USA > Iowa > Dubuque County > History of Dubuque County, Iowa; being a general survey of Dubuque County history, including a history of the city of Dubuque and special account of districts throughout the county, from the earliest settlement to the present time > Part 99
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Cardinal Gibbons said: "This is a happy day for me, and it is a happy day for Iowa. My heart goes out to its people on this the first time I have stepped upon its soil. It has reason to rejoice, for it has been greatly honored. The Pope in raising Archbishop Hen- nessy has greatly honored him, and well does he deserve the lionor.
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- HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY
Such honors by Leo XIII are not lavished indiscriminately. The raising of Archbishop Hennessy was requested by the venerable archbishop of St. Louis and joined in by all the archbishops. It ·was the desire of their hearts that Dubuque be so raised. The newly created Metropolitan is honored by the apostolic delegate's pres- ence. He is honored by the presence of nearly all the archbishops and twice as many bishops. The city is honored by being made the center of a Metropolitan See and by having an archbishop made so solely on account of his personal merits. I congratulate the Catholic church of the United States that a new star has been added to the constellation." Upon the conclusion of his address he said further : "I have the honor to announce the receipt of a cablegram from our holy father, Leo XIII:
" 'ROME, Sept. 17, 1893.
" 'Cardinal Gibbons, Dubuque, Iowa.
" 'The holy father most lovingly sends his apostolic benediction to the first archbishop of Dubuque. LEO XIII.'"
Archbishop Ireland said : "I rise to my task, strengthened and inspired by the purest waters, and yet I am afraid of my subject. (Cheers and laughter. . His subject was 'The Hierarchy of the United States.') It is a great subject, not that its greatness alarms me, but it is a sensitive one-one to be handled with a great deal of care and reverence. ( Applause. ) It is well that we toast the hierarchy of the United States when a new honor has come to it. It is the fourteenth see created. It is meet that we salute it. I am particularly pleased, for St. Paul was the last created and it was the thirteenth. Some regarded that as a mnost unlucky number, sug- gesting storms and cyclones. (Great applause and laughter. ) Now the fourteenth is added, and we enter upon the reign of gentleness, benignity, justice and mercy. (Great laughter. ) The great honor bestowed upon Dubuque brings gladness to us of the North, for St. Paul is the spiritual daughter of Dubuque. We received our first bishop from her. Bishop Loras ruled Minnesota and Dakota, as well as Iowa. St. Paul was always a dutiful, obedient daughter, but somehow she got ahead of her mother. But today the mother has caught up with her. (Laughter.) It is well that Dubuque has been made a Metropolitan See. It was the old see of the North long before that of St. Paul, or Milwaukee, or Chicago. Its priests were scattered far and wide and went outside of the limits to Wisconsin and other places in their divine work of religion."
In addition to the above over 300 priests were present from all parts of America. The interior of the church was made grandly beautiful. The richest vestments, vessels, candelabra and ecclesias- tical ornamentation and livery treasured in the sacristy were added with impressive and awe inspiring effect. The sanctuary and altars were resplendent with light and color and blossoms, and over all
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sacred music threw its holy spell. The procession to the church was stately and ceremonions. The ceremony in the church during the investiture was watched by an immense and breathless audience. The enrobing of the celebrant in full pontificals, the solemn mass by Monsignor Satolli, the recitations and vows of the celebrant, the prayers and benediction, the eloquent sermon by Archbishop Ryan, the solemn confession of faith by Archbishop Hennessy, the signifi- cant and impressive consecration, the beautiful music chanted and sang by magnificent voices, the investiture of the celebrant with the sacred pallium, the distinguishing mark of archiepiscopal dignity and the plenitude of the apostolic power by Cardinal Gibbons, the solemn oath of fidelity and obedience to the holy see, and the bless- ing of the audience by the new archbishop, were superb events, never before witnessed here.
