History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time, Part 143

Author: Andreas, Alfred Theodore
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas
Number of Pages: 1340

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Upon April 26, 1847, a committee consisting of J. V. Z. Blaney, George Davis and C. L. Schlatter-the three senior officers of the lodge-was appointed to deliberate with a like committee from Apollo Lodge, No. 32, upon the feasibility of consolidating the two lodges, and on May 26 this committee reported favorably upon the project. Pursuant thereto on June 28, twenty members of Apollo Lodge presented petitions for affiliation, which were, after reference to the proper committee, accepted. The case of Isaac P. Hatfield, before re- ferred to, was acted upon by Oriental Lodge at this meeting : the lodge declaring, by resolution, that the record of Apollo Encampment having declared him ex- pelled, Isaac P. Hatfield was "expelled." On Decem- ber 17, however, a communication was received from the encampment stating that I. P. Hatfield was not ex- pelled, whereupon the resolution was rescinded and ordered expunged from the record. Just what Oriental Lodge had to do with the matter is unknown ; the de- cree of the Grand Lodge was averse to his expulsion. and he was a member of LaFayette, not Oriental, Lodge. Election was then had, with the result as Follows: George Davis, W. M .; W. H. Davis, S. W .; J. A. Reichart, J. W .; J. V. Z. Blaney, treasurer ; L. P. Hil- liard, secretary ; R. V. M. Croes, S. D .: J. H. Pahlman, J. D .; W. Mitchell, chaplain : John Daly and S. W. Sherman, stewards; J. L. Thompson, tyler. This year the lodge had thirty-four members.

The election of December 15, 1848, made the follow- ing officers : George Davis, W. M .; William HI. Davis,

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S. W .; J .. A. Reichart, J. W .; A. G. Burley,* treasurer : L. P. Hilliard, secretary ; C. Drake, S. D .; J. H. Pahl- man, J. D .; William Barlow, chaplain ; J. Herman Bird, J. V. Z. Blaney and William B. Herrick, stewards ; N. Christie, tyler. Forty members were the quota of the lodge this year.

On December 21, 1849, the annual election resulted as follows : J. Herman Bird, W. M .; L. P. Hilliard, S. W .; Carlton Drake, J. W .; A. G. Burley, treasurer ; Peter A. Lantze, secretary ; W. H. Adams, S. D .; P. Ballingall, J. D .; J. V. S. Blaney, C. R. Starkweather and George Davis, stewards; J. Daly, tyler. The officers subsequent to these years are contained in the hand-book of this lodge. The members this year num- bered forty-six.

The preceding pages exhibit the officers and mem- bership of the two lodges that endured until 1850, and in thus showing their constituency the early Masons of Chicago are displayed ; the apostles whose teachings and practice laid the foundation for the edifice, "not made with hands," that adorns the city of the present. They had their periods of sunshine and storm, their moments of doubt and their times of assurance ; in fact, a storm was raised about the ears of Apollo, No. 32, in 1845, because it was deemed this lodge had too much assurance.

The casus belli was this: A. B. Lewis, a musician, genealogically descended from a Cherokee by an Afri- can paternal progenitor, for two years or so a resident of Chicago, duly qualified with a diploma from an acknowledged Grand Lodge, was admitted a few times to the lodge of Chicago as a visitor. Those who remember the bitterness of the pro and anti slavery factions, will readily understand how the chivalric tent- acles of the Southern lodges retracted with horror, at the spectacle of a negro bowing before the Holy Altar at the mention of the name of our common Father. The Chicago lodges said, the half Indian, half negro, was an undoubted brother Mason, a modest, worthy man who came under the tongue of good report, and how his exclusion from any lodge to which he might apply for admission and display his credentials, would comport with the respect due to the Grand Lodge whose diploma he presented-one of the most intelli- gent and respectable bodies of Masons in the United States-was a question difficult of solution. But Apollo, No. 32, piled Ossa upon Pelion; by the entertaining of petitions from John Johnson and Davidson, barbers in Chicago, of commingled Anglo-Saxon and African blood, reputed of free birth and certainly of good report, for degrees in this lodge; said petition being pre- sented at a regular communication held May 2, 1845, and referred in the customary manner. On May 5, however, a special meeting was held, and a resolution adopted, instructing the committee to whom the peti- tion was referred not to report until after the next meeting of the Grand Lodge in October proximo, in order that an expression of opinion might be had from the Grand Lodge. The intention of Apollo Lodge appears to have been to ignore color lines, but it was a little timorous as to the result of its action.

