USA > Illinois > Cook County > Chicago > History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time > Part 118
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THE PRINTERS' PROGRESS .- In addition to the ar- ray of newspapers and magazines that assumed form and substance from the inventive literary brains of resi- dents of, and wayfarers in, this city under the deft fingers of the disciples of the typographical art, there were numbers of books published and printed in this city. The limits of this work will not permit even an epitomized notice of them; therefore none but the primary efforts in various specific branches of literature and printing have been particularly noticed, unless some especial peculiarity was observable, and then the work has been alluded to solely because of such idiosyncrasy of mental effort or typography.
A history of the rise and progress of any art would be but a barren outline without some mention of the various persons who took part in the incidents; and un- usual care has been exercised to gather the names of those who performed any of the many functions requi- site to make a book, without the slightest effort to enumerate only the officers and let the rank and file rest in oblivion. Possibly many of the "comps" whose names appear in this chapter were more distinguished for "carrying the banner" than their proficiency in temperance, but the sentence or the paragraph they set may have elected a constable, demolished a candidate, or made a family happy by some newspaper household recipe ; it is impossible to tell. They were, however,
* For much information in this sketch the compiler is indebted to the cour- tesy of Samuel Kastall, the present secretary and treasurer of the Union (1833).
connected with the history of the Press, and hence publicity is given their names.
To return to a recapitulation of the early Chicago disciples of Faust, Gutenberg, Caxton and Franklin. As has been stated, the first printers here were the acolytes who arrived with Calhoun's press, "when the breaking waves dashed high on the stern " and mossy edge of Newberry and Dole's primitive wharf in 1833. Redmond Prindiville states that the early employés in the American office were: John Ellsworth, pressman and compositor ; Abiel and Orson Smith, compositors ; Edward H. Rudd, job printer and compositor ; John Brooks, who married Sarah, daughter of Rev. Isaac Taylor Hinton, and subsequently became a Baptist minister ; Redmond Prindiville, apprentice. The same authority states that William Stuart was editor, and
In an old number of the Commercial Advertiser (Hooper Warren's paper, printed by Edward H. Rudd , appears a prospectus signed by Alfred M. Talley, Ed- ward Grattan, Andrew I. Osborn and Richard W. Iliff, stating that they would start a newspaper to be called the Chicago Daily Argus, and in this prospectus the signers designate themselves as "practical printers." The prospectus decides the date of their habitation of Chicago as being in 1836. Talley and Osborn were em- ployed in the Democrat office. E. Grattan, in the Weekly American of May 27, 1837, signs a caution to printers not to come to Chicago, in response to an ad- vertisement that appeared in the Democrat, offering positions to journeymen printers, as there are plenty in the city to perform all the work dependent upon the ex- ercise of the art; but this prospectus is the sole authority for there ever having been a printer here named Iliff, and he, probably disappointed at the failure of the Argus to appear, also disappeared. David M. Bradley first entered the composing room of the Democrat in 1837, and was connected with that paper until his death. James Campbell, Zebina Eastman, F. T. Ellithorp, James Kelly, Charles N. Holcomb, John E. Wheeler, Jonathan Carver Butterfield and A. R. Niblo were also pioneers of the art preservative, and many of their names are to be found among the prominent editors of the early papers of the city.
The names of the printers and pressmen that follow are compiled from the several directories for the years indicated at the head of each paragraph. This classifi- cation has been followed until the year 1854, when nomadic printers began to swarm into the city ; and, as it is tacitly conceded that a Chicagoan is not an " early settler " unless his residence antedates that year, deference for this ukase, and the limits of this chapter, have abrogated any individual mention of typographers subsequent to the close of 1853.
1839. Eric Anderson, pressman; James S. Beach, with E. H. Rudd ; David M. Bradley, foreman Demo- crat; J. Carver Butterfield, compositor American ; James Campbell, compositor American ; Timothy C. Ellithorp, compositor Democrat ; Robert Fergus ; Charles N. Holcomb, foreman American : William Holmes, compositor Democrat ; James Kelly, com- positor American ; Abiel Smith, pressman Democrat : Orson Smith, compositor Democrat ; Alexander Stuart, pressman American ; Alfred M. Talley, compositor Democrat ; William Taylor, compositor American ; N. D. Woodville, compositor American.
