USA > Illinois > Cook County > Chicago > History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time > Part 164
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. Those whoghs are located upon the plat of Chicagoun 18;, in the chapter upon Fandy Chicagu.
The she! Bomed a mastering was found thirteen feet under grouted in blue northwestern part of the city ; all of the skeleton, however, was not exhumr.l.
590
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
clons and the prostrate trunks of the forest with fresh water deposits .* The lake then fell to its present level, throwing up a series of beach lines as it receded. All the fresh water deposits lie on a slope of boulder-drift clay, except where protuberances of rock come above the surface ; one of these, at Stony Island, is remarkable for a steep dip of the strata in every direction from its center,-anticlinal axis. This clay varies from zero to at least seventy feet in thickness, and is a hard, stony clay, containing ice-scratched boulders of rock transported froin hyperborean regions, and lies everywhere upon a floor of Niagara limestone completely covered with glacial scratches, running approximately in a south- westerly direction. This clay has been thoroughly studied, because during the excavation of about ten miles of tunnels for the Chicago water works, etc., the working of them was watched by the members of the Academy of Sciences ; it is so compact that even when the tunnels were driven two miles under the lake at a depth of sixty feet, there was scarcely any infiltration. Like the boulder clay of the West everywhere, its stratification is very obscure, except at a few certain points, and con- tains no synchronous fossils, except fragments of wood. The clay is also replete with pockets full of stratified gravel, having the general shape of boulders and sur- rounded by compact clay ; the strata of the gravel was sometimes vertical. These masses were probably depos- ited in a frozen condition ; the interstices of the gravel are filled in the upper part of the pocket with combusti- ble carbureted hydrogeo gas ; the lower interstices filled with water, that, on analysis, yielded this singular result : that water taken from gravel pockets underneath the bed of the lake, contained about twice as much common salt as the artesian well water from the rock beneath the pockets, and about ten times as much salt as the water of the lake above : so that the boulder drift beneath the lake appeared. relatively, a salt deposit sandwiched between the fresher waters of the lake above and the rocks below ; a fact which is considered of importance by those who believe in the marine origin of the boulder drift. In the boring of artesian wells it is a matter of much regret that careful records have not been kept that would elucidate the deeper geology ; at the Union Stock Yards, however, a well was sunk to the depth of eleven hundred and five feet, and in this instance a record was kept by Johnston Ross, who superintended the boring. This itinerary and the known superficial data give the following section of all deposits down as far as known :
Surface soil : Lake deposits :
From one
Quaternary forest and soil bed :
to seventy
Boulder drift :
feet.t
NIAGARA GROUP.
I. Bluish-gray limestone. 16 feet.
2. Light-gray limestone, slightly varying in shade of color at different depths. 138 feet
3. Limestone-nearly white .. 20 feet
4. Limestone-buff or drab. So feet=254 feet.
CINCINNATI GROUP.
5. Shale-soft and fine .... 104 feet
6. limestone-light-gray 20 feet
7. Shale-coarser and arenaceous 126 feet == 250 fect.
TRENION GROUP.
S. Brownish ferruginous limestone. . 25 feet
9. Grayish limestone-more or less dark .. 305 feet == 330 fect.
. It is a matter of scientific credeuve that this rise corresponded to the in- undation of the Loss found on the Mostsappi Kiver, and in most of the Sunh- ern States, where, as in Chicago, it river, a forest bed containing remain, uf the mastoduns
t The drift aud surfaire deposits were forty-six feet where the well was bored at the Sunk Vande
Sr. PETER'S. .
10. Whitish-brown sandstone. 155 feet == 155 feel.
LOWER MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE.
