USA > Illinois > Perry County > Combined history of Randolph, Monroe and Perry counties, Illinois . With illustrations descriptive of their scenery and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 15
USA > Illinois > Randolph County > Combined history of Randolph, Monroe and Perry counties, Illinois . With illustrations descriptive of their scenery and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 15
USA > Illinois > Monroe County > Combined history of Randolph, Monroe and Perry counties, Illinois . With illustrations descriptive of their scenery and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 15
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RAPTORES, OR BIRDS OF PREY.
These are generally of large size and stout form; bills hooked and very strong; claws sharp and curved; wings extensive and muscles powerful; females larger than males ; live in pairs and choose their mates for life (?). Under this order aud belonging to the hawk family ( Falconidc), are the sparrow-hawk ( Tinnunculus alandarius); swallow-tailed hawk (Nauclerus furcatus); hen-harrier (Circus cyaneus); gos-hawk ( Falco palambarius); sharp skinned hawk, red- tailed hawk (Butco borealis); red-shouldered hawk, pigeon- hawk (Falco columbarum); white-headed ("hald") eagle
(Halietus leucocephalus); ring-tailed, or golden eagle ( Aquila chrycetos).
To the owl family (Strigidre) belong the great horned-owl ( Bubo Virginianus); snowy owl Strix nisa); barred owl (Syrnium nebulosum, or "hoot owl"); American barn or serecch-ow! (Strix flummæ); spotted owl, marsh owl, Kenni- cott's (?) owl.
Of the Vulture family ( Vulturida), the only representa- tive is the turkey-buzzard ( Cuthartes aura).
RASORES, OR SCRATCHING BIRDS.
Birds of this order are characterized by their stout bodies, strong legs and feet, and their general adaptation to living on the ground. It includes the wild-turkey (Meleagris galloparo ), prairie hen ( Tetrao cupido), ruffled grouse, or "partridge" (Bonasa umbellus), quail ( Ortyx Virginianus), turtle-dove ( Turtar auritus), wild or passenger pigeon ( Ecto- pistes migratoria).
GRALLATORS, OR WADING BIRDS.
They have long necks, long bills, very long and slender legs, and slender bodies. Their general form is well adapted to wading. This order includes the plover ( 'haradrius), common snipe Scolopax gallinayo), American woodeock (Philohela minor), Wilson's snipe ( Gallinago Wilsonii), mud-hen ( Fulicu Americana), kill-dee ( legiuntites vociferus), red-breasted snipe ( Gambetta melanoleuca), tell-tale snipe ( Gambetta pluripes), water rail ( Rullus aquaticus), sand-hill crane ( firus ('unadensix), blue crane ( Girus Americanus), yellow-legged and upland plover, white erane ( Grus albus), and heron ( Irdeu cincrea).
NATATORES, OR SWIMMING BIRDS.
They are broad and flat; feathers compact and well oiled ; legs wide apart, femur short, and feet webbed. Under this order are found the common wild goose Inser Americanus), summer or wood duck ( Aix sponsa), Canada goose ( Bermi- cala Canadensis), American swan (Cygnus Americanus), brand goose, or "brant" (.Inser Berniela), butter-ball ( But- cephala albeolu, mallard (Anus Boschus), blue-winged teal ( Boschus creeen), American widgeon ( Mareen Americana), red-head duek (.lythaya Ancrirana), canvass-hack duck (?) ( Aythaya vallisnerin , green winged teal ( Nettion Carolinen- sis), pin-tail duck ( Dufilu acute), trumpeter swan . Cygnus buccinator).
INSESSORES, OR PERCHING BIRDS.