The next directory that was issued is the one for 1844, but some names are necessary to be recorded he- tween 1839 and that year; those of Kiler K. Jones, ap-
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PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, BOOKBINDERS AND STATIONERS.
prentice, pressman and general utility boy in the office of the American; Mark B. Clancy, who worked upon Morris's Chicago Directory for 1845 ; William Ellis, subsequently partner of Robert Fergus, who arrived here August, 1840, and worked on the Tribune; also the following signers of a caution printed in the Weekly American of July 31, 1840, dated July 29, 1840, warn- ing printers not to come to Chicago as there are suffi- cient workmen in the city to perform all the work re- quired, viz .: A. M. Talley, Edward H. Rudd, Orson Smith, Abial Smith, Robert Fergus, Joe D. Brown, J. Carver Butterfield, James Campbell, A. R. Niblo and Z. Eastman. Hon. Knud Langland was probably the earliest printer of Norwegian typography in Chicago,
K. Langland
he having been here in 1843. This gentleman was not a regular printer, but worked at the case occasionally, his celebrity consisting in the able and forcible editoriai articles he furnished to Norwegian publications. In that work he is accredited with having wielded more in- fluence than any other writer in the Norwegian language.
In the following compilations when no specific char- acter is given to the employment pursued by each per- son they were classed as printers; when the name of the paper or office they worked in was originally stated, it has been reproduced here, and though many of the printers, etc., were probably here before 1843 (when the 1844 directory was compiled, no authentic record is ex- tant concerning them.
1844 :* David M. Bradley; J. Carver Butterfield, Prairie Farmer; George E. Brown, Express; Norman Buell, Democrat; Ellis & Fergus, book and job printers, Saloon Building (the first job office in the city); William F. Gregory; Robert M. Hobson, Express; James Kelly, Western Citizen; A. R. Niblo; Abiel Smith, Democrat; A. P. Spencer, Better Covenant; H. J. Thomas, Western Citizen; Alfred M. Talley, Demo- crat; Jacob Whitmore, Western Citizen; N. D. Wood- ville, American.
1845: David M. Bradley; Norman Buell, Demo- crat; J. Carver Butterfield; Samuel S. Beach, Gem of the Prairie; J. T. Bennett, Citizen; C. H. Bowen, Democrat; Mark B. Clancy, Gem of the Prairie; J. S. Davis, Gem of the Prairie; Samuel Dempsey, Better Covenant; William F. Gregory, Journal; H. W Grogan, Gem of the Prairie; James C. Herrington, Democrat; F. I. Hays, Gem of the Prairie; James Kelly, Western Citizen; William C. Ladow, Better Covenant; William S. Lyman, at Ellis & Fergus's; C. Martling, Gem of the Prairie; Mortimer C. Mizener; Abiel Smith, Democrat; Lorenzo D. Swan, Gem of the Prairie; Alfred M. Talley. Democrat; H. J. Thomas, Western Citizen; E. B. Thomas, Advocate; N. D. Woodville, Journal; Thomas Whitmarsh; Russell Whitmore. Citizen.
A warning to printers against seeking work in Chi- cago was signed November 3, 1847, by H. K. Davis, William 11. Austin, J. Sarrell, H. J. Thomas, Thomas C. Whitmarsh, James Campbell, J. A. Smythe, John P. Breese, Joel Rathburn, F. W. Brookes, A. P. Spencer, Franklin Fulton, F. 1. Hays, James J. Langdon, N. W. Fuller, R. N. Garrett, Samuel S. Beach, A. Adams, Jr., W. F. Gregory, C. C. Moore, G. E. Brown, Charles S.
Abbott, N. C. Guernsey, H. A. Hough, David P. Daniels, William H. Worrell.
