields of the missions, gath- ered, preserved and arranged for sale the farm produce, herded and attended to the wants of their cattle, built their houses, spun,
58
ANNALS OF SAN FRANCISCO.
wove and cooked, and in all respects drudged patiently, though they do not appear to have taken the work very laboriously, as the born slaves of the Fathers, whose absolute will was all that they could comprehend or obey. With the instinct of a dog, they fawned on and loved their owners, and perhaps would have readily died to do them service. How different all this from the free, intelligent and bold spirit of the present community ! To sharpen the intellects of the converts, sticks, whips, long goads and the like were unhesitatingly employed by the beadles of the churches, during mass and prayers, to silence the unruly and make the refractory attentive and dutiful. Starvation and stripes indeed attended the perverse Indian wherever he went ; and it was his interest,-he could be made to understand that at all events,-to comply with the wishes of his kind priestly persecu- tors, as far as his animal nature would permit.
The conversion produced by such means could scarcely be intellectual or very sincere. It seemed sufficient, however, that the Indian duly attended mass (which he was obliged to do under penalty of a sound, edifying whipping), knelt and mutter- ed his incomprehensible Spanish words, made the sign of the cross often and properly enough, and could correctly repeat to his spiritual tutors, when called upon, the few cabalistic phrases which they had taught him. Whether he understood the mean- ing of these things was quite another question, as to which it was not necessary for the Fathers to be impertinently curious. What were these brown things, after all, but beasts-irrational beings, who might have a soul truly to be saved, but whom it was absurd to consider as having a mind ! Individually, the Fathers seem to have been pious and philanthropic men ; but certainly humanity and California owe them nothing. Every thing, even happiness, is comparative ; and to the mind, undarkened by the gloomy theology which considers the formal act of baptism without the understanding soul to be sufficient for salvation, it must surely be evident that the aboriginal savage, "lord of all he surveyed," was a more dignified and happy creature than the sleek, lazy, stall-fed beast of burden into which the Fathers had entrapped, or converted him.
In the churches, which were, of course, the leading and most
59
MEANS OF CONVERSION.
substantial buildings of the country, the walls were hung with glaringly painted pictures-the more gaudy, the more valuable and effectual-of the saints, and especially of heaven and hell, to astonish and fix the faith of the converts. La Perouse observes that a horrible representation of hell in the church of San Carlos has thus had a wonderful effect in promoting conversion ; while
WHITNEY JOCELYN-ANNIN
Father Garzes and the Indians.
he considers that the picture of paradise in the same church, by reason of its subdued coloring and treatment, had comparatively little effect. In 1775, when Father Garzes was travelling, on a crusading or proselyting expedition, from Sonora to California, he carried with him a painted banner, on one side of which was represented the Blessed Virgin Mary, and on the other the devil in the flames of hell. On arriving at an Indian settlement, the missionary took his first step of conversion. Just as the trav- elling mountebank blows his horn and flutters his flag on approaching a village of likely gulls, so did our good Father
60
ANNALS OF SAN FRANCISCO.
hoist his standard, and ery aloud ; when, as he naively observes, the fascinated Indians, on seeing the Virgin, usually exclaimed, good !- but when they observed the devil, they as often said, bad ! Probably this was faith enough to entitle them to immediate baptism, absolution and salvation. Food, lodging and raiment, and freedom from the cares of family and the future, naturally followed.
By such means the Fathers speedily converted the whole Indian tribes within their reach ; while, year by year, as the missions, and their servants and cattle increased in number, they took possession of the most fertile and desirable lands in the country. Much judgment and discretion were exhibited, as well in select- ing the localities of the missions, as in subsequently managing them for a time to the best possible advantage. The means adopted for converting, training, and employing the natives, were admirably devised, and were more successful and satisfactory than could have been anticipated. The Fathers eagerly desired to make Indian converts ; for every convert, besides becoming a partaker of immortal glory, was a valuable slave; but they dreaded, and never invited the approach of free white settlers.