II. Light-colored limestone-very hard .. 60 feet
12. Gray limestone .. . 10 feet= 70 feet.
The first forty feet of the Niagara limestone is extensively permeated with bitumen or petroleum, of which several ounces can often be taken out in a mass from cavities in the rock ; an aggregation of protracted percolation. Green stains occur frequently in the lime- stone ; analysis thereof determined them to be salts of chromium, out not in paying quantities. Of the bitum- inous rock several edifices in Chicago have been built ; such buildings are readily recognized by their peculiariy antiquated, weatherbeaten appearance. Outcroppings of the Niagara limestone occur at Stony Island. South Chicago, at Stearns' lime kilns (Bridgeport), corner of . Tweoty-seventh and Halsted streets ; at Phinney's lime kilns, corner of Nineteenth and Lincoln streets ; at Rice & Son's and Keyes & Thatcher's quarries and kilns, corner of Grand Avenue and West Ohio Street ; also near Hawthorn Station in Cicero Township. By these outcroppings, and by the fact that the Cincinnati shale comes to the surface in a northwesterly direction in central Wisconsin, the strike is manifested to be north- west and the dip consequently* northeast, and the clinometer demonstrates its angle to be nine degrees.
PALEONTOLOGICAL.
In presenting a list of the fossils found in Chicago and its immediate vicinity-the most primitive of the old settlers-a brief resume of the paleontological researches that have been made here is requisite, as such explorations have considerable bearing on the identity of many species enumerated, and resulted in giving to the scientific world many new and interestiog forms. Of the one hundred and twenty-one species given, Chicago has furnished forty-six type specimens, exclusive of instances where these quarries have pro- vided material used in describing forms found in other localities. In 1860, Professor McChesney described and illustrated, in the Proceedings of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, Bucania chicagoensis, Trematospira mathew- soni, and other species. In 1865, Professors Winchell and Marcy read before the Boston Society of Natural History, a paper entitled : "Enumeration of Fossils collected in the Niagara Limestone at Chicago, Ill., with descriptions of several new species;" this paper was published and illustrated, and applied only to species found at Bridgeport, and therein thirty-nine established species were mentioned as having been identified and a similar number were described as new species. About the same time Professor James Hall, of Albany, N. Y., published a pamphlet entitled : " Account of some new, or little known, species of Fossils from the Niagara Group;" in which some of the species de. scribed by Professors Winchell and Marcy were figured and described under different nomenclature. This has occasioned confusion and synonyms, which, however. time will eradicate. In 1868, Professors Meek and Worthen described in the third volume of Illinois Survey. two new species, and illustrated a few others. During
. The dip of the fork in the immediate vuinity of Chicago has been given by the State lieulogist as east and southeast. At l'hinney's quarry-the only une opened at the time of the compilation of this report-when the observati at was taken, the westerly presentation of the undulating stratum gases that all- pearater. Int the opening ut the quarry on other side, terrified the undulating appearance, and revealed the true dip to be northeast.
In the compilation of this topic Dr. Edmund Vostrews furnished valuable data topon surface godagy, and Alors D. Higer furnished important fact. all deeper grology, without which this chapter wound be barreu and uninteresting.
591
PALEONTOLOGICAL.
1881-82-83, S. A. Miller, of Cincinnati, the author and eminent paleontologist, in the Cincinnati Journal of Natural History, described and illustrated some thir- teen species from Bridgeport and from a quarry a few miles west of Chicago, and also redescribed and illustrated a few of the species of Professors Winchell and Marcy that had been in dispute. Among those described by S. A. Miller, is the enig- matical fossil Myelodactylus bridgeportensis, for which a new family-the Myelodactylida-has been proposed. The fossils that are found in Chicago and its vicinity are generally casts of the interior, and impressions on the rock of the exterior ; the casts are, generally, clear and sharp, but broken, and perfect specimens are extremely rare, necessitating an extensive suit before identification is certain, except in pronounced forms ; which fact has often been productive of confused iden- tification among the prominent authors. The condition of the sea, at the time of the depositing of the rock, was very favorable to the crinoidal fauna, demonstrated by the large and robust forms and number of species of that representative of the cchinodermala .*
RIZOPODA.
RECEPTACULITES infundibulus; Hall, 1861, Geo. Rep. Wis .; (Ischadites tesselatus; W. & M).
POLYPI.
*CLADOPORA verticallatt; Winchell & Marcy, Host. Soc. Nat. His.