1848: A. Adams, Jr., John Amundson, pressman, David M. Bradley, sub-editor, Franklin Fulton, Chaun- cey T. Gaston, Austin Sadler, Alfred M. Talley, W. T. West, Iver Wichington, pressman, Democrat ; M. S. Barnes, James J. Clarkson, John Serelle, James P. Woodbury, New Covenant ; Frederick Brooks, W. H. Austin, J. T. Bennett, J. E. Wheeler, Tribune ; Charles S. Abbott, George E. Brown, C. H. Bowen, Charles F. Bliss, Oscar M. Holcomb, Mortimer C. Mizener, J. Mad- ison Patten, Benjamin Sanford, Hiram Woodbury. Journal ; Samuel S. Beach, Gem of the Prairie ; Enos S. Bradley, Wilson Franks, N. W. Fuller, Francis T. Seely, pressman, Citizen ; J. G. Glass, H. A. Hough, foreman, J. A. Smith, Ezra Wilkins, Commercial Adver- tiser; N. E. Guernsey, Prairie Farmer ; Thomas Kim- ball, William Kirkengofl, W. H. Worrell, Campbell Wait, Herald of the Prairie ; Anton Portman, Peoples' Friend ; D. P. Daniel, J. W. Duzan, E. S. Davis, James Campbell, William Ellis, William Iver, pressman, K. K. Jones, Madeira, James Purcell, T. C. Whitmarsh ; John Portman, printer and grocer, office undesignated.
The following lists comprise names that have not heretofore been given :
1849: A.W. Adams, F.D.Austin, J. B. Dow, J. A. Hays, Rufus Tebbetts, William G. Travis, undesignated ; Fran- cis Belfoy, William McEvoy, Thomas Morony, Tribune ; T. M. Crombie, Norman H. Eastman, S. J. Noble, Her- ald of the Prairie; Thomas Herndon, Battle-Axe ; Thomas E. Clarkson, James E. Fielding, Joel A. Kinney, G. Martin, Journal ; Robert Lees, New Covenant ; N. C. Geer (of Cringle & Greer, land agents, in 1848), W. P. Gregg, G. F. Palmer, J. Tyson Smith, C. A. Swan, Commercial Advertiser ; Daniel S. Merritt, Prairie Farmer ; B. W. Van Horne, Democrat ; David Martin, Citizen ; P. K. Webster, Dollar.
1850 : George Clark, Hans Kjos, Henry H. Kim- ball, Robert McCullock, William T. Nott, Amos Smith, A. B. Whiting, undesignated ; Thomas R. Raymond, Herald of the Prairie; Chester L. Root, New Covenant; Jeremiah S. Thompson, Prairie Farmer ; Charles Phil- brick, Democrat ; John Barker, Warren Johnson, S. B. Raymond, foreman, Citizen ; Benjamin W. Seaton, foreman, Spofford D. McDonald, William T. Knott, Argus.
1851 : John Emerson, William E. Foote, Henry Gibbs, C. F. Hardy, Warren Miller, undesignated ; James Goodwille, Herald of the Prairies ; C. D. Dick- erson, foreman Journal ; Philip J. Collins, New Cove- nant ; Ole Gulliver, - Ruth, Democrat ; Charles Dyer, Citizen ; Frederick J. Garside, Commercial Ad- vertiser.
1852 : Albert Beard, Charles H. Brennan, D). I .. Cowdery, James H. Davlin, Joseph Dusold, John M. Farquhar, Charles Foot, J. T. Fordham, William H. Foster, Abraham Frankhouser, Hans Johes (probably Kjoss , Henry Kleinofer, William F. Knott, James Mc- Donald, W. H. McQuarter, James Millar, Edward Ryan, Mark Seymour, Thomas Smith, Isaac B. Smith, Charles Volchmann, John Walsh, Hooper Warren, I .. B. Waterman, William E. Wilber. undesignated ; Ed- ward D. Barker, John F. Brown, Herald of the Prairies: Oscar F. Carver, Daniel B. Hopkins, George H. Ken- nedy, Edward W. L'Honnedieu, John F. Maddison. Henry M. Rogers, Tribune ; Robert R. Davis, Thomas R. Hudd, Thomas Leicester, George W. McWilliams. Hiram Vanderbelt, pressman, John Woods, Citizen : Jacob Blum, Frederick Barnard, Charles E. Beach, Ira F. Bird, William 11. Chappell, Edward Irwin, Cyrus B.
