History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time, Part 30

Author: Andreas, Alfred Theodore
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas
Number of Pages: 1340

USA > Illinois > Cook County > Chicago > History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time > Part 30

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RELIGIOUS GERMS .- As a whole, the Chicago of 1831 could not have been considered a pious town .* There was no church edifice, and outside the fort, with the exceptions of the ministrations of the Jesuit priests among the Indians, and the visits of McCoy, Scarrett, and Walker on the part of Protest- ant missions, it does not appear that the preaching of the gospel had been an el- ement in the life of the town. Wil- liam See, a Methodist exhorter, occa- sionally essayed to preach. He was a blacksmith, and worked for Mr. McKee. Mrs. Kin- zie heard him preach in the spring of 1831. He preached in what she termed the "little school-house " at Wolf Point. It does not appear, however, that his ministrations were rewarded with a religious awakening * See Religious History.

sufficient to result in an organization of the few devout persons who heard him preach. He was a man of unblem- ished character, and, as a faithful servant of his Master. did what he could to prepare the way for the more effi- cient, though not more meritorious, work done by his immediate successors, with whom he continued to co-op- erate in religious labor after their arrival. He is entitled to the distinction of being the first ordained resident preacher of the modern Chicago. "Chicago Mission " was designated in 1831 as a point in the Sangamon District of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the Rev. Jesse Walker, then living at Plainfield, forty miles distant, was appointed to the charge. He paid his first visit after his appointment in company with Rev. Stephen R. Beggs. MIr. Beggs held his first meeting in Dr. Harmon's room, in the fort, on the evening of June 15, 1831. On the following day he preached in the log school-house at Wolf Point, where William See had occasionally preached before. The meeting resulted in the formation at that time of a Methodist class, and the permanent establishment of the Methodist Episco- pal Church in Chicago. The venerable pioneer of Meth- odism, Mr. Beggs, in an address before the Calumet Club in Chicago, May 27, 1879, forty-eight years after, spoke of the formation of the class and its members as follows :

" My next ( second ) service was in the log school-house north of what is. now Washington Street, on the first block west of the

Belick Wentworth

river, upon or near what is now Canal Street, and near Wolf Point. I invited all to come forward who wished to enroll themselves in the Methodist Church. Ten responded. Among them were: William See, whi, was made class-leader, who moved to Racine. Wis., and died there ;* Elijah Wentworth, Jr., the first Coroner of

* Hurlbut-see "Antiquities." P 373-states that Sce died in luwa County, Wis., in 1858.

CHICAGO IN 1830-33-

. 115

Cook County, who died at Galesburg, Ill., on the 18th of November, 1875 ; his mother, Lucy (Walker) Wentworth, who died at Chi- cago, of cholera, July, 22, 1849, and his two sisters, Mrs. Charles Sweet, now of St. Joseph, Mich., and Mrs. Elijah Estes, of Milwaukee, Wis., whose daughter is now the wife of Kev. Isaac Lineburger, at Dixon, in this State. This same log school- house afterwards served as chapel and parsonage for the itinerant clergyman. Here were his kitchen and parlor. At the Methodist Conference held at Indianapolis the 4th of October, 1831, I was ap- pointed to Chicago, and held my first quarterly meeting in January, 1832, being the first ever held here, and there was also the first Meth- odist communion service. T. B. Clark, of Plainfield, carried pro- visions on an ox-sled to sustain the people through the quarterly meeting."

Mrs. Zebiah (Wentworth) Estes is still living ( 1883 ) at Bay View, near Milwaukee, and is believed to be the only surviving member of the class. Her sister, Mrs. Susan (Wentworth ) Sweet, died at St. Joseph, Mich., March 25, 1882.

No other efforts to establish stated religious services in Chicago were made until the following year. As auxiliary to the religious movement above mentioned, weekly prayer meetings were begun in the fall, at the house of Mark Noble, Sen. (the old Kinzie house). Mr. Noble, his two daughters, and Mrs. R. J. Hamilton, all Methodists, were the originators and zealous supporters of this first Christian prayer meeting of Chicago.

THE FIRST POST-OFFICE was established at the town of Chicago in the spring of 1831, and Jonathan N. Bailey appointed Postmaster. He was, at that time, living in the old Kinzie house, opposite the fort. It is probable that the mails were first opened and distrib- uted at his dwelling. The mail facilities at the time the post-office was established were not of the best. There were no post-roads. The mail was received once in . two weeks from Niles, that being the nearest distribut- ing post-office.