In about 1893 the St. Elizabeth Society was established to assist the poor and needy. It was a branch of the Sherman Circle. In the spring of 1893 a new church for St. Columbkille Catholic parish, on West Hill, was planned, the cost to be about $25,000. The old frame church there, under Father Fogarty, was ontgrown. In August, 1893, sixteen young ladies took the Franciscan sisterhood. On this occasion Archbishop Hennessy, assisted by twelve priests, conducted the services in the chapel of St. Francis' convent, near Linwood. By November 1, 1893, the mother house of the Sisters of Charity, on Summer Hill, was nearly completed. Rev. Father Burke, who had been here since 1873, was transferred to Waterloo in November, 1893. He was greatly respected and admired.
In 1894 Mothers Joseph and Agatha died here in Mercy Hospital. They were well known and greatly beloved. In June, 1895, there were here at the spiritual retreat in St. Joseph's College 180 priests. The Visitation fair at the City Hall in October, 1895, was an in- mense snecess ; $9,546.44 was realized by the Visitation Nuns.
The new Catholic Church on Couler avenne was projected in the autumn of 1895. It was to be 54x92 feet and to cost about $10,000. The corner stone of the new St. Joseph church, in West Dubuque, was laid in June, 1895. This year the Dubuque Catholic Benevolent Society became the Dubuque Benevolent Society and embraced all denominations. This year also the new Mercy Hospital for the Insane, to cost about $So.ooo. was commenced on Mineral street, in West Dubuque. St. Joseph's Asylum for the Insane was located the next year at Asbury, three miles from Dubuque. In 1895 Arch- bishop Hennessy paid the second highest individual tax in Dubuque County-$2,738. In 1897 Father Thomas M. Linehan became bishop of Cheyenne. He was once an altar boy in the Cathedral.
In 1895 the St. Joseph's Institute at Mt. Carmel had 970 mem- bers scattered all over the West.
In June, 1897. Rev. Father Alberic was elected abbot of New Melleray and was formally blessed by Archbishop Hennessy,
Solve Jove ple Keane,
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HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY
October 28, 1897. Very Rev. P. J. McGrath preached the dis- course. The services occurred in the church across the road, where women could attend. Scores of clergy were present. Dennis Dunlea was his real name. In 1898 St. Joseph's College, five female semi- naries and the Catholic Theological College were being erected. In 1899 St. Anthony's Catholic church, on the hill, was projected, and soon afterward work on the building was commenced.
On March 4, 1900, Archbishop Hennessy died in Dubuque and his funeral was held four days later. In the meantime his remains lay in state in the Cathedral. There gathered here a large number of distinguished prelates to pay their respects to the distinguished dead. Cardinal Gibbons was here ; also Archbishop Ryan and scores of clergymen from all parts of the United States. Bishop Hennessy left a large estate, estimated at the time of his death at $742,000. He bequeathed nearly all to various needy and deserving Catholic institutions. In July. 1900, Bishop John J. Keane was duly made archbishop of Dubuque. On September 27, 1900, he was duly in- stalled here and on April 17, 1901, was invested with the pallium. There were present on that occasion Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishops Ireland, Katzer, Kain and Elder, and twenty-two bishops. The ad- dresses and the music were of the highest order.
On October 28. 1900, St. Anthony's Catholic church in West Dubuque was dedicated by Archbishop Keane. On December 27 Archbishop Keane conferred the black veil on three nuns-three novices of the professions, they were denominated. The mother house of the Sisters of the Holy Ghost was blessed by Archbishop Keane, November 1, 1901. It stood in West Dubuque and cost about $50,000. In 1903-4 the Home for the Aged and the House of the Good Shepherd were erected. Dr. John Carroll became bishop of Helena in 1904. He was born here in 1864, educated at Father O'Reilly's school and St. Joseph's College and in Montreal. In 1899 he was ordained a priest, and in 1900 received the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He then became professor of mental philosophy in St. Joseph's College.
The Sisters of the Good Shepherd founded their home in Dubuque in 1903. They began in a small way, but have steadily progressed.
St. Francis' Home for the Aged was completed, ready for oc- cupancy, late in 1904. It was 124x140, erected west of the mother house and the Orphan Asylum. It is of red brick and Bedford stone and three stories high. The sisters in charge came here from Germany in 1875 under the direction of Mother Xaveria and first located in Iowa City. In 1878 the order made its home in Dubuque and built the beautiful mother house, connected with which is St. Mary's Orphan Asylum, the director being Father Johannes.