C. fibrosa,
C. seriata. Hall, IS52, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II.
C. reticulata,
CHUNOPHYLLUM niagarense; Hall. as above.
DIPHYPHYLLUM cespitosum; Hall, as above: (Diplophyllum caespilosum).
FAVOSITES niagarensis; Hall, as above.
F. favosus; Goldfuss, IS26, Germ Petrif.
ITALYSITES catenulata; Linmiens, 1767.
LIMARIA crassa; Rominger, 1876, Foss. corals,
LYELLIA parvituba; Rominger, a> above.
SYRINGOPORA fibrata; Rominger, as ahove.
S. tenella; Rominger, as above.
STREPTELASMA corniculum; Hall. 1847, Pal. N. Y., Vol. 1.
STROMATOPORA Hindi; Nicholson, 1$74, Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist.
ZAPHRENTIS turbinala; Hall, 1852, l'al. N. Y., Vol. II, (Polydi- lasmı turbinatum).
ECHINODERMATA.
EUCALYPTOCRINGS ornatus; Hall. 1861, Rep. of Progr, Surv. of Wis.
*E. chicagoensis ; W. & M, 1565, Mem. Dns. Soc. Nat. His.
*E. rotundus; S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His.
*E. turbinatus; Miller, as above.
*E. depressus; S. A. Miller, ISSo, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. IIis.
*E. egani; Miller, as above.
LECANOCRINU'S pusillus; Hall, 1263, Trans. Alb. Inst., Vol. IV. SACCOCRINUS semiradiatus; (?) Hall, 1867, 20th Keg. Rep., (Acti- nocrinus semiradiatus)
*S. marcouanus; W. & M., 1865, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Ilis., (Mezistocrinus marcouanus), re described and illustrated by S. A. Miller, 1351, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His.
*S. infelix; Winchell & Marcy, 1965. Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Ilis., (Megistocrinus infelix), re-described by S. A. Miller, ISS1, Jour. ('in. Soc. Nat. Ilis.
*S. necis; W. A. M., 1865, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. His., ( Megisto- crinus necis), re-described and illustrated by S. A. Miller, 1981, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His.
*S. uniformis, ! \. Miller, 1851, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Ilis.
*S. Avriformis; Miller, 1882. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His. GLYPTOCRING'S carleri: (2) Hall, 1362. Trans. Alb. Inst .. Vol. IV. CHLYPLASTER occidentalis: Hall, 1-63. Trans. Alh. Inst., Vol. IV. *Gi. eyani: S. A. Miller, 1881. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Ifis C'VATHOTRINES cord: Hall, 1864. 20th Key. Rep. *C. vanhornei ; S. A. Miller, Is.1. Jour. C'in. Soc. Nat. Itis.
*MELOCKINES obteramidalis: W. & M .. 105. Men Hos. Sue. Nat. His, (Actimarinus obpyramidalis, redescribed by S. A. Miller, ISSt. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His.
" The data and catalogue itt this article were furnished by Williams t'. Egan, what has made a special study of the Fossils of this Duality.
*ICHTHYOCRIXUS corbis: W. & M., 1865, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat ..
His .; re-described by S. A. Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His.
CARYOCRINUS ornatus; Say, 1825, Jour. Acad. Nat. Science.
*MYELODACTYLUS bridgeportensis; S. A. Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His.
BRYOZOA.
CERAMOPORA foliacea; Hall. 1852, Pal. N. V., Vol. II.
LICHENALIA concentrica; Hall, as above.
FENESTELLA elegans; Ifall, as above.
BRACHIOPODA.
SPIRIFERA crispa; Ilissinger, 1826.
S. gibbosa : Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis. Sur.
S. radiata; Sowerby, 1825, Min. Conch., Vol. V. S. meta ; (?) Ilall, 1867, 20th Ke. Kep.
ANASTROPINIA internascens; (?) Hall, 1879. 28th Reg. Rep.
RHYSCHONELLA dennesseensis; Knemer, 1860, Sil. West. Tenn.