The village did not grow rapidly during the first year after the survey wasmade. A few men came in to swell the permanent population, but not sufficient to give it any decided certainty of being the leading city of the West. The sale of lots by the land commissioners was made largely to speculators or to the few residents who took a local interest in the embryo town. The prices real- ized were by no means extravagant when compared with those of to-day. As showing the first market value of city lots in Chicago, the following partial list of pur- chasers of 1830, and the prices paid or promised to be paid, is given :

PARTIAL LISTI OF PURCHASES OF CANAL LOTS AND LAND SUR- VEYED AND BROUGHT INTO MARKET IN 1830.

'NAME.

DESCRIPTION.

PRICE, ETC.

J. B. Beaubien

Lots I and 2, block 17

SIOO

Mark Beaubien.

Lots 3 and 4, block 31.

I02

William Belcher

Lots 5 and 6, block 29.

109

Wilson A. Bell

Lots 4 and 5, block 34-

Lyon Bourissa

Lots I and 2, block 44.

II4

Archibald Clybourne.

Lots 4 and 5, block 5-

Charles Dunn

I.ot I, block 16

John Evans.

Lot 5, block 33

Clement A. Finley

Lots 5 and 6, block 31

IOI

Amos Foster

Some 26 lots

Thomas Hartzell

Lot I, block 20

Also 80 acres west half of northeast quarter Section (9 ?)

1.55 per

John S. C. Hogan ..

Lots 1, 2, 5 and 6, block

116

Clark Hollenbeck

I.ot 7, block 8

Gurdon S. Hubbard ..

I.nts I and 2, block 19.

William Jewell __

Ints 5 and 6, block 28.

Benjamin Kercheval ..

So acres, west half of north- west quarter.

1.25 per

E. Roberts

Edward Keyes

Lots 5 and 6, block 8 47

NAME.

DESCRIPTION.

PRICE, ETC-

Paul Kingston

Lot 7, block 20

James Kinzie.

Lots 5, 6, 7 and 8, block ..

76 for 4 lots

. John II. Kinzie .

Lot 2, block 2

William Lee (See ?)

Lots 3, 4 and 5, block 23 ..

Stephen Mack

Lots 7 and S, block, 43

David Mckee.

Lot 7, block 49

I30

Peter Menard, Jr.

Lots 4, block 29

100

E. Roberts

George Miller

Lots 5 and 6, block 36

Samuel Miller.

Lots 3, 4, 5 and 6, block

14.

IIO

Jonathan H. Pugh

Lot I, block 18

Edmund Roberts

Lot ?, block 18

Alexander Robeson

Lots = and 2, block 29

138

T'homas Ryan.

Lot 2, block 14

James Walker.

Lot 4, block 10

Jobn Wellmaker

Luts I and 2, block 14

Joho P. Wilburn

Lot I, block I

Alexander Wolcott

Eight lots in block I, also

east half of northeast

quarter, Section 9, Towo

39, Range 14, 80 acres ..

1.621/2 per acre 50

The changes in the resident population during 1831' mentioned by the early chroniclers, were as follows :

The troops in garrison were removed in June to Green Bay, and the Government property left in charge of Indian Agent Colonel T. J. V. Owen, assisted by his brother-in-law, Gholson Kercheval.

Among those who became citizens of the town were : Colonel R. J. Hamilton, who came April 9 ; George W. Dole, May 4; P. F. W. Peck, who brought with him a small stock of goods in the schooner "Telegraph," which arrived in July ; Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, June, 1831 ; R. N. Murray, July, 1831 ; J. W. Pool, October, 1831 ; Mark Noble and family, August, 1831 ; Dr. Elijah D. Harmon, who came in 1831, as appears in Mrs. Kinzie's "Waubun," p. 205. He lived in the fort, but is entitled to a place among the early settlers of Chicago. Of him Mrs. Kinzie wrote :

" When we chose the path across the prairie toward the south, we generally passed a newcomer, Dr. Harmon, superintending the construction of a sod fence, at a spot he had chosen, near the shore of the lake. Io this inclosure, as the season advanced, he occu- pied himself in planting fruit stones of all descriptions, to make ready a garden and orchard for future enjoyment. We usually stopped to have a little chat. The two favorite schemes of the Doctor were horticulture and the certaio future importance of Chicago."