In June, 1905, a temperance convention in Dubuque received the cabled blessing of the Pope. At this time Bishop J. P. Carroll an-
SOS
HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY
nounced $25,000 in scholarships at St. Joseph's College. The Arch- bishop went to Rome in 1905. In 1906 Rev. Daniel M. Gorman became president of St. Joseph's College. In 1807 an addition to the Visitation convent was erected. A new infirmary in connection with the mother house, to cost about $70,000, was projected about this time. In September, 1907, the German Catholic convention convened in Dubuque. Archbishops, bishops and other clergymen in large numbers attended. Probably 15,000 people saw Mon- signor Falconio, papal delegate, pass through the streets. Among the important Catholic improvements of 1908 were the mother house of the Sisters of Charity, the mother house of the Presentation Sis- ters, additions by the Visitation Sisters, additions to Orphans' Home and to St. Joseph's College. The Presentation mother house, on West Hill, a beautiful structure, was dedicated August 15, 1909. In June Archbishop Ireland delivered the commencement address at St. Joseph's College.
In 1878 Rev. John J. Keane was made a bishop at Baltimore. Since he came to Dubuque he has effected vast advances and im- provements. He has doubled the building and the faculty of St. Joseph's College. He established a missionary band of diocesan priests, welcomed the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the Sisters of the Order of St. Dominic and the Brothers of Mary. In 1902 the western part of the Dubuque Diocese became the Diocese of Sioux City.
CLERGY, CHURCHES, MISSIONS AND SCHOOLS.
CITY OF DUBUQUE.
St. Raphael's Cathedral, Bluff and Second streets, Most Rev. John J. Keane, D. D., Very Rev. M. Barry, vicar general and chan- cellor : Rev. M. H. Carey, rector ; Revs. M. L. Kerper and Valentine Casey. School, sixteen Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 69 Emmet street ; pupils, 531. St. Anthony's, West Dubuque, Rev. Peter O'Malley. School, three Sisters of the Holy Ghost ; pupils, 75. St. Columbkille's, Very Rev. M. Barry, V. G., Rev. M. O'Callaghan. School connected with St. Vincent's Academy. St. Mary's (German), Very Rev. Geo. W. Heer, M. R .; Revs. W. J. Cremer, Aug. Bomholt. High School for boys; four Brothers of Mary ; pupils, 102 ; school for boys and girls ; sixteen Sisters of St. Francis and one lay teacher ; pupils, 850. St. Patrick's, Right Rev. Mgr. R. Ryan, V. G., M. R., Revs. D. Lundon, E. O'Donnell. School connected with St. Joseph's Academy. St. Philomena's, four miles west of Dubuque, Rev. A. Walsh. Sacred Heart (German), Revs. A. Boeding, Anton Werdehoff, H. J. Holthaus. School, six- teen Sisters of St. Francis and one lay teacher ; pupils. 720. Holy Ghost (German), Revs. W. J. Weirich, A. J. Thole. School, nine Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 350. Holy Trinity (German), Rev. J. A. Dupont. Chapels with residence chaplains : Mount Carmel Convent, Rev. A. M. Clark; St. Francis' Convent, Rev. J. S. Baumann; St. Joseph's Insane Asylum, Rev. M. McCarthy ; St. Anthony's Home for the Aged, Rev. A. Walsh; Mercy Hospital, Rev. M. C. Sullivan ; Presentation Convent. Rev. P. Leahy.
OUTSIDE OF THE CITY OF DUBUQUE.