On November 21, next following, at a regular com- munication, with W. M. William Stuart in the East, the committee upon said petition reported favorably ; but the delegate to the Grand Lodge having stated that the Grand Lodge had not expressed any dictum on the matter, a resolution was unanimously adopted,

allowing the petitioners to withdraw their petitions and to resume their status as profane persons, de novo. It was also desired by the Master of Apollo Lodge, that it might be made a matter of record; that at the time of this action, no instructions had been received from the Grand Lodge with which the action of the lodge was inconsistent. But the lodges uprose in their wrath, headed by Harmony, No. 3, who, for the nonce, was the Até of the Masonic confederation. Cir- culars were sent to each lodge asking for an expression of opinion; the question of a Black Lodge was gravely discussed; committees met, acted and parted; one gravely stating that "the Author of all has placed a distinguishing mark upon them (the negroes), clearly indicating that there was a distinctiveness to be kept up," etc. The tempest was full of acerbity, rancor and harsh sentiment, and was distinguished, in the main. by anything rather than the comprehensive charity that should extent from the nadir to the zenith. The whole fact appears to be that the Chicago lodge was some years ahead of time. It is surmised that the antag- onism engendered by the pioneer aholitionism of Apollo Lodge, No. 32, led to its disintegration. Apollo was the deity before whom darkness fled; and Apollo, No. 32, made quite an illuminative innovation upon the pro-slavery ideas of that period.

On October 1, 1849, the Grand Lodge held its ses- sion for the first time in Chicago, and on February 10, 1.850, the record of the proceedings was destroyed by fire, in consequence of which a special session of the Grand Lodge was convoked at Springfield, April 8, 1850, to restore records, etc., destroyed. This session of the Grand Lodge was christened, on this account, " The Grand Lodge of Recovery."

One act of justice requires to be performed to the memory of Nathan C. Geer: he is reported upon the hånd-book of Oriental Lodge as expelled; he was ex- pelled, but was restored by Grand Master J. H. Hibbard June 16, 1857, to good Masonic standing in the frater- nity, upon the unanimous petition of the lodge, * and died at Peoria in 1860, a member of Peoria Com- mandery.

The Chicago lodges were by no means deficient in the great Masonic virtue, charity, as the following pre- amble and resolution, introduced in the Grand Lodge at the session of 1853, will satisfactorily demonstrate : "Whereas : It has been represented to this Grand Lodge that the finances of La Fayette and Oriental lodges of Chicago are now almost entirely exhausted by their frequent disbursements of charity to indigent traveling brethren; therefore Resolved : That the Grand Lodge of Illinois, out of its Charity Fund donate to LaFayette Lodge, No. 18, and Oriental Lodge, No. 33, to be equally divided among them, the sum of five hundred dollars." The Grand Lodge accounts do not exhibit its payment, however.

On May 18, 1854. the corner-stone of the Masonic Temple, 83 and 85 Dearborn Street, was laid, the of- ficers and members of the Grand Lodge meeting at the lodge room, 171 Lake Street, and thence proceeding to the location of the temple, where eloquent addresses were de- livered by Drs. J. V. Z. Blaney and W. B. Herrick. The first lodge room in Chicago was at the Harmon & Loomis Building, at the southwest corner of Clark and South Water streets, third story; and subsequently the lodges met at Cobb's Building, 171 Lake Street, and over the Apollo Hall, 250 Lake Street, corner of Lake and South Water streets.

The dedication of the temple occurred on St. John's * Proceedings of Grand Lodge, 1840-60, pige 491.

* This gentleman is the Blue-Ribtwin Lodge-treasurer, and is still the oc- cupant of this office, having held it without lapse, except for the years 1851-52- 53-54 ; thirty years.

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Day, June 24, 1856, the fraternity assembling at Metro- politan Hall, and thence proceeding, processionally, to the Amphitheater, where the oration was delivered by S. Y. McMasters, D. D., of Alton. After the oration, the procession again got into line and marched to the temple, where the esoteric ceremonies were performed by the Grand Lodge, under the gavel of M. W. William

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B. Herrick, Grand Master, who delivered an eloquent address. About 5 p. M. the brethren and guests assem- bled at Dearborn Park, where a collation was laid, after the discussion of which toasts and speeches were rife. The banquet terminated at about 8:30, the breth- ren and guests meeting at Metropolitan Hall in the evening and winding up the proceedings of the day by a grand ball, whereat the élite of the city were present.