The first mission, San Diego, was founded in 1769 ; in 1776, others had been established to the number of eight ; there were eleven in 1790; and, in 1802, they had increased to eighteen. In subsequent years, three more were added, viz., those of San Francisco Solano, San Rafael and Santa Ines. In 1831, accord- ing to the authority of Mr. Forbes in his excellent work, already mentioned, on the " History of Lower and Upper California," the population of all classes for the whole latter country was 23,025-the Indians constituting 18,683 of this number, and the garrisons, missions and free settlements comprehending 4342. That author supposes that as the population, for some years afterwards, was nearly stationary, the same enumeration would nearly hold good for 1835, when he wrote, although his state- ments were not published till 1839. We extract a valuable table from Mr. Forbes' volume, showing the localities peopled, with the amounts of their population respectively :-
61
POPULATION OF THE COUNTRY.
NAMES OF TIIE JURISDICTIONS, MISSIONS AND TOWNS.
PEOPLE OF ALL CLASSES AND AGES.
Men.
Women.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
Jurisdiction of San Francisco.
124
85
89
73
371
Town of San José de Guadalupe
166
145
103
110
524
Mission of San Francisco Solano.
285
242
88
90
705
of San Rafael.
406
410
105
106
1027
146
65
13
13
237
752
491
68
60
1371
of San José ..
823
659
100
145
1727
66
of Santa Cruz.
222
94
30
20
366
Jurisdiction of Monterey.
PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY
311
190
110
97
708
Village of Braneiforte.
52
34
27
17
130
Mission of San Juan Bautista.
480
351
85
71
987
of San Carlos
102
79
34
21
236
66
of Na. Sa. de la Soledad
210
81
23
20
334
66
of San Antonio
394
209
51
17
671
of San Miguel
349
292
46
61
748
66
of San Luis Obispo ..
211
103
8
7
329
Jurisdiction of Santa Barbara.
PRESIDIO OF SANTA BARBARA
167
120
162
164
613
Mission of La Purissima
151
218
47
34
450
of Santa Ines ..
142
136
82
96
456
of Santa Barbara
374
267
51
70
762
of Buenaventura ..
383
283
66
59
791
of San Fernando ..
249
226
177
181
838
Town of La Reyna de los Angeles
552
421
213
202
1388
Jurisdiction of Sun Diego.
PRESIDIO OF SAN DIEGO ..
295 )
Mission of San Gabriel
574
1911
683
621
* 5686
of San Juan Capistrano.
464
1138 J
520
162
143
1575
Totals
10272
7632
2623
2498
23025
From the pages also of Mr. Forbes, who seems to have made minute researches on the subject, we extract the two following tables,-the first of which shows the whole produce, in grain, of the country, in 1831, calculated according to localities, and in fanegas. The second table, calculated also by localities, gives the total number of cattle, of all descriptions, in the same year. It may be mentioned, however, that in addition to the number of domestic cattle in the table, there were great numbers, particu- larly mares, running wild ; and which were occasionally hunted
* " We are unable," says Mr. Forbes, "to give these latter details accu- rately, the copy having accidentally caught fire when in the hands of the printer."
of San Luis Rey
66
of San Diego.
750
PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO.
of San Francisco
of Santa Clara
62
ANNALS OF SAN FRANCISCO.
and killed to prevent them eating the pasture of the tamer species.
GRAIN.
NAMES OF THE JURISDICTIONS, MISSIONS AND TOWNS.
Wheat.
Maize or
Indian Corn.
Frijoles or
Small Beans.
Barley.
Beans,
Peas.
Total Fanegas.
Jurisdiction of San Francisco.
233
70
40
PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO.
Town of San Jose de Guadalupe
1657
1560
191
241
24
1660
Mission of San Francisco Solano.
774
130
15
388
20
1327
66
of San Francisco.
670
15
9
340
58
1092
2400
60
25
200
2685
of San José.
4000
1000
123
1100
418
6641
of Santa Cruz.
160
300
10
386
20
876
Jurisdiction of Monterey.
PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY.
Village of Branciforte ..
Mission of San Juan Bautista.
840
170
40
215
62
477
66
of Na. Sa. de la Soledad .
538
50
243
62
893
of San Antonio.
955
115
40
568
23
1701
66
of San Miguel
599
36
9
57
33
734
=
of San Luis Obispo.
350
60
20
20
450
Jurisdiction of Santa Barbara.