R. cuneata; Dalman. IS27.
MERESTINA nitida; Hall, IS52, l'al. N. Y., Vol. II. (Atrypa nitida). ATRYPA nodostriata; Ilali. 1852, Pal. N. V., Vol. II.
A. reticularis; Linn., 1767.
*PENTAMERU'S chicagoensis; W. & M .. 1865, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Ilis,
Y'. fergibbosus; Fall & Whitfield, IS75. Ohio Pal., Vol. II.
P. oblongus; Sowerby, 1839, Murch, Sil. Syst.
l'. multicostatus; IIall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis. Sur.
I'. occidentalis; Hall. 1852, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II.
#D. sim:lior; W. & M, 1865, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Ilis., ( Spirifera similior).
DINOBOU'S conradi; Hall, 1868, 20th Reg. Rep. N. V., (Obo'us conradi).
TRIMERELLA grandis ; Billings, IS62, Pat. Foss., Vol. I. STROPHOMENA rhomboidalis : Wahlenberg, 1821.
S. striata; Hall, 1843. Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. V.
S. depressa; (?) Sowerby, 1825, Vol. VI. Min. Conchol.
STROPHODONTA semifasciata; Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst., Vol. IV.
S. profunda; Ilall, 1852, Pal. N. V., Vol. II, ( Leptaena profunda1. STREPTORHYNCHUS subplanus; Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. N.At. Sci .. Vol. VIII.
*TREMATOSPIRA mathewsoni; McChesney, 1861, New Pal. For.
GASTEROPOD.\.
MURCHISONIA sublata; Conrad, 1842, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Vol. VIII, ( Lozonema sublata).
*M. worthemana; S. A. Miller, ISS2, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Ilis.
PLATYSTOMA niagarense ; Hall, 1852, l'al. N. Y., Vol. II. TROCHONEMA pauper: Hall, 1567, 20th Keg. Rep.
T. fatua; Hall, as above.
STRAPAROLLU'S mopsus; (?) Hall, as above.
*PLEUROTOMARIA sigaretoides; W. & M., 1865, Bost. Soc. Nat. His.
P. casii; Meek & Worthen, 186S, Geo. Sur. Ills., Vol. III.
P. halei; Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis., Sur.
l'. cyclonemoides; Meek & Worthen, IS68, Geo. Sur. Ifls., Vol. III.
l'. ida; Hall, 1861, Rep. of Progr. Wis. Sur.
*P. axion; Hall, 1867, 20th Kegents' Report.
*P. gonopleura; W. & M. 1865, Bost. Snc. Nat. His.
\'. occidens; Ilall, 186;, 20th, Reg. Rep.
*BUCANIA chicagoensis; McChesney, 1860, New Pal. Foss., ( Bell- erophon perforatus, of Winchell & Marcy: Tremanotus alpheus, of Hall).
*SUBLITES brevis; W. &. M., 1865, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Flis. *S. gracitis; S. A. Miller, 1882, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat Ilis.
STROPHOSTYLU'S cyclosto xus; Hall, 1863, Trans. Alb. Inst., Vol. IV.
HOLOPEA guelphensis; Billings, 1862. Pal. Foss., Vol. I. *! I. chicagoensis; W. &. M., 1865, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. ITis. #11. niagarensis; W. & M., as above.
CEPHALOPOD.A.
*ORTHOCERAS scammoni; Metchesney, 1861, New Pal. Foss. O. annulatum: Sowerby, 1815, Min. Conch., Vol. II. *CURTOCERAS hercules; W. & M .; 1565, Mem. Bost. Soc. Na Ilist.
*C. rigidum; Hall, 1367. 20th Reg. Kep.
*C. fosteri; Hall, 1561, Kep. of Progr. tien. Sur. Wis.
TRUCHOCERAS bannisteri: W. & M., 1865, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. His.
T. desplainese; McChesney, Isto, New, Pal. Foss.
*COMMENCER V scrinium; Hall, 1, 20th Key. Rep., (G. ma- eye of Winchell & Marcv).
PARAGMIT'I RAS Nestor; (?) Hall. 1805, 2uth Reg. Rep.