The accounts are quite unanimous in the statement that many emigrants were temporary sojourners in the fort, and the buildings surrounding, during the summer and fall, but it does not appear that many of them remained permanently. Most of them went beyond to the Fox and Rock River countries and made settlements there.

Colbert, p. 5, states : " The same vessel (the " l'ele- graph ') brought a number of families who, however, did not settle here. Emigration set in largely in the fall. and by September the fort was filled with emigrant families, the occupants numbering some four hundred souls."

Governor Bross, " History of Chicago," p. 18, says:

" The ' Telegraph,' which arrived in July, and the ' Maren- go,' were the only arrivals during the season, except the one that transported the troops to Green Bay .* The principal part of the population of Chicago during the winter of 1831-32 occupied the quarters in the garrison, and were ministered to, in the way of creature comforts, by our estimable citizen George W. Dole, who was the only merchant then in Chicago, except Mr. R. A. Kinzie, at Wolf Point."

* The " Napoleon," Captain Hinckley.

Jedediah Woolsey, Jr. Lot 9, block 44

acre

116

HISTORY OF EARLY CHICAGO.

Mr. Colbert chronicles the arrival of P F. W. Peck on the "Telegraph," "with a small stock of goods," and states that " he built a small log store near the fort," thus making an important addition to the trade of Chi- cago. If the statement is correct, Mr. Peck doubtless took his share of the trade with Messrs. Kinzie and Dole .*

There is no mention of any building being done during the year, except the store of Peck, before men- tioned. .

CHICAGO BECOMES A COUNTY SEAT. - The act creating Cook County was passed by the General As- sembly of Illinois, and approved January 15, IS31. By the same act the town of Chicago was made the county seat. Section 1 of the act read as follows:

" Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, repre- sented in the General Assembly. That all that tract of country, to wit: commencing at the boundary line between the states of Indiana, Illinois, at the dividing line between towns thirty-three and thirty- four, north; thence west to the southwest corner of town thirty-four north, of range nine, east; then due north to the northern boundary line of the State; thence east with said line to the northeast corner of the State; thence southwardly with the line of the State to the place of beginning .- shall constitute a county to be called Cook, t and the county seat thereof is hereby declared to be permanently established at the town of Chicago, as the same has been laid out and defined by the land commissioners."

Section 8 directs that an election be held "at Chi- cago, in Cook County, on the first Monday in March next, for one sheriff, one coroner, and three county com- missioners."

Section 10 locates the public buildings at Chicago " on the public square, as laid off by the Canal Com- missioners, on the south side of the Chicago River," and in the succeeding section the County Commissioners were authorized "to sell the same whenever they may think it best, and apply the proceeds thereof to the erec- tion of a court-house and jail."

Section 13 established a ferry at the "seat of justice." The County Commissioners were without delay to pro- vide a suitable boat, or other water craft, and hire a ferry- man at their discretion as to terms. The ferry was to be free to the inhabitants of the county; others to be ferried at such rates as should be reasonable and just.

In March, 1831, Cook County was organized. Ít then embraced, besides its present limits, all of what are now the counties of Lake, McHenry, Du Page, and Will. The only voting place in the county was Chi- cago, at the first election. No general election was held until the following year, before which time the county had been divided into three precincts. The

first commissioners were Samuel Miller, Gholson Kerche- val, and James Walker, who, on March 8, held their first court in Chicago, and took the oath of office be- fore Justice of the l'eace J. S. C. Hogan. William See was appointed Clerk and Archibald Clybourne, Treas- urer. With the exception of Walker, who lived on the Du Page River, the governing power of Cook County was vested in residents of Chicago. During the first session of the court, which lasted two days, the follow- ing proceedings were made matter of record:

"An order was passed that the southwestern fraction of Sec- tion 10, Township 9, Range 14, east, he entered for county pur- pases. The Treasurer was authorized to borrow one hundred dollars with which to make the entry, at a rate of interest not to exceed six per cent. lesse Walker was appointed as agent to enter the land in behalf of the county. #

* Robert A. Kinzie, Samuel Miller, Alexander Ruhinson, Jushn R. Reau- bien, Madore B. Reauhien, and . Mark l'eaubien had all been licensed to sell goods at this time. Perhaps the five last mentioned traded exclusively with Indians. +The county was named in honor of Hon. Daniel H. I', Conk, who as a men- ber of Congress, had been chirily instrumental in procuring the passage of the canal hill and land grant nif 1827.