Balltown (Waupeton, Route 36), Dubuque County, St. Francis', Rev. Jos. Schilmoeller. School, three Franciscan Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration (Waupeton, Route 36) ; pupils, 70. Bankston, Dubuque County (Farley P. O.), St. Clement's, Rev. W. A. Ban- field. School, four Sisters of Mercy; pupils, 100. Cascade, Dubuque County, St. Martin's, Rev. L. Roche, M. R. School, six Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary ; pupils, 190. St. Mary's (German), Rev. John B. Albers. School, five Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 140. Centralia, Dubuque County (P. O. Dubuque, Rural Route 3), St. John's, Rev. P. A. R. Tierney. School, three
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HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY
Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 58. Mission, Lattnerville, Dubuque County, Annunciation. Dyersville, Dubuque County, St. Francis Xavier's, Very Rev. Theo. Warning, V. F., M. R., Rev. M. Anı- brosy. Schools, Boys' High School, five Brothers of Mary ; pupils, 165; eleven Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 341. Farley, Dubuque County, St. Joseph's, Rev. D. Slattery. School, four Presentation Nuns; pupils, 45. Fillmore, Dubuque County (Bernard P. O., Route 29), Rev. G. A. Hauck. School, three Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 60. Holy Cross, Dubuque County, Holy Cross Church, Rev. G. T. Nagle. School, six Sisters of St. Francis, one lay teacher ; pupils, 110. Mission, Buena Vista, Clinton County. Key West (R. F. D. Dubuque), Dubuque County, St. Joseph's, Rev. John Mc- Namara. School, four Presentation Nuns ; pupils, 35. Luxemburg, Dubuque County, Holy Trinity, Rev. F. W. Oberbroekling. School, five Franciscan Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration ; pupils, 114; New Melleray (P. O. Box 273, Dubuque ), Dubuque County, Holy Fam- ily, attended from New Melleray Abbey, Rev. Father Placid, O. C. R., rector. New Vienna, Dubuque County, St. Boniface's, Rev. F. W. Pape, M. R. ; Rev. B. Luedtke. School, five Franciscan Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration and one lay teacher ; pupils, 130. Placid, Dubuque County (Epworth P. O., Route 12), St. John's, Rev. P. McNamara. Mission, Epworth, Dubuque County. School, three Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 50. Rickardsville, Dubuque County, St. Joseph's, Rev. G. W. Clark. St. Catherine's, Dubuque County (Dubuque P. O., Route 6), Rev. H. Felder, D. D. School, three Sisters of St. Francis ; pupils, 75. St. Joseph's, Dubuque County (P. O. Zwingle, Route [ ), Rev. L. Burke. Mission, Silva, Dubuque County. Sherrill's Mound, Dubuque County (Durango P. O., Route 34), SS. Peter and Paul's, Rev. Jos. Hagemann. School, three Franciscan Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration; pupils, 76. Station, Durango, Dubuque County. Worthington, Dubuque County, St. Paul's, Revs. J. Zigrang, N. Homan. School, five Sis- ters of St. Francis ; pupils, 170.
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INSTITUTIONS IN CHARGE OF RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
ORDERS OF MEN.
Dubuque. New Melleray Abbey, situated about twelve miles from Dubuque (P. O. Box 273, Dubuque), Rt. Rev. Alberic Dun- lea, O. C. R. abbot ; Rev. Father Patrick, prior ; Rev. Father Fran- cis, sub-prior ; there are 35 members in the community, 8 of whom are priests. High School for Boys, four Brothers of Mary; Bro. Francis Wohlleben, principal ; pupils, 102.
Dyersville. High School for Boys; five Brothers of Mary ; Bro. Charles, director ; pupils, 165.
ORDERS OF WOMEN.