* The names of several printers omitted in this directory list will be found as publishers, or in the portion of this chapter devoted to newspapers.
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HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Langley, Journal ; James Martin, Benjamin F. Monroe, New Covenant ; George W. Blair, pressman, Frederick W. Brooks, J. Wickerson, pressman, Democrat ; John Anderson, William H. Harkin, Alexander White, Argus; Frederick H. Blecker, John Wilson, Commercial Adver- tiser ; F. A. Ryan, Democratic Press ; Rudolph Julius, John Simon, Frederick W. Storch, Staats Zeitung.
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1853 : James Austin, James Barnet, John Ballan- tyne, Edwin G. Barrows, Joseph T. Bennett, Charles H. Bingham, Robert Brunton, Patrick Conway, Claren- don Davison, O. C. Fordham, Clark Gieb, William Goodwin, Henry S. Hickok, J. M. Hoyt, K. C. Hunt, James King, Charles Kreckman, John Marshall, Will- iam McCarty, W. W. McCurdy, Duncan McDonald, A. J. Madden, William O'Brien, J. C. Parker, pressman, Joseph Parker, George Philbrick, S. G. Pitkin, Louis
Schell, John Shanks, Robert V. Shurley, L. G. Sinclair, Charles Slocum, Henry J. L. Stanwood, James E. Webb, undesignated ; F. S. Emrick, George Harris Fergus, Garden City ; James M. Chatfield, John Chat- field, Jr., William B. Doolittle, Lee Lars, Traveler ; V. Hanf, foreman, Staats Zeitung ; Hezekiah Chapin, Frank G. Haight, Lewis Knudson, pressman, Oliver H. Perry, G. Taylor, W. C. Wright, Democrat ; F. F. Brown, William F. Brown, A. B. Case, foreman, Newell Case, Andrew Dunn, Charles O. Pratt, pressman, Dem- ocratic Press ; Albert Auer, pressman, D. L. Logan, Tribune ; Myron Amick, W. F. Beach, G. E. Brown, Jehiel Hart, pressman, H. W. Havens, J. Lyman, F. M. Porter, O. M. Pugh, Oleander Stone, George A. Trey- ser, Journal.
THE BENCH AND BAR.
The prosperity of a people depends as much upon a wise interpretation as on a judicious framing of its laws. The advocate is as necessary as the lawgiver; the Bench and Bar as indispensable as the Governor and Legislature. Nowhere else has the legal profession ex- ercised a more powerful influence in framing the laws and molding the destinies of the people than in the United States. Here they form the leading political class, being the most thoroughly educated in all that appertains to the civil life of the nation.
In the State of Illinois their influence has been para- mount from the first. Nearly all the great names con- nected with its early history are also to be found on the roll of lawyers. They have been leaders of the people, not alone, as was to be expected, in the domain of law, . but in every intellectual, moral, educational, charitable and even commercial enterprise. And the firm stand taken by the profession against repudiation, in the dark period of 1837 to 1842, was creditable to their judg- ment and worthy of the leadership they had tacitly assumed.
It is now half a century since Chicago began to have a Bench and Bar of her own, in 1833, and in every im- portant crisis of her history since then, in each succes- sive step of the petty hamlet toward metropolitan great- ness, lawyers have been among her most active leaders and most influential counselors. They soon attained among the members of the profession throughout the State the prestige that always attaches to commercial centers, which the rapid growth and concentration of large interests here have exceptionally enhanced. The wealth of clients, corporate and individual, has stimulat- ed the powers of the profession, until to stand among one's brethren of the Chicago Bar, well toward the front with name untarnished, is perhaps the most enviable position that can be reached by a citizen.