PRESIDIO OF SANTA BARBARA.
Mission of La Purissima.
..
of Santa Ines.
800
400
20
336
30
1236
of Buenaventura.
700
200
160
800
1860
of San Fernando ...
200
250
40
65
555
Town of La Reyna de los Angeles.
138
1758
179
2075
Jurisdiction of San Diego.
PRESIDIO OF SAN DIEGO.
140
125
5
270
Mission of San Gabriel
1400
400
13
25
1838
of San Juan Capistrano
450
625
30
5
1110
"
of San Luis Rey
1800
2000
200
1200
15
5215
of San Diego
2946
420
80
1200
4646
Total fanegas
25144
10926
1644
7405
1083
46202
1
490
332
131
953
103
160
80
256
6
1311
of San Carlos.
200
300
90
390
700
100
20
56
17
893
1220
of Santa Barbara.
730
90
50
of Santa Clara.
1171
200
24
343
3408
of San Rafael.
Garvanz, s and
343
Taking the fanega at two and a half English bushels, the har- vest in 1831 would be as follows :- Wheat, 78573 quarters ; maize, 34143 quarters ; frijoles, 514 quarters ; barley, 2314 quarters ; beans, garvanzos and peas, 338 quarters ; total, 14,438 quarters. Reckoning the average price of grain in California at the same period to be, wheat and barley two dollars the fanega, or one pound five shillings the English quarter, and maize at one and a half dollars, or one pound per quarter, the following will be the value of the produce, viz. : wheat, $49,114 25, or £9,822 17s. sterling ; maize, $21,340, or £4,268 ; barley, $11,570, or £2,314 ;
63
FARM PRODUCE AND DOMESTIC CATTLE.
peas and beans, reckoned as barley, $4,260, or £852; total, $86,284 25, or £17,256 17s. The quantity of wheat produced it will be perceived, is much greater than any of the other sorts of grain, which is the reverse of what takes place in the Mexican States, where the produce of wheat is small in proportion to that of maize, the latter being the staple bread corn.
DOMESTIC CATTLE.
NAMES OF THE JURISDICTIONS, MISSIONS AND TOWNS.
Black Cattle.
Horses.
Mules.
Asses.
Sheep.
Goata.
Swine.
Jurisdiction of San. Francisco.
5610
470
40
Town of San Jose de Guadalupe ..
4443
2386
134
Mission of San Francisco Solano.
2500
725
1
5000
50
of San Rafael
1200
450
1
2000
17
of Santa Clara.
9000
780
38
7000
of San José.
12000
1300
40
13000
40
of Santa Cruz.
8500
940
82
5403
Jurisdiction of Monterey.
PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY
Village of Branciforte ..
7070
401
6
1
7017
17
of Na. Sa. de la Soledad ..
6599
1070
50
1
6358
55
60
of San Miguel.
3762
950
106
28
8999
15
60
of San Luis Obispo.
2000
800
200
50
1200
24
Jurisdiction of Santa Barbara.
PRESIDIO OF SANTA BARBARA.
Mission of La Purissima.
10500
1000
160
4
7000
30
62
of Santa Ines.
7300
320
112
of Santa Barbara.
2600
511
150
2
3300
37
63
of San Fernando.
6000
300
60
3
3000
Town of La Reyna de los Angeles
38624
5208
520
Jurisdiction of San Diego.
PRESIDIO OF SAN DIEGO
608
625
150
58
Mission of San Gabriel ..
20500
1700
120
4
13554
76
98
of San Juan Capistrano
10900
290
30
5
4800
50
40
66
of San Luis Rey.
26000
2100
250
5
25500
1200
250
of San Diego.
6220
1196
132
14
17624
325
Total
216727
32201|
2344
177
153455
1873
839
5641
3310
70
1000
1000
3
of San Carlos ...
2050
470
8
4400
55
of San Antonio.
5000
1060
80
2
10000
2200
50
of Buenaventura
4000
300
60
3100
30
8
7900
1300
220
The average prices of cattle, about the same period, were, for a mule or saddle horse, ten dollars, or two pounds sterling ; a mare, cow or fat ox, five dollars, or one pound ; a sheep, two dollars, or eight shillings.