592
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
*CONOCARDIUM ornatum; W. & M .. 1865, Mem. Bost, Soc. Nat. Fis.
*C. niagarense; W. & M., as above.
*EDMONDIA nilesi; W. & M .. as above.
+MODIOLOPSIS secta; Hall, 1867, 20th Reg. Rep.
+M. dicteus; Hall, as above.
AMBONYCHIA acutivostra; Hall, as above
A. aphoa; HIali, as above.
+AMPHICCELIA leidvi ; Ilall, as above.
A. neglecta; McChesney. 1861, Pal. Foss., ( Ambourchia neglecta). *CLEIDOPHORUS chicagoensis; S. A. Miller, ISSO, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His.
*PTERINKA brisa; Hall, 1867, 20th Keg. Rep.
+CYPRICARDINIA aralit; Hall, as above.
*CYPRICARDITES (?) quadrilateralis; Ilall, as above.
CRUSTACE.1.
CALYMENE niagarensis; Hall, 1843, Geo. Rep. 4th Dist. N. Y.
+ILLAENUS arwentus; Hall, 1867, 20th Reg. Rep.
1. ioxus.
I. insignis, y
j Iall, as above.
FLICHAS emarginatus; Hall. 1879, 28th Reg. Rep
L .. pugnax,
*L. decipiens, i WV. & M., 1865, Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. His.
BRONTEL'S acamas; ITall, 1867, 20th Reg. Rep.
CERAI'RU'S niagarensis; Hall, as above.
ACIDASPIS danai; Hall, 1862, Geo. Sur. Wis., (Acidaspis ida, of Winchell & Marcy).
The following list of the Batrachia and Reptilia that have been found in this region has been prepared by Dr. N. S. Davis, Jr., of Chicago.
BATRACHIA.
TRACHYSTOMATA. SIREXIDAE. Siren lacertina; Great Siren.
PROTEIDA. PROTEID.E. Necturus lateralis; Mud-puppy or Water-dog.
CADUCIBRANCHIATA. AMBLYSTOMID.E. Amblystoma opacum ; Opaque Salamander: A. punctatum; Large Spotted Sal- amander: A. tigrinum; Tiger Salamander. A. jeffersonianum, sub- species, laterale; Jefferson's Salamander. PLETHODONTID.E. Hem- idactvlium scutatum; Four-toed Salamander: Plethodon cinereus; Red-backed Salamanders of both sub-species, cinereus and ery- thronotus: Plethodow glutinosus; Viscid Salamander : Spelerpes bilineatus; Two-striped Salamander: S. longicaudus, Cave, or long- tailed, Salamander : S. Ruber, sub-species, ,uber; Red Triton. DESMOGNATHID.E. Desmoquathus fusca. sub-species, fusra; Dusky Salamander: D. nigra: INlack Salamander. PLEURODELID.E. Diemyctylus miniatus, sub-species, miniatus; Ked Evet : D. min- iatus, sub-species, virudescens; Spotted Evet.
ANOURA. BUFONID.E. Bufo lentiginosus, sub-species, americanus ; Common Toad. HYLID. E. Acris gryllus, sub-species, crepitans, Northern Cricket Frog: Chorophilus triseriatus, sub- species, triseriatus: Tree Frog: Hyla pickeringi; Pickering's Tree Toad : H. versicolor; Common Tree Toad. RANID. E. Kana halecina: Common Frog: . plus; Pickerel Frog . m. tans; Green or Spring Frog: N'. catesbiana; Bull Frog: R. tem- poraria, sub-species, silvatica: R. areolata, sub species, circulosa; Ringed Frog.
REPTILIA.