: The project failed. Mr. Walker at a subsequent meeting ( Jonr 6) re- ported that he bad been refused permission to make the entry, and returned the moacy.

" Jedediah Wooley was nominated for appointment by the Gov. ernor as County Surveyor.

" Three voting precincts were established and their boundaries defincd, designated as the Chicago precinct, the Ilickory Creek precinct and the Du Page precinct.

"Grand and petit jurors were selected, and other unimportant business transacted after which, as was recorded, 'the court ad- journed until court in course,'"

April 13, 1831, a special term of the Court of County Commissioners was held in Chicago-present, Samuel Miller and Gholson Kercheval, the two Chicago members. At this session considerable business was transacted relating especially to the history of Chicago.

It was ordered that a tax of one-half per cent be levied on the following description of property, to wit: " On town lots; on pleasure carriages; on distilleries; on all horses, mules, and neat cattle above the age of three years; on watches, with their appurtenances; and on all clocks."

The first two tavern licenses were granted by Cook County to Chicago landlords-Elijah Wentworth, for $7, and Samuel Miller, for $5.

Following the granting of these licenses, the records show that it was-

Ordered that the following rates* be allowed to tavern keep- ers to wit:

Each half pint of wine, rum, or brandy. .$.25

Each pint do. .3715

Each half pint of gin. IS31

Each pint do ... .3134

Each gill of whisky. . 06 14

Each half pint do. . 12 12

Each pint do ... . 18 34

For each breakfast and supper. .25

For each dinner .371%

For each horse fed. .25

Keeping horse one night. .50

Lodging for each man per night. 1212

For cider or beer, one pint .. 06 14

For cider or beer, one quart .. .12 1%

During the same session, Russel E. Heacock was licensed " to keep a tavern at his residence,"t and Rob- ert A. Kinzie, Samuel Miller; and B. Laughton,t were licensed to sell merchandise. James Kinzie was duly licensed as an auctioneer.

Action was had for the establishment of a ferry across the branches of the Chicago River at the forks. The people of Cook County, " with their traveling ap- ratus," were to be passed free ; all others were to be charged for ferriage as per a schedule of rates then adopted. Whoever should be appointed ferryman would be required to file a bond in the sum of $200 for the faithful performance of his duty, and to pay into the county treasury the sum of $50. A ferry scow was purchased of Samuel Miller for $65. At the next term of court (June 6, 1831) Mark Beaubien was duly ap- pointed ferryman of Chicago, having filed the required bond, with James Kinzie as surety, and entered into an agreement to pay into the county treasury the required sum of $50.

The Clerk, being empowered to do certain acts necessary to keep the wheels of government in motion, during the vacation of the court, granted permits to sell goods to Alexander Robinson, John B. Beaubien, and Madore B. Beaubien.

The second regular session of the Court was held June 6.

* At that time dimes and half dimes were not in circulation, and the com- putation of all small transactions, involving less than one dollar, was based on the Spanish coin, valued at 1212 cents, known in New York as the " York shil- ling." and in New Ingland as a " ninr proce.'

+ Mr. Heacuck, who had been licensed by Peoria County. June 3. 1830, lived up the south Branch comme five miles from the present rundt-house. His place was known as Heacock's Point-his claim was on Section 32, Township 39, Range 14

$ Parney H. Laughton kept his store at what is now Riversule, some miles southwest of the village. One anthority says " three miles up the South Branch. '

II7

CHICAGO IN 1830-33-

At that session Mark Beaubien, O. Newberry,* and Joseph Leflenboys were licensed to sell goods in Cook County. Subsequent records show that, during 1831, in addition to those before mentioned, merchants' licenses were granted to Brewster, Hogan & Co., Peck, Walker & Co., Joseph Naper, and Nicholas Boliveu.