In regard to the preceding tables, it may be remarked that, in 1831, the missions had already lost much of their former splendor and greatness. Ever since 1824, their progress had
of San Francisco
4200
1239
18
3000
Mission of San Juan Bautista.
PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO . ..
64
ANNALS OF SAN FRANCISCO.
been of a downward character. Most of them had so wilfully mismanaged their estates, or so dissipated their means, or been plundered of them by the Mexican authorities, that their wealth in cattle, farm produce, &c., had dwindled down to less than one- fourth, while the pecuniary affairs of many of their number showed a still more ruinous appearance. We have given at length " the tables of Mr. Forbes, because he appears to have paid much careful attention to the subject ; and we would now add some statistics as to the riches of the missions, during the period of their reputed greatest prosperity, extracted from the Rev. Walter Colton's " Three Years in California" (New York, 1850), whose statements, however, are somewhat more sweeping and less detailed than those of Mr. Forbes.
The Mission of San Francisco Dolores, in 1825, is said to have possessed 76,000 head of cattle, 950 tame horses, 2,000 breeding mares, 84 stud of choice breed, 820 mules, 79,000 sheep, 2,000 hogs, 456 yoke of working oxen, 18,000 bushels of wheat and barley, $35,000 in merchandise, and $25,000 in specie :- Santa Clara, in 1823, branded, as the increase of one year, 22,400 calves. It owned 74,280 head of full-grown cattle, 407 yoke of working oxen, 82,540 sheep, 1,890 trained horses, 4,235 mares, 725 mules, 1,000 hogs, and $120,000 in goods :- San José, in 1825, had 3,000 Indians, 62,000 head of cattle, 840 tame horses, 1,500 mares, 420 mules, 310 yoke of oxen, and 62,000 sheep :- San Juan Bautista, in 1820, owned 43,870 head of cattle, 1,360 tame horses, 4,870 mares, colts, and fillies. It had also seven sheep farms, containing 69,530 sheep ; while the Indians attached to the mission drove 321 yoke of working oxen. Its storehouse contained $75,000 in goods, and $20,000 in specie :- San Carlos, in 1825, branded 2,300 calves, and had 87,600 head of cattle, 1,800 horses and mares, 365 yoke of oxen, nine sheep farms, with an average of about 600 sheep on each, a large assortment of merchandise, and $40,000 in specie :- Santa Cruz, so lately as 1830, had 42,800 head of cattle, 3,200 horses and mares, 72,500 sheep, 200 mules, large herds of swine, and $25,000 worth of silver plate :- Soledad, in 1826, owned about 36,000 head of cattle, and a greater number of horses and mares than any other mission in the country. The increase of these
65
WEALTH OF THE MISSIONS.
animals was said to be so great, that they were given away to preserve the pasturage for cattle and sheep. This mission had about 70,000 sheep and 300 yoke of tame oxen :- San Antonio, in 1822, owned 52,800 head of cattle, 1,800 tame horses, 3,000 mares, 500 yoke of working oxen, 600 mules, 48,000 sheep, and 1,000 swine :- San Miguel, in 1821, owned 91,000 head of cat- tle. 1.100 tame horses, 3,000 mares, 2,000 mules, 170 yoke of
Mission of Santa Barbara.
working oxen, and 47,000 sheep :- San Luis Obispo was reputed to have been one of the richest of the missions. At one time, it owned 87,000 head of grown cattle, 2,000 tame horses, 3,500 mares, 3,700 mules, and eight sheep farms, averaging 9,000 sheep to each farm. When its presiding priest, Luis Martinez, returned to Spain, he took with him $100,000 of mission property :- La Purissima, so lately as 1830, had over 40,000 head of cattle. 300 yoke of working oxen, 2,600 tame horses, 4,000 mares. 30,000 sheep, and 5.000 swine :- Santa Inez, in 1820, possessed property valued at $800,000 :- Santa Barbara, in 1828, had 40,000 head of cattle, 1,000 horses, 2,000 mares, 80 yoke of oxen, 600 mules, and 20,000 sheep :- San Buenaventura, in 1825, owned 37,000 head of cattle, 600 riding horses, 1,300
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