THE JUDICIARY UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF 1818 .- The fourth article of the constitution of 1818 instituted a judiciary for the new State by the following provisions:
I. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one supreme court, and such inferior courts as the general assembly shall, from time to time ordain and establish.
2. The Supreme Court shall be holden at the seat of govern- ment, and shall have an appellate jurisdiction only, except in cases relating to the revenue, in cases of mandamus, and in such cases of impeachment as may be required to be tried before it.
3. The Supreme Court shall consist in a chief justice and three associates, any two of whom shall form a quorum. The number of justices may, however, be increased by the General Assembly after the year 1$24.
4. The justices of the Supreme Court and the judges of the inferior courts shall be appointed by joint ballot of both branches of the general assembly, and commissioned by the governor and shall hokl their offices during good behavior until the end of the first session of the general assembly, which shall be begun and held after the Ist day of January, in the year of our Lord 1524, at which time their commissions shall expire; and until the expiration of which time the said justices respectively, shall holl circuit courts in the several counties, in such manner and at such times, and shall have and exercise such jurisdiction as the General Assembly shall by law prescribe. But ever after the aforesaid period the justices of the Supreme Court shall be commissioned during good behavior and the justices thereof shall not hokdl circuit courts, unless re- quired by law.
5. The judges of the inferior courts shall hold their offices during good behavior, but for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, both the judges of the supreme and inferior courts, shall be removed from office on the ad- dress of two-thirds of each branch of the General Assembly: Pro- vided always, that no member of either house of the General Assembly nor any person connected with a member by consanguin- ity or affinity, shall be appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by such removal. The said justices of the Supreme Court, during their temporary appointment, shall receive an annual salary of one thousand dollars, payable quarter-yearly out of the public treasury. The judges of the inferior courts, and the justices of the Supreme Court who may be appointed after the end of the first session of the General Assembly which shall be begun and held after the first day of January, in the year of our Lord 1824, shall have adequate and competent salaries, which shall not be diminished during their con- tinuance in office.
6. The Supreme Court, or a majority of the justices thereof, the circuit courts or the justices thereof shall respectively appoint their own clerks.
7. All process, writs, and other proceedings shall run in the name of " The people of the State of Illinois." All prosecutions shall be carried on "In the name and by the authority of the peo- ple of the State of Illinois," and conclude "Against the peace and dignity of the same."
8. ' A competent number of justices of the peace shall be ap- pointed in each county, in such manner as the General Assembly may direct, whose time of service, power, and duties shall be regu- lated and defined by law. And justices of the peace, when so ap- pointed, shall be commissioned by the governor.
Accordingly the State was divided into four judicial circuits, in which the chief justice and his three asso- ciates performed circuit duties until 1824. By an act of December 29, 1824, the State was divided into five judicial districts, and five circuit judges ordered to be elected by the General Assembly. These were to per- form all circuit duties, relieving the Supreme Court of that labor, and were to continue in office during good behavior, as provided in the constitution.
But this was soon regarded as a piece of legislative extravagance. Four judges of the Supreme Court at $800 each, and five of the Circuit Court at $600 each, or in all, $6,200 annually. It was therefore repealed, January 12, 1827, and the State was again divided into four Circuit Court districts, to each of which was as- signed one of the justices of the Supreme Court. Two years later, January 8, 1829, it was found necessary to create a fifth circuit, to include the whole region north of the Illinois River, and for it a judge was chosen by the General Assembly, the justices of the Supreme Court doing duty in the four circuits south of that river.
CHICAGO'S EARLIEST JUDICIARY .- Before treating of the Bench and Bar of Chicago in the stricter sense of judges and lawyers, assembling amid customary sur- roundings, made respectable by the inherent majesty of law, if not by outward pomp and court forms, it is thought proper to refer to the earliest representatives and processes of law in the future city.