OPHEDIA. CROTALID.E. Crotalus horridus; Danded, or Northern, Rattle Snake : Caudisona tergemina; Massassauga, or Prairie Kattle Snake: Ancistrodon contortrix; Copper head or Cotton-mouth. COLUBRID.E: @phophiops aminus: Ground snake: Ophibolus doliatus, variety, briangulus: Milk Snake or Spotted Adder: O. getulus, variety, sayi; King Snake. Dindophis punctatus, sub-species, punctatus; Ring-necked snake: Ciclophis vernalis: Green or Girass snake: Gotuber culpinus; Fox Snake : C. obsoletas, sub-species, obsoletas; l'ilot Snake . Pityophis sayi. sub-species, sari; Western Pine Snake : Bascanion constrictor, sub- species, constrictor; Black Snake: Blue Racer: Antena saurita; Riband Snake; Swift Garter Snake: A. faireji; Fairy's Garter Snake: E. proxima: Say's Garter snake. E. mdix; Ilux's Garter snake: E. vagrans, subspecies, varrans; Spotted Kiband Snake : E. sistalis, sub species, dorsalis; Common Striped Snake. A. Sir- talis, sub species, siztalis; Common Garter Snake: E. sirtalis, sub- species, obscura: Storeria occipitomaculata; Red-bellied Snake. S. dekavi; De Kay's Brown Snake Tropideclonium kirtlandi: Cora Kennicott's Snake: Tropidonotus grahami; Graham's Snake: T. leberis: Leather Snake: T. sipardon, sub-species, siteon;
The mark . indicates species the type of which was found at the Chicago quarries, and the mark Hindicates species designated as found in Chicago at the
Water Snake: T. sipedon, sub-species, woodhousei; Woodhouse', Water Snake: T. sipedon, sub-species, erythrogaster; Red-bellied Water Snake: T. rhombifer: Heterodon platyrhinus; Spreading Adder: H. simus, sub-species, simus; Hog-nosed Snake.
LACERTILIA. SCINCID.E. Eumeces fasciatus; Blue Tailed Lizard. TEID.E. Chemidophorus sexlineatus; Six-lined Lizard. ANGUID.E. Opheosaurus ventralis; Glass Snake, KA'SVID .! Sceloporus undulatus, sub-species, undu'atus; Swift Lizard.
TESTUDINATA. TRIONYCHI.E. Amyda mutica; Leathery Turtle . Aspidonectes spinifer ; Common Soft Shelled Turtle. CHELYDRIDE. Chelydra serpentina; Common Snapping Turtle. CINOSTERNID.E. Aromochelys odoratus; Musk Turtle or Stink P'ut. A. carinatus. EMYIND. E. Malacoclemmys geographicus : Map Turtle. M. pseudo-geographicus: Le Sueur's Map Turtle: Chrysomis pida; Painted Turtle: Amy's meleagris; Blanding's Turtle : Cistudo clausa; Common Box Turtle.
ZOOLOGICAL.
The following list of animals, whose habitat is, or was, Chicago, is furnished by Jacob W. Velie, Secretary and Curator of the Chicago Academy of Science >
BI.ARINA: Gray. Blarina brev cauda, Gray-Short-tailed Sbrew. SCALOIS: Cuvier. Scalops argentatus, Aud. and Bach-Silvery Mole.
CONDYLURA: illiger. Condylura cristata, Illiger-Star-nosed Mole.
LYNX: Rafinisque. Lynx rufus, Rafinisque-Wild Cat.
CANIS: Linnaeus. Canis occidentalis, var. grisco-albus-White and Gray Wolf.
VULPES: Baird. Vulpes fulvas. var. fulvas-Red Fox: V. virgin- ianus, Richardson-Gray Fox.
PUTORIUS : Cuvier. Putorius novebaracensis, De Kay-White Weasel: P. vison, Richardson-Brown Mink: P. nigriscens, Aud, and Bach-Black Mink.
LUTRA: Linn. Lutra canadensis, Sabine-American Otter. MEPINITIS: Cuvier. Mephitis mephitica-Common Skunk.
PROCYON: Storrer. Procyon lotor, Storrer-Common Raccoon.
URSUS: Linn. Ursus americanus, Pallas-Black Bear.
DIDELPHYS: Linn. Didelphys virginiana, Shaw-()possum.
SCIURUS: Linn. Sciurus ludovicianus, Curtis-Western Fox Squirrel: S. carolinensis, Gmelin-Giray Squirrel,
PTEROMYS: Cuvier. Pteromys volucella