The perchers differ greatly among themselves; all have three front-toes and a single hind one; feet well adapted to perching. To this order belong the majority of birds, of which we note, as belonging here, the wood-thrush ( Turdux mustelinus), mocking-bird Mimus polyglottus), blue-bird (Ninlis Wilsonii), cat-bird ( Mimus Carolinensis), robin (Tardus migratorius), brown thrush, or "thrasher" . Turdus rufus), titmouse, or chickadee . Parus atricapillus) brown creeper (Certhia familiaris. nuthatch Sitta Carolinensis), winter wren ( Troglodytes hyemalis), cedar bird ( Ampelix redrorum), rose-breasted gosbeak (Guiruca ludoviciam), chewink ( Pipilo erythrophthalmus), meadow-lark | Sturnella magna), blue jay (cyanura cristata), wren ( Troglodytes do-
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HISTORY OF RANDOLPH, MONROE AND PERRY COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
mestica), warblers barn-swallow (Hirundo hordeorum), bank- swallow (Cotyle riparia), blue martin (Progne purpurea), cardinal red bird (Cardinalis Virginianus), field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), indigo bird ( Cyanospiza cyaneu), great northern shrike, or butcher bird, ( Collurio borealis), yellow, or thistle bird (Sylvitica œstiva), swamp, or red-winged black- bird (Sturnus predatorius), cow blackbird ("cow-bird") common blackbird ( Merula musica), king bird, or bee martin (Tyrannus Carolinensis), raven ( Corvus corax), common crow (Corvus Americanus), summer red-bird (Pyranga œstiva), scarlet tanager, Baltimore oriole (Icterus Baltimore), peewee, or Phobe bird (Suyorius fuseus), kingfisher ( Ceryle alcyon), ruby-throated humming-bird (Trochilus colubris), yellow- billed cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), ruby-crowned kinglet, golden crowned kinglet, whippoorwill, (Antrostomus vocif- erus), grass sparrow, or black-throated bunting, lark, spar- row, finch, snow-bird (Junco hyemalis), chipping sparrow (Spizella socialis), night hawk (Chordeiles popetue).
SCANSORES, OR CLIMBING BIRDS.
Birds of this order have their toes in pairs, two in front and two behind. Under this order and indigenous to this county are the swift, or chimney-swallow ( Cypselus pelas- gius), red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), golden-winged woodpecker ( Calaptes auratus), Carolina par- oquet (Conurus Carolinensis), sap-sucker (Picus pubescens).
(CLASS) REPTILIA, OR REPTILES.
Under this class we find represented here the order Tes- tudinata, or turtles, and including such individuals as the box-turtle (Cistudo virginea), snapping-turtle ( Chelyara serpentina), wood tortoise ( Glyptemys insculpta), and soft shelled turtles, including mud-turtles. Of the order La- certia (lizards), the common striped lizard ( Ameira scxli- neata) is the only representative we have found here. Un- der the order ( Ophidia), or serpents, we note the common black-snake (Bascanion constrictor), water-snake (Serpens aquatiens), rattle-snake ( Crotalus horridus), moccasin ( Tori- caphis atrapiscus), copperhead (Trigonocephalus contortri.c), garter-snake (Eutania sirtalis), house-snake, joint-snake, blue racer, and green snake. Of these the rattlesnake, cop- per-head and moccasin are very poisonous, and therefore most to be dreaded. The blowing, or hissing adder, a veno- mous serpent, is rarely seen here.
The class Batrachia, or frogs, has as representatives, the leopard frog (Rana holecina), bull-frog (Rana pipiens), wood-frog, tree-frog ("tree toad,") (Rana hyla), marsh-frog (Rana palustris), common toad (Bufo vulgaris), tadpole, salamander (Amblystoma punctatum), triton, or water-newt (Diemictylus viridescens), and mud puppy (Menobranchus lateralis).
The class of Pisces, or fishes, is represented, in the streams of these counties, by the white, the black and the striped bass, cat fish, pike, sturgeon, gar, goggle-eyed perch, sun-fish, chub, white perch ("croppie"?), white and black suckers, buffalo and a few others of minor importance.
CHAPTER VII.
PIONEER SETTLEMENTS,
RANDOLPH COUNTY.