GARDEN CITY LODGE, NO. 141, was instituted by dispensation on November 23, 1853, and was chartered October 2, 1854, with the following charter members : William McMillen, W. M; George E. Pitkin, S. W .; L. P. Cheney, J. W .; Cheney Reed, treasurer; C. L. Watkins, secretary; C. Sassaman, S. 1) .; A. H. Merrill, J. D .; Carding Jackson and A. T. Dusenbury, M. M.

WAUBANSIA LODGE, NO. 160 .- In the proceedings of the Grand Lodge for 1854. L. Lusk, B. B. Payneand Larkin MI. Riley, the committee on Lodges Under Dis- pensation, report having had consideration of petition for a lodge at Chicago, to be called Waubansia, and recommend the issue of a dispensation therefor to Will- iam B. Olmsted, master; E. J. Higgins, senior warden

and William A. Wilson, junior warden. Shortly after- ward, Olmsted, being unable to attend to the duties re- signed, and Deputy Grand Master T. O. Wilson, ap- pointed John H. Dart, worshipful master, in his stead. The dispensation appears to have been granted October 12, IS54, and a charter to have been issued October 3, 1855, to Waubansia, No. 160, The history of Wauban- sia Lodge states that J. A. Hahn, J. T. Holt, Henry Fuller, George H. Phelps, James P. Russell, Horace Foster, Samuel Ashton, Frank Parmelee, William F. Orcutt, William H. L. Wilbur, Thomas Speer, William T. Hancock, S. S. Rogers, J. S. White, James S. Beach, William S. Bond. Norman Wiard, C. P. Albee, Henry A. Dean, S. C. Lum, Josiah H. Bross, T. O. Wilson, D). S. Smith, Isaac P. Poineer and James Sinclair were also charter members: that the primary ascensions of the 3-5-7 staircase were made by J. P. Brewster, John V. Farwell, G. S. Barstow, P. A. Hoyne, J. E. Church, R. C. Garrabrant, J. L. Marsh, C. T. Bowen, H. W. Zim- merman and J. M. Witherell, and that the meetings were held in Masonic Hall, 171 Lake Street, and subse- quently in the Temple on Dearborn Street.

GERMANIA LODGE, No. 182 .-- April 16, 1855, a dis- pensation was granted to George B. Glaessner, Freder- ick C. Brandes and Rudolph Woehrly, as the three senior officers, for Germania Lodge to perform the Masonic rites and ceremonies of a Blue Lodge, and for the work to be done in the German language. At the session of the Grand Lodge, this year, the committee on Lodges Under Dispensation was divided in its opinion upon the legitimacy of a lodge working exclusively in a foreign language and, on October 2, 1855, the commit- tee reported adversely to a continuance of the dispen- sation; ostensibly because the application had no avoucher endorsed of the ability of the lodge to do the work and confer the degrees. This report was accepted by the Grand Lodge, but subsequently, on the same day, a resolution was offered that a charter be granted Germania Lodge : which was adopted after the word dispensation had been inserted in lieu of charter. At the evening session, however, in consequence of the per- sistent efforts of Brother Hutton, the resolution was called up, reconsidered and amended so as to give a charter to Germania Lodge, No. 182, and the succeed- ing day she was represented in the Grand Lodge; the first German lodge in the State. The charter was granted under date of October 5, 1855, the charter members being George B. Glaessner, Frederick C. Brandes, Frederick Burky, Rudolph Woehrly and Aug- ust F. Otto. The first officers of the lodge were George B. Glaessner, W. M .; Frederick C. Brandes, S. W .; Ru- dolph Woehrly, J. W .; George P. Hansen, treasurer; A. Boyer, secretary; F. Schoenwald, S. D .; Frederick Burky, J. D., and J. G. Higgins, tyler. Thus the claims of Chicago to recognition for polyglot Masons were con- ceded and validated.