Dubuque. St. Joseph's Convent of Mount Carmel, mother house and novitiate of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary ; Mother Mary Cecelia, mother general; Sister M. Esther, local supr; in community, Sisters, 1,045; novices, 77; postulants, 35. Mt. St. Joseph College, boarding school for young ladies, con- ducted by Sisters of Charity, B. V. M .; 39 Sisters; Sister M. Ber- trand, supr. ; pupils, 202. St. Joseph's Academy, 1,265 Main street, 19 Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary; Sister M. Flavia, supr. ; pupils, 482. St. Vincent's Academy, Rush street, IO Presentation Nuns; Sister M. Immaculata, dir. ; pupils, 300. Convent of the Nuns of the Visitation of the B. V. M., Alta Vista street and Julien avenue, Sisters of the Visitation ; 34 Sisters ; Sister M. Antonia Ring, supr. ; connected with the convent is a boarding and select day school ; pupils, 160. St. Mary's Orphanage, under the management of the Sisters of St. Francis, for the orphans and friendless children of the Diocese of Dubuque; school for orphans only ; 24 Sisters of St. Francis ; 180 orphans. St. Francis Home for Young Ladies, 605 Bluff street, for the protection of young girls and women of good character ; 10 Sisters of St. Francis; Sister M. Benedict, supr; inmates, 95. St. Joseph's Mercy Hospital, West Third street (125 beds), Sisters of Mercy, a branch of the order from Davenport, established a house in 1879 in Dubuque, Iowa. The institution comprises three departments, an infirmary for the sick and the aged, an orphanage for the education of destitute chil- dren, and a House of Providence where homeless and unemployed girls are provided for ; 25 Sisters, 15 novices, 3 postulants ; Mother
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HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY
Mary Pius, supr. ; inmates, 200. St. Joseph's Mercy Asylum (200 beds ), West Dubuque, Iowa; conducted by the Sisters of Mercy ; in this institution acute and chronic forms of insanity are treated and cared for, also the epileptic and feeble minded; number of patients, 280; Sister M. Rose, supr .; 16 Sisters. St. Anthony's Home for the Aged (West Dubuque, R. F. D.), 8 Sisters of Mercy ; Sister M. Elizabeth, supr .; inmates, 120. St. Francis' Home for the Aged, 10 Sisters of St. Francis ; inmates, 90. Industrial School, 7 Sisters of St. Francis ; inmates, 60. The Marine Hospital of the city is in charge of the Sisters of Mercy. House of the Good Shep- herd, Alta Vista street, Sister Mary de Lourdes Henry, supr. ; 7 Sisters ; inmates, 50.
RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN THE DIOCESE.
COMMUNITIES OF MEN.
Trappist Fathers, New Melleray Abbey, Dubuque. Brothers of Mary (St. Louis province ), Dubuque, Dyersville.
COMMUNITIES OF WOMEN.
Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Dubuque, Iowa), mother house, college, academy, two schools, Dubuque, Ackley, Cascade, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Clinton, Cresco, Garryowen, Lyons, Waterloo. Sisters of St. Francis (Dubuque, Iowa), mother house, academy, orphanage and St. Francis' Home, Industrial School, three schools, Dubuque, Alta Vista, Brown Station, Cas- cade, Centralia, Dyersville, Fillmore, Garnavillo, Haverhill, Holy Cross, Independence, Ionia, La Motte, Lyons, Meyer, North Wash- ington, Norway, Ossian, Otter Creek, Petersburg, St. Catharine, Stacyville, Templehill, Waterloo, Worthington. Sisters of St. Fran- cis (Clinton, Iowa), mother house, novitiate, academy and schools. Clinton, Epworth, Lourdes, New Hampton, Petersville ; Tama City. Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration (La Crosse, Wisconsin), Balltown, Bellevue, Festina, Guttenberg, Lansing, Luxemburg, New Vienna, Roseville, St. Lucas, Sherrill's Mound.
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Fr g Olat
EDUCATION.
W ISE provision was made at an early day for the support of public schools, so that it is possible for every community in the state to maintain a free school at comparatively rea- sonable expense to the taxpayers. The public schools are supported by funds derived from various sources. The general government set apart the sixteenth section of every congressional township, or one thirty-sixth of the state, for school purposes. The government fixed the minimum price at $1.25 per acre. Congress made a further donation of 500,000 acres to the state, and in addi- tion thereto an appropriation to the school fund of 5 per cent on all the sales of public lands. To the fund thus created the state added the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it; the fund is further increased by the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money obtained from the above named sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the state, and cannot be used for any other purpose. The moneys collected for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund of the counties in which collected. Proceeds of land sales and the 5 per cent appro- priation go into the state treasury, and are distributed among the counties as may be requested, which in turn loan the money for long terms. The interest on all these loans is paid into the state treasury, and constitutes the available school fund of the state. Every county is responsible to the state for the money so loaned, and the state is in turn responsible to the school fund. The interest secured from said loans is apportioned semi-annually among the counties of the state in proportion to the number of children between five and twenty-one years of age. For many years the amount thus dis- tributed has averaged a little more than one dollar per head of the ages named. The city of Dubuque last year received $14,536.35. and the entire county, $23,512.15.