HE history of no part of the West ex- cecds in interest that of the early settle- ments in Randolph county. Civiliza- tion iu the Mississippi valley here first found a permanent foothold. At a time when the feeble settlements of New England, fearful of the midnight war-whoop of the savage, clung to the valleys of the Connecticut and the Merrimac ; when a few Dutch burghers at the mouth of the Hudson represented the wealth and population of the state of New York, when Penn's colony on the banks of the Delaware was but an ex- periment ; at a time when no Virginian had yet threaded the passes of the Blue Ridge, and all beyond was an undiscov- ered country, unpenetrated by a single English pioneer, a few Jesuit priests and French traders in fur, a thousand miles within the interior of the continent, a trackless wilder- hess stretching north, south, cast and west, founded the old town of Kaskaskia. Other French settlements sprang up between Detroit and New Orleans ; and France, to cement her growing power in the New World, within twenty miles of Kaskaskia and still on the soil of Randolph county, began the construction of a fort which at one time was considered the strongest on the continent.
From this citadel Illinois was ruled. Soldiers marched from it to fight the English in Pennsylvania and in Canada. Its gates, which might have withstood long continued assaults, were opened peacefully by the stroke of a pen in the Old World, one day in the year 1763, and the French flag was lowered before the standard of Great Britain. But a few years passed before another invading army trod the soil of the county. This time a band of Virginia riflemen suddenly appeared at Kaskaskia, and wrested Fort Gage from the British commandant. On the capture of this post was based the claim of the colonies to the Mississippi as their western boundary. After the Revolution, a flood of immi- grants poured in from the country east of the Alleghenies. Kaskaskia became the capital of the territory, and then of the state. The most distinguished men of the West here began their public career. Her merchants controlled trade far and near, and sold goods to the shop keepers of St. Louis. The town, now in a state of ruin and decay, is the oldest settlement in the Mississippi valley.
THE FRENCH SETTLEMENTS.
The date of the founding of Kaskaskia was probably the year 1700. For a few years it was little more than a mission station. The Indian trade gradually attracted set- tlers from Canada and France, and the village began to wear the appearance of business as well as of religion. A grant of land for Commons was made on the fourteenth of. August, 1743, by M. Vandrieul, governor, and M. Salmon, commissary ordonnateur of the province of Louisiana.
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HISTORY OF RANDOLPH, MONROE AND PERRY COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
Grants in the Common Field were made to the inhabitants in severalty. Among the French names which appear on the records as belonging to the owners of land iu the village and Common Field of Kaskaskia in the last century, are those of Archambeau, Aubuchon, Allary, Autire, Bienve- nue, Blouin, Beauvais, Buchet, Bougie, Buquett, Buyatt, Brazeau, Barrutelle, Beauvet, Chamberland, Charleville, Cottineau, Chinie, Curvois, Cerre, Danie, Doza, Delisle, Derousse, Duprain, Dobord, Duplace, Devigne, Dugay, Danis Degagne, Faggot, Godebert, Gendron, Gomes, Gau- delert, Janis, Joyouse, Lamall, Leplant, Laderoute, La- source, Lafatigue, Lafont, Lavassieur, Lachapelle, Lachance, Lasond, Louval, Lachange, Langlois, Menard, Morin, Moreau, Mieure, Montrieul, Philip, Peltier, Pagé, Picard, Provost, Prieur, Place, Rochblave, Ravel, Racine, Richard, Seguin, St. Pierre, Turpin, Turcourt, Torrengeau, and Valle.
Kaskaskia is said to have become an incorporated town in 1725. By that time a considerable immigration had set in from France. Fifteen or twenty years later considerable attention was paid to agriculture and commerce, and cargoes of pork, flour, bacon, tallow, hides, and leather were floated down the Mississippi to New Orleans, and thence to Frauce. On the cessiou of Illinois to England many of the French families removed to the west bank of the Mississippi, some to St. Louis, and some to Ste. Genevieve, thinking that they there could still find a home under the French govern- ment. In 1766, the year after this exodus, Kaskaskia is described as containing sixty-five families, " besides mer- chants, other casual people, and slaves." The richest in- habitant at that time, Jean Baptiste St Gerome Beauvais, kept eighty slaves, and furnished " to the king's magazine " eighty-six thousand pounds of flour, which was only part of his harvest for one year.