WILLIAM B. WARREN LODGE, NO. 209 .- On Novem- ber 15, 1855, a dispensation was granted to William B. Warren Lodge, and upon the 7th day of October, 1856, a charter was issued therefor. The charter members were: William T. Raifsnider, first W. M .; A. Loyd, first S. W .: 1. Kellogg, first J. W .; and A. W. Rood, John Hughes, Harvey Danks, H. F. Hurn, and N. W. Douglass.

CLEVELAND LODGE, NO. 211 .- On January 16, 1856, Reuben Cleveland. Josiah H. Bross, John K. Russell, Caleb D. Fitts, Edwin A. Webber, Charles \. Case, Ja- cob B. Stansell, Edwin Hamilton, Wiley M. Egan, Lu- cian P. Cheney, Joseph' P. Ross, Samuel I. Russell,

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Reuben Tayler, and Albert C. Ellithorpe met at 79 Lake Street, the office of Dr. Lucian P. Cheney, to de- bate upon the feasibility of establishing a lodge upon the West Side. After an adjourned meeting they re- solved that the name of the embryo lodge should be Cleveland, and a dispensation was applied for. On Thursday, January 23, 1856, at Temperance Hall, cor- ner of West Randolph and Clinton streets, the dispen- sation was read; and the officers at this first meeting of Cleveland Lodge, U. D., were: Reuben Cleveland, W. M .; Josiah H. Bross, S. W .; John K. Russell, J. W .; Caleb D. Fitts, treasurer; Edwin A. Webber, secretary; Charles A. Case, S. D .; Jacob B. Stansell, J. D. On February 14, 1856, Alvin Salisbury became the first no- vitiate. At the annual communication of the Grand Lodge, held in Springfield October 3, 1856, a charter was granted to Cleveland Lodge, No. 211; and on Wednesday evening, October 22, 1856, at a special com- munication, the lodge was constituted and the officers in- stalled by P. G. M. William B. Herrick. These were; Reuben Cleveland, W. M .; Josiah H. Bross, S. W .; Ira Goddard, J. W .; Ira S. Chamberlain, treasurer; Ed- win A. Webber, secretary: John H. Dart, S. D .; Joel M. Chamberlain, J. D .; Isaac P. Hatfield, tyler. The following were the charter members of this lodge: Charles A. Case, Wiley M. Egan, Albert C. Ellithorpe, Caleb D. Fitts, Edwin Hamilton, A. P. Haywood, Josiah H. Bross, Reuben Cleveland, James P. Ross, John K. Russell, Samuel J. Russell, Jacob B. Stansell, Reuben Tayler, A. A. Webber, and Edwin A. Webber.

With this closes the recital of the journeyings of the various Blue Lodge pilgrims in search of light. In 1857 the Grand Lodge had two hundred and thirty- nine chartered lodges, fifty-four working under dispen- sation, and about ten thousand Masons who divided their time by tripartite measurement. The leaven which was hidden in a few measures of meal, and which was so strenuously antagonized, has risen and permeated the whole mass. "So mote it be."

LAFAYETTE CHAPTER, No. 2 .- Cryptic Masonry was of very early establishment in Chicago, LaFayette Chapter, No. 2, having been instituted by dispensation from the M. E. Deputy Grand High Priest of the United States July 12, 1844, constituted by charter from the General Grand Chapter of the United States September, 1844, and by charter from the Grand Chapter of the State of Illinois October 14, 1850. The charter members were William F. Walker, John ?. Case, Samuel H. Gilbert, Henry Brown, Matthew Taylor, Reuben Tayler, Carding Jackson, Henry W. Bigelow, Luther Marsh, A. Garrett, and John Davis. The first officers of the chapter were: Rev. William F. Walker, high priest; John R. Case, king; Samuel H. Gilbert, scribe; M. L. Knapp, captain of the host; Reuben Tayler, principal sojourner; John Davis, royal arch captain; Cornelius Lansing, G. M. 3d V .; P. P. Robinson, G. M. ed V .; John Brinker- hoff, G. M. ist V .; Samuel Hoard, secretary; H. W. Bigelow, treasurer; Rev. William M. D. Ryan, chaplain; Luther Marsh, William Harmon, and Isaac P'. Hatfield, stewards; Isaac l'. Hatfield, guard.