FIRST COUNTY ROADS .- The initiatory steps were taken during this session for the establishment of two country roads. The first was to be located " from the town of Chicago to the house of B. Lawton, from thence to the house of James Walker, on the Du Page River, and so on to the west line of the county." The viewers appointed were Elijah Wentworth, R. E. Hea- cock, and Timothy B. Clark. The second was to run " from the town of Chicago, the nearest and best way to the house of Widow Brown, on Hickory Creek." James Kinzie, Archibald Clybourne, and R. E. Heacock were appointed viewers. These two highways were intended to open communication with the southern and western parts of the county, and between the voting places in the three precincts established. The projected road to Widow Brown's was laid out from the town of Chicago on what is now State Street and Archer Avenue. The DuPage road ran essentially on the line of Madi- son Street to Ogden Avenue, thence on said avenue to Lawton's, near what is now Riverside.

The first report of the viewers of the last-named road does not appear to have been satisfactory to the court as the record says : " the report is rejected and the viewers shall have no pay for their services." The court perhaps transcended its authority in thus cutting off the pay of the derelict viewers, but, as there is no record to the contrary, it is believed that the punish- ment was meekly borne by the luckless trio, and that no attempts were made on their part to obtain redress. Thus early in history did the county fathers frown upon undesirable practices in the civil service, whether cor- rupt or otherwise. Slight lapses from the inflexible integrity of the early court have since occurred, and the practice of depriving officials of the emoluments of office when under clouds of suspicion has long ago fallen into disuse.

FIRST PUBLIC LAND SALE .- The Canal Commis- sioners deeded Cook County a tract of ten acres including what is now the court-house square.

It was decided by the commissioners to sell off by public auction a part of the land. The sale occurred July 1831, James Kinzie being the auctioneer. The county records show that the rate of commissions al- lowed him were two and one-half per cent for the first $200, and one per cent for all over that sum. For his services he received a county order for the sum of $14.5334. Computing from the amount of the auc- tioneer's commissions, it would appear that the gross amount of sales was $1. 153-75.

AN INDIAN PAYMENT .- The last occurrence wor- thy of note in the annals of Chicago for the year 1831, was the gathering of nearly 4,000 Indians to receive their annuities, which were disbursed by Colonel Owen, assisted by Kinzie and Gholson Kercheval. The payment occurred during the latter part of Sep- tember, and was the occasion of no little anxiety on the part of the whites, as it was known that there were emissaries from the Sacs of Black Hawk's band, who had but recently reluctantly moved to the western banks of the Mississippi, attempting to incite the tribes gathered to make common cause with them against the whites, and to inaugurate a general war for the exter- mination of the settlers and the repossession of their

* Oliver Newberry was then a merchant of Detroit,

old hunting grounds. It was known that the counsels of the Pottawatomies were far from unanimous for peace. Black Foot, leader of a powerful band, having his home at the head of Big Foot, now Geneva Lake, was ready to put on his war paint, as were most of his braves. His influence was, however, not sufficient, against the strenuous opposition of Billy Caldwell (Sauganash) who was the stanch friend of the whites, to carry the tribe into the proposed warlike alliance; and much to the relief of the whites the plot fell through, and the payment ended in a bloodless orgie of drunk- enness, after which the various tribes returned to their villages, some evincing surly disappointment that blood had been averted. The sentiment of the tribes as a whole was not reassuring for a lasting peace. Although, through the firmness of Colonel Owen and the influence of the friendly chiefs, no hostile alliance had been effected, it was quite generally believed that in case of any attempt on the part of the Sacs to repossess their lands about Rock Island, the Pottawatomies would at best be only neutral as a tribe, while Big Foot's band might prove secret allies so far as to give aid and com- fort to the enemy.

EARLY AMUSEMENTS .- During the winter of 1831-32 the settlement; almost shut out from the outside world, found amusement, pastime and profit within the nar- row range of its own resources. There were dances at Mark Beaubien's. A "debating society " was organ- ized at the fort, J. B. Beaubien being the president. A chronicler states that he presided with "much efficiency and dignity." Although not very conversant with Jefferson's Manual, he had no occasion to use it, as every member was disposed to be orderly and behave himself, and each and all seemed bound to contribute as much as possible to the general sum of knowledge and usefulness. Here Chicago oratory was first fledged, and the ever-recurring questions of debate on such occasions were for the first time debated, if not settled, on the western shore of Lake Michigan.