The year 1722 is given as the date of the founding of Prairie du Rocher. The grant of Commons was made on the seventh of May. 1743, the same year as that of Kaskas- kia. The village never grew to any great size, and no event of importance seems to have marked its history. A mill was built by the Jesuits. In 1766 it was a settlement of twenty-two families, and the inhabitants were said to be very industrious, raising a great deal of corn and every kind of stock. Like Kaskaskia, it suffered by the removal of some of the French families to the west of the Mississippi on the British occupation of the country.
The village of Fort Chartres had an existence correspond- ing with the occupation of the fort of that name by the French garrison. It sprang up, outside the gates, on the building of the fort, and when the garrison marched to St. Louis, and the British took possession, the French families abandoned their houses, and transported themselves to (as they supposed) the Freuch side of the river. The church here was the mother of the churches at Prairie du Rocher and St. Phillips, the latter on their establishment being mere- ly chapels connected with the church of St. Anne at Fort Chartres.
The French settlers were gregarious in their habits, fond of social intercourse and dwelling together, and averse to pushing their improvements to any considerable distance
from the outskirts of their villages. The "improvement rights," granted under the law of 1791, show the limits within which traets of land were placed under cultivation. On the west side of the Kaskaskia river, six or eight miles above the village of Kaskaskia, improvements were made and erops raised, at an early day, by Jean Baptiste Gendron (claim 1007), Antoine Beauvais (claim 283), Louis Long- valle (claim 2007), and Antoine Buyatt (claim 295). Claim 999, farther up the Kaskaskia, containing three thousand eight hundred and eighty arpents, was granted to Nicholas Cailotte Lachance, and his rival sons, Nicholas, Baptiste, Antoine, Gabriel, François, Joseph, Michael, Charles, and Benjamin, on account of improvements which they had here made. This seems to have been the farthest up the Kaskaskia river that the old French settlers ven- tured. Where Diamond Cross now is, "on the hills, about three miles east of Kaskaskia river, on Gravel run," as it is described, the four hundred acres contained in elaim 241 were granted to Jean Baptiste Beauvais, covering land which he there had in eultivation. Claim 292, a couple of miles from Chester on the hill road to Kaskaskia, eom- prised the improvement right of Antoine Bienvenue. On Mary's river, at the month of Gravel creek, where elaim 291 has been surveyed, Joseph Colchont settled and made some attempt toward bringing a farm under cultivation.
The statement has been made that Kaskaskia, in the year 1763, contained two or three thousand inhabitants. If this be true, its subsequent decline must have been very rapid. The French settlements in Illinois doubtless reached the period of their greatest prosperity about 1763. The news of the eession of the country to England drove the wealthy and influential families across the Mississippi, and the French colonies on the west of the river were thenceforth larger and more prosper us than those in Illinois. In the year 1800 there were seven hundred French within the present boundaries of Randolph county. Of these the village of Kaskaskia had five hundred and Prairie du Rocher two hundred. In all the rest of Illinois there were abont six hundred French inhabitants, of whom the greater number, four hundred, lived at Cahokia. There were besides a number of French slaves in Prairie du Rocher, the de- scendants of the five hundred brought from the island of San Domingo by Philip Francois Renault in 1719.
CHARACTER OF THE EARLY FRENCH SETTLERS.