WASHINGTON CHAPTER, R.A.M., was first organ- ized December 26, 1857, at a meeting where Reuben Tayler,* Reuben Cleveland, Dr. Franklin Wilson, Wiley Michael Egan, Theodore Tuthill Gurney, George Cowper, William Train Muir, Lucian Prentiss Cheeney, Joshua Howell Gest, John Kniffin Russell, Enoch Bunker Stevens, John T. Holt and William B. Milne

were present. The name of the chapter was decided upon, application made for a dispensation, and a solici- tation made to LaFayette Chapter, No. 2, for a recom- mendation therefor. The following were elected as officers for the inchoate chapter : Reuben Tayler, H. P .; Reuben Cleveland, K .; Franklin Wilson, S .; Wiley Michael Egan, C. of the H; Theodore Tuthill Gurney, P. S .; George Cowper, R. A. C .; Lucian Prentiss Cheeney, treasurer, and Joshua Howell Gest, secretary.

CHICAGO COUNCIL .- On June 3, 1854, James H. Hib- bard, Grand Puissant, granted a dispensation to Joseph Filkins, M. Brayman, J. Herman Bird, Charles R. Starkweather, C. R. Vandercook, James McNair, Isaac P. Hatfield, Jolın R. Case, L. P. Hilliard, Reuben Tayler and Carlton Drake to form a council of Royal and Select Masters under the name of Chicago Council No. -. The Grand Council, however, of which J. H. Hibbard was the senior officer, was found to be illegal, as upon September 29, 1853, the date of its constituting, Springfield Council-one of the three constituent coun- cils-had no charter. Upon March 10, 1854, a new Grand Council was organized, and at its annual convo- cation on September 27, 1854, a letter was received . from J. V. Z. Blaney, T. I. G. M. of Chicago Council, stating that no work had been done under the old dis- pensation and asking that a new one might be issued. Authority to this effect was granted, the officers being J. V. Z. Blaney, T. I. G. M .; Carlton Drake, D. I. G. M .; L. P. Hilliard, P. C. W .; and the council having fourteen members. This second dispensation was either never issued or lost in transit to Chicago Coun- cil, as J. H. Hibbard received a communication from J. V. Z. Blaney in January, 1855, stating that the dis- pensation had not been received, and accordingly one was made out and sent to the council that was suffering for credentials. They were received by Chicago Coun- cil, and on March 8, 1855, the council regularly and legally convened, the following being the officers : James V. Z. Blaney, T. I. G. M. ; L. P. Hilliard, D. J. G. M .; Carlton Drake, P. C. W .; J. H. Bird, C. G. pro tem. Companions Ring, Shirley, McNair, Stark- weather and Filkins ; and visiting Companions, B. Sondheim and Levi Leibalt were present. E. J. Hig- gins, George W. Deering, W. C. Hunt and A. Lieben- stein received degrees. The charter was issued Sep- tember 26, 1855, and the following were the first officers under the charter : Companions James V. Z. Blaney, T. I. G. M .; Carlton Drake, D. I. G. M. ; L. P. Hilliard, P. C. W. ; Thomas Shirley, C. G .; J. H. Bird, recorder ; C. R. Vandercook, steward, and E. J. Higgins, sen- tinel .*

APOLLO COMMANDERY, NO. 1, Knights Templar, was granted a dispensation by the General Grand Encamp- ment of the United States, on May 15, 1845. Upon September 17, 1847, anno ordinis, 729; the same august Masonic body confirmed the dispensation and granted a perpetual charter. The first conclave held by Apollo Encampment was at the Masonic Hall, in the forenoon of May 20, 1845, with William Frederick Walker. E. C .; John Roman Case. G .: and William Stuart, C. G .; and at this conclave petitions were presented from Jacob Bee- son, of Niles, and C. Britain, of St. Joseph, Mich .: and from W. . 1. Rowlett, W. S. Brown, Philip P. Robinson. Charles Follansbe and Charles Robert Starkweather, of Chicago. It was agreed that the petitions should be referred to a committee, who should report immediately. Their report was favorable, and the ballot being clear,

" To John Oscar Dickenson, Kerorder of Chicago Council, No +, the ... laborator is andslated for and in compiling this history.

* Reulun Tayler is one of the oldest having Maums, having bren made April 18. 182 . hvis twenty-second birthday occuring May 3, 1820.