Mark Noble and family, Mrs. Hamilton, the Went- worths, Mr. See and wife, Rev. Stephen R. Beggs and family and other religious souls, if such they were, held weekly prayer meetings, either at Mr. Noble's house or at the fort. Thus, the grave, the gay and the intellect- ual found sources of enjoyment in this far-off hamlet of the West. The monotony of the short winter days was broken by an occasional scrub-race on the ice be- tween one of Mark Beaubien's horses 'he had two) and any other that could be found to score with him. An occasional wolf hunt within the present city limits also helped to while away the time until the warm spring should bring the expected arrival of more emigrants, and the consequent renewal of business, which had been quite brisk with passing emigrants till cold weather set in.

AN UNEXPECTED SET BACK .- The spring came, and with it came rumors which blighted all hopes of a re- newal of the tide of emigration early in the season. They were to the effect that Black Hawk .* with his band, although unsuccessful in his attempts at an alliance with the Pottawatomies the fall before, had recrossed the Mississippi in violation of his treaty, and with the ap- parent intent of re-occupying his old village and the ter- ritory along the Rock River which he had so recently left. The alarming rumor was confirmed on the arrival of Hon. Richard M. Young, at Fort Dearborn. He was at that time one of the circuit judges of the State. He was accompanied by Benjamin Mills, Esq., a lead-

* For fuller account concerning the Black Hawk War, see article on Fort Dearborn and the Military llistory.

118

HISTORY OF EARLY CHICAGO.

ing member of the Illinois Bar, and Colonel Strode. They had come from Galena, by way of Dixon, and re- ported that the Indians at the latter point showed evi- dent signs of their hostile intentions. Later arrivals confirmed their statements. The aggressive march of the band up the Rock River, their meeting with Still- man's force, their subsequent breaking up into small bands to prey upon the defenseless settlers, the massa- cre at Indian Creek, and the general panic which en- sued, has all been told elsewhere. The tidings of the campaign as it progressed came daily to Chicago, and created, as may well be imagined, a consternation and excitement which overshadowed all other interests for the time. The nearest, and in fact the only place of refuge for the settlers on the Desplaines and vicinity, was Fort Dearborn. The settlers were warned by Shaw- bonee, a friendly Pottawatomie chief, through scouts sent by him to the various settlements to inform them of the impending danger .* By the last week of May Fort Dearborn was a crowded caravansary of frightened fugitives numbering more than five hundred persons. The quarters were crowded, a single room often being occupied by two families. As the fort overflowed, the later comers made temporary homes in rude huts and shanties hastily and rudely put together for the emer- gency, from such materials as the place afforded. Noth- ing was thought of or talked of except the war and the dan- ger that menaced the whites. Although no great fear was entertained for the safety of those within the garrison from Black Hawk's band, a vague fear, an undefinable dread lest other tribes might, at any time, without warning, take sides with the hostile band and join them in their murderous raid, gave the settlers a continued anxiety, known only to those who have experienced it. The anxiety was increased by information given to Colonel Owen by Billy Caldwell that the hostile chiefs were still tampering with the Ottawa, Pottawatomie and Chippewa Indians who belonged to the Chicago agency, and who had thus far refused to make common cause with them ; that the young men and some of the older chiefs had become exasperated at the conduct of. Still- man's men in needlessly beginning the war, and had gained courage, which gave them hope of success from the subsequent victory of Black Hawk's warriors over the whites who first fired on them. To if possible avert the danger, an informal council was called of the chiefs of the various bands having lodges nearest the fort.t At this council Colonel Owen addressed the Indians. He pointed out the absolute folly of any alliance with the hostile tribe ; he showed them the certainty of ultimate defeat, and the disastrous results to them which would follow should they needlessly take up arms in a cause not their own-a loss of their annuities, probably fol- lowed by the destruction of their tribes or their forcible removal to beyond the Mississippi. Big Foot addressed the council, detailed the common grievances of the In- dians, told of the many instances of injustice and faith- lessness on the part of the Government which his tribe had suffered, and gave it as his conviction that the present was a favorable time to make common cause in seeking with knife and tomahawk redress for their cum- ulated wrongs. His speech was favorably received by many of the young men, but the stanch opposition to the foolhardy stroke for vengeance proposed by Big Foot was made by both Robinson and Caldwell. Their influence in the tribe, backed by their eloquence, to- gether with the decided and fearless talk of Colonel

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History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time, Part 30

Author: Andreas, Alfred Theodore Publication date: 1884 Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas Number of Pages: 1340

Author: Andreas, Alfred Theodore
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas
Number of Pages: 1340