The early French settlers were ambitious for neither wealth nor knowledge They were content to take the world as it came, and endeavored to extract all the enjoyment possible out of life, and to avoid its cares. All were devout Catholics and punctual in the discharge of their religious duties. They were eminently a social people. Instead of settling on separate farms, like the American pioneers, they clustered together in villages, so that they might have the greatest opportunity for social intercourse. Their physical wants were easily supplied, and the great part of their lives they gave to pleasure. The young people delighted in the dance, and this cheerful and innocent diversion was actually carried on under the eye of the priest and the aged
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HISTORY OF RANDOLPH, MONROE AND PERRY COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
patriarchs of the village, who freely sympathized with the spirit of the gay assemblage. The excitement and anima- tion of a French ball room were surprising. Old and young, rich and poor, met together in good feeling and with hearts overflowing with merriment. It was the usual cus- tom to dance the old year out and the new year in. The numerous festivals of the Catholic church strongly tended to awaken and develop the social and friendly intercourse of the people. On the morning of the Sabbath they were always found at church, but the rest of the day was devoted to social intercourse and diverting pastimes. Husbands and wives were kind and affectionate, and the children obedient. Hospitality and generosity were common virtues.
Their costume was peculiar. Blue was their favorite color, and handkerchiefs of that hue usually adorned the heads of both men and women. No genuine Frenchman in early times ever wore a hat, cap, or coat. The capot, made of white blanket, was the universal dress for the laboring class of people. In summer the men wore a coarse blue stuff, and in the winter, cloth or buckskin. The women wore deer-skin moccasins, and the men a coarser and stronger article, made of thicker leather. With that natural aptitude for dress, which seems to belong peculiarly to their nation, the women caught up the fashions of New Orleans and Paris with great avidity, and adopted them, as far as they were able. Notwithstanding their long separation by an immense wilderness from civilized society, they still re- tained all the suavity and politeness of their race. It is said that the roughest hunter, or boatman, among them could at any time appear in a ball-room, or other polite, or gay assembly, with the courage and behaviour of a well-bred gentleman. The women were remarkable for the spright- liness of their conversation, and the case and elegance of their manners.
They seldom violated the penal law. Reynolds remarks that very few, or none, of the creoles were ever indicted for the crimes the law books style malum in se, and that the records of the courts in Illinois do not exhibit an indictment against a creole Frenchman for any crime higher than keep- ing his grocery open on a prohibited day of the week. Edu- cation, however, was neglected. The priests and old ladies taught the children, but there was no regular system of schools. While not superstitious, the ancient French in Illinois believed that some of the negroes of the West India islands possessed supernatural power to do any one harm, and that they could also look into futurity. In Cahokia, about the year 1790, this superstition got the upper hand of reason, and several poor African slaves suffered for this offence. One, called Moreau, was hung on a tree not far from the village, and another, named Emanuel, was shot.
They were on friendly terms with the Indians. The ease with which the French could adapt themselves to circum- stances, made them at home by the camp fires of the savage. When with the Indians they adopted their modes of life, dressed like them, and frequently took as wives the dusky squaws. In the wars between hostile tribes the French suf- fered as did their Indian allies. In the parish register of Kaskaskia are recorded solemn services for the dead -" Slain
upon the Mississippi by the Chickasaws; " "Killed by the savages on the Wabash ; " and for others who fell victims to Indian atrocities within a few miles of the village.
The horses and cattle of the French, for want of proper care and food for many generations, had degenerated in size, but had acquired additional vigor and toughness, so that a French pony was a proverb for endurance. These ponies were sometimes attached to the cart or plow singly, and sometimes two were hitched together, one before the other. The carts were made entirely of wood, and held about double the contents of a common large wheel barrow. Oxen were yoked by the horns instead of the neck, and in this way were made to draw the plow and cart. No reins were used in driving. The driver's whip, which had a handle about two feet long, and a lash two yards in length, controlled the horse effectually.
AMERICAN IMMIGRATION.