As in the traditional history of ancient nations, the warlike conqueror and founder of empire is always fol- lowed by the pacific lawgiver and civil organizer, even so hy curious coincidence did it happen in the predes- tined metropolis of the Great West. Scarcely had the military outpost of Fort Dearborn been established, be- fore a lawyer came here to reside; and as if yet further
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1
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HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
to justify the parallelism, he came in the interests of order and justice. Reference is made to Charles Jouett, a lawyer of Virginia, and afterward judge in Kentucky and Arkansas, who came here in 1805, as the first Indian Agent.
The earliest mention in the legal records of the State of a Chicago Justice of the Peace, is the following: "June 5, 1821, at the second term of the Commission- ers Court of Pike County, upon motion of Abraham Beck, Judge of Probate, John Kinzie was recommended as a suitable person for Justice of the Peace." Chicago was then in Pike.
At a term of the Commissioners Court of Fulton County, held December 2, 1823. John Kinzie was again recommended for Justice of the Peace. Chicago was then in Fulton.
Peoria County, including the region of Chicago, was set apart from Fulton County, January 13, 1825, and on the same day Austin Crocker and Kinsey were confirmed by the State Senate as Justices of the Peace for the new county. There is no reason to doubt that '- Kinsey " was intended for John Kinzie, who, however, was not commissioned until July 28, 1825. He was, therefore, not only the first resident Justice in Chicago, but one of the first two confirmed for Peoria County. It seems probable, in the absence of any men- tion of his having performed the duties of the office, that the previous indorsements had not been followed by a formal appointment or commission.
Alexander Wolcott and Jean Baptiste Beaubien were made Justices September 10, 1825; and they and Kinzie were judges of election in Chicago precinct December 7, 1825. John L. Bogardus, of Peoria, Assessor of Chicago in 1825, was appointed Justice January 15, 1826.
JUSTICES MADE ELECTIVE .- By a law of December 30, 1826, Justices were made elective, and their term of office extended to four years. A supplemental act of February 9, 1827. continued in office those previously appointed until the election of successors. In Chicago, Wolcott and Beaubien were re-commissioned December 26, 1827, having been elected by the voters of the pre- cinct, or perhaps continuing in virtue of the law referred to. There are on record at least five marriages by Beaubien, two in 1828, and three in 1830, but none by Wolcott; and no trials by either. John S. C. Hogan was elected July 24, and commissioned October 9, 1830; and Stephen Forbes was elected November 25, 1830. Chicago was still in Peoria County.
Of the four Justices of Cook County, commissioned May 2, 1831, only one, William See, was a resident of Chicago. Another, Archibald Clybourne, did not reside in the Chicago of that day, although what was then his farm is now within the city limits. Russel E. Heacock became a Justice September 10, 1831 ; and was probably the first Justice before whom trials were held. Isaac Harmon was elected June 4, 1832 ; perhaps to succeed See. Justices Heacock and Harmon seemed to have served until August, 1835. They are both mentioned as Justices in the Chicago American of July 11, 1835 ; and Harmon was re-elected, August 9. 1835. Mean- while John Dean Caton was elected Justice July 12, 1834. by one hundred and eighty-two votes out of a total of two hundred and twenty-nine, the remaining forty-seven being given to his competitor, Dr. Josiah C. Goodhue. He continued in office probably until August, 1835, and is said to have then given but little promise of the success which afterward marked his career as Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois. E.
WV. Casey was elected Justice of the Peace, August 9, 1835, but did not serve long.
THE CIRCUIT COURT .- By an act of February 16. 1831, it was provided that "The counties of Cook, Lit- Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Fulton, Schuyler, Adams, Han- cock, McDonough. Knox, Warren, Jo I)aviess. Mercer. Rock Island and Henry shall constitute the Fifth Judi- cial Circuit * Richard M. Young shall perform cir- cuit duties in the Fifth Judicial Circuit. = * There shall be two terms of the Circuit Court held annually in each of the counties. *
* In the county of Cook on the fourth Mondays in April and second Mondays in September.
It will be noticed that this circuit embraced such dis- tant points as Galena, Quincy, Peoria and Chicago, and the fifteen above-named counties, now increased by sub-division into thirty-nine.
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