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the applicants were declared elected, were introduced and created Rosicrucians. Sir Knight W. E. Kussel, was the first affiliate, his petition being presented at the second conclave of the encampment, on May 23, 1845; when W. S. Brown, W. A. Rowlett and P. P. Robinson, were created Knights of Malta and Knights Templar. The charter members of Apollo Encampment were Henry Brown, John Barney, G. C. Blodget, John Roman Case, Samuel H. Gilbert, Isaac Haight, A. B. Lewis, William Moreland Davis Ryan, William Stuart and William Frederick Walker. The commanders of the encampment have been William Frederick Walker, 1845 ; John Roman Case, 1845-52; Reuben Tayler, 1853; James Van Zandt Blaney, 1854; John Herman Bird, 1855; Thomas Shirley, 1856, and Hosmer Allen Johnson, 1857 ; in which last year the designation Encampment appears to have been changed to Com- mandery *

Three commanderies having been instituted in the State, preliminaries were perfected for the formation of a Grand Commandery; and, upon October 27, 1857, a convocation was had at the Masonic Temple, Chicago, whereat Apollo, No. 1, Belvidere, No. 2, and Peoria, No. 3, were represented, and where a warrant, dated Sep- tember 15, 1857, was received from the Grand Encamp- ment of the United States, authorizing the organization of a Grand Commandery of Knights Templar, for the State of Illinois. Pursuant thereto the following Knights Templar were elected officers of the Grand Commandery: James Van Zandt Blaney, G. C .; Clark Brown Stebbins, D. G. C .; Benjamin F. Barry, G. G .; Hosmer Allen Johnson, G. C. G .; Reuben Tayler, G. P .; Robert Harris Foss, G. T .; William Harbron Turner, G. R .; Henry L. Gaines, G. S. W .; DeWitt Clinton Martin, G. J. W .; Josiah Hunt, G. St. B .; Isaac Under- hill, G. S. B .; Charles Robert Starkweather, G. W., and Ezra James Higgins, G. C. G.

Relative to the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, G. W. Barnard states, that during the proceedings on the first and second days of May, 1846, Most Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander John James Joseph Gourgas, 33º, was authorized to issue to Brothers W. F Walker, William Stuart, Charles R. Stark- weather, John R. Case, William L. Brown and Samuel Hoard, all of the city of Chicago, a charter for an Inef- fable Lodge of Perfection, but that his closest search has not revealed the issuance of any such charter. But in July, 1856, Killian Henry Van Rensselaer visited Chicago and, assisted by Charles Robert Starkweather, initiated, elevated and proclaimed the requisite number of worthy brethren to be S. P. R. S. 32º ; and fully organized and constituted them in lodge, council, chapter and consistory, and on the 20th day of Ijar, A. M., 5617,-May 14, 1857,-charters were issued to these organizations, under the name of Occidental Sovereign Consistory of Sublime Princes of the Royal Secret: Gour- gas Chapter of Rose Croix; Illinois Grand Council Princes of Jerusalem, and Van Rensselaer Grand Lodge of Perfection; the charter members being. in each case, Charles R. Starkweather, James V. Z. Blaney, George W. Deering, James L. Dalliba, William B. Herrick, Robert H. Foss, William W. Mitchell and Hosmer A. Johnson.

Thus, in 1857, all the various Masonic confratern- ities were constituted and in a flourishing condition. But one item of general interest has been undiscoverable, the first brother who was buried with Masonic honors. Old residents state, that prior to the establishment of a

lodge in Chicago, some one who died at the fort was buried by such Masons as were in the town of Chicago. with Masonic honors; but the most careful research has failed to verify this assertion by documentary evidence. Masonry, at the close of 1857, was a vital, augmenting power.

ANTI-MASONIC .- In April, 1846, was organized the Illinois State Anti-Masonic Society, of which James II. Collins was president ; Joshua Bell and James II. Rickey, vice-presidents; Joseph Peacock, recording secretary ; George W. Gardiner, corresponding secre- tary, and A. Rossiter, treasurer. The recital of the progress of Masonry from 1844 until 1857 demonstrates that the anti-masonic antagonism was no great obstacle to the advancement of the Order.

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History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time, Part 143

Author: Andreas, Alfred Theodore Publication date: 1884 Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas Number of Pages: 1340

Author: Andreas, Alfred Theodore
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: Chicago, A. T. Andreas
Number of Pages: 1340