The favorable report of the Illinois country, carried back by the soldiers of Col. Clark, occasioned the first American immigration in 1780. Descending the Ohio, and stemming the current of the Mississippi, a colony of pioneer settlers reached Kaskaskia, among the members of which were John Montgomery, John Doyle, David Pagon, Joseph Anderson, John Dodge, Minard Asturgus, James Curry, and Levi Teel. The most of these had been soldiers under Black Shortly after their arrival, they made settlements east of the Kas- kaskia river.
John Montgomery improved a tract of land four nr five miles northeast of Kaskaskia. The old Vincennes road afterward ran past his place. Montgomery built a small water-mill here, which was in use for some years. The place in which he settled is included in claim 1993, contain- ing four hundred acres, granted to him on account of his improvement. This place was one of the best known in the early history of the county, and after Montgomery, Stacy McDonough resided here for half a century.
John Doyle was oue of Clark's soldiers. He resided in and near Kaskaskia. He was a man of some education, and taught one of the earliest English schools in the country. He was acquainted with both the French and English lan- guages, and was often employed as an interpreter. He was unambitious, made no endeavor to obtain either wealth or position, but was respected as an honest man.
David Pagon, had served in Clark's expedition to Illinois, as had also James Curry and Levi Teel. Claim 2008, on Nine Mile creek, two miles north of Ellis Grove and five miles from Kaskaskia, includes the place on which Pagon settled. Teel improved a farm east of the Kaskaskia river, a little more than a mile above the mouth of Nine Mile creek. Pagon built a house in a strong and substantial manner so as to withstand an Indian attack. While the house was yet unoccupied, Teel and Curry, having been hunting in the neighborhood, took possession of it to spend the night there. The door had three bars across it, and a hole cut in at the bottom for the cat to go in and out. Toward evening the house was besieged by sixteen Piankashaw Indians. Curry first discovered their presence, and told Teel to get ready bis gun for defence. Teel was inclined to open the door and
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HISTORY OF RANDOLPH, MONROE AND PERRY COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
surrender, but Curry would not listen to this proposal. As Teel stood by the door, with his foot near the cat hole, an Indian from the outside thrust a spear through his foot, and fastened him to the floor. He instinctively seized the spear to pull it out, when the Indians pierced his hand with other spears, thus nailing him to the floor, and rendering him use- less. Curry was a man of extraordinary bravery, and cool and prepared in any emergency. Fearful that Teel would open the door and let in the enemy, he sprang up into the loft, and through a small hole in the roof thrust out his gun and fired at the Indians. Three shots, fired in rapid succes- sion, killed as many warriors. Descending to the lower floor he found Teel transfixed by his hands and feet in the manner described. Going back again to the loft, he tum- bled the whole roof, weight poles and all, down on the In- dians, who had huddled close to the side of the house to avoid his shots. The roofs in those days were put on with- out nails, but had weight poles to hold them fast. Sometimes large round timbers were laid on the tops of the houses on purpose to roll off on assailants below. The roof falling, killed the chief, and disabled some others of the Indians, and as day was breaking, the rest of the band ran off, leav- ing Curry the victor He took both guns, and walked along by the side of Teel, who was almost exhausted by loss of blood, toward Kaskaskia. Teel gave out before reaching the village, when Curry hastened on for help, and at last succeeded in getting him to the town where he recovered from his wounds.
Curry was a large, strong and active man, fearless of danger, at the same time bold and discreet, and while serv- ing under Clark was chosen among the first to accomplish any especially desperate and hazardous service. While out hunting with Joseph Anderson, it is supposed that he was killed by the Indians. He left their camp one morning, and did not return, nor was ever heard of afterward. Jo- seph Anderson settled on Nine Mile creek, and lived there till his death. His improvement right of four hundred acres, (claim 308) lies on both sides of the creek, just above Little Nine Mile, and connects with that of Pagon.
John Dodge and Minard Asturgus improved land on the hills opposite Kaskaskia. The donations of land which they received, four hundred acres each, claims 996 and 1001, extend within a mile of the village, and within half a mile of Fort Gage. Dodge had been one of Clark's soldiers.
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