Other funds needed for the support of a school are obtained from a local district tax levied by the board of supervisors as esti- mated by the board of directors of each school district.
The happiness and prosperity of any community depend upon its citizenship, which is largely governed by the character of its schools. The real value of a school is in turn dependent upon the interest manifested by the people. A progressive community demands good schools, and is willing to support them liberally. One of the first thoughts of every community of pioneer settlers in Iowa was to
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HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY
provide a little schoolhouse for the children. Within a few years a system was provided for the entire territory, which has devel- oped with the passing years until today it stands forth the proudest boast of all Iowa.
Statistics are said to be cold ; they may nevertheless be interest- ing, and exhibit at least comparative effort and results. The fol- lowing statistics gathered from reports of the state superintendent of public instruction show the great growth of the system, and the liberality of the people is indicated by the large amount paid annu- ally for the free education of the children of the state. These sta- tistics are for the years 1860, 1885'and 1910, and show the changes by periods of twenty-five years each. It is interesting to note the fact that though there was only a slight increase in the enrollment and daily attendance of pupils from 1885 to 1910, the amount of money paid for the support of the schools in 1910 was more than twice as great as the amount paid in 1885. It is also somewhat significant that while there were a few more male teachers in 1860 than female teachers, in 1885 the number of female teachers was three times as great as the number of male, and in 1910 nine times as great. It will also be noted that there was a remarkable increase in the number of volumes in the school libraries from 1885 to 1910, and it may appear strange that of the total number in 1910, 644,588 belong to the rural schools, and 441,699 to the city and village schools.
1860.
1885.
1910. $4.788,818
Permanent school fund .. Interestofperma- nent school fund.
$142,151
$248,260
$215,832
*Assessed valuat'n state. $193,385,000 $488.953,000
$693,859,714
3,208
12,309
$1,206,840
$12,690,326
$27,233,239
4,927 $445.468
$3,777,092
$8,335.917
$158,291
$1,227,815
$1,135,522
Amount fuel and other contingencies
$52.179
$1,049,406
$4,240,027
$655.938
$6,054,313
$13,711,466
Total am't paid for sch'ls No. volumes in libraries. Number male teachers. .
2.325
57,095
1,086,287
3,219
5,809
2,689
Number female teachers.
3,115
17,906
24,909
Total number teachers. .
6,334
23,715
27,598
Av. salary male teachers.
$23.76
$37.95
$72.01
Av. sal'y female teachers
$15.28
$29.45
$45.21
Number school houses .. Value of school houses. . Number of school rooms. Amount teachers' salaries. Amount paid for school houses, grounds, library and apparatus
14,109
19,667
*Actual value in 1910, $2.775.438,856.
HISTORY OF DUBUQUE COUNTY
905
Av. salary all teachers. . .
$19.56
$31.53
$47.82
Av. No. months' school.
8.6
Total population state. . .
674.913
1,753.980
2,224,37I
No. persons 5 to 21 years
244,938
634,407
677,004
No. enrolled in Pub. Sch.
167,869
477,663
510,66I
Av. daily attendance ....
77,113
281,794
360,178
The schools of Iowa have been under the general management of a superintendent of public instruction ever since its admission into the Union as a state, December 28, 1846, with the exception of the years 1859-1864, when the duties were performed by the State Board of Education, of which Thomas H. Benton, of Dubuque, acted as secretary. Indeed, there was a superintendent for the Territory of Iowa during the years 1841-1842, but not after that until the time named above.
In like manner, the schools of a county are under the general management of a county superintendent of schools, elected by the people for a term of two years. The law creating this position was enacted in 1858. The prescribed duties of a county superintendent are to hold teachers' institutes as prescribed by law, conduct the examinations of teachers under direction of the State Department, which now grades all papers submitted by applicants for certificates, visit schools, hear appeals, and make an annual report to the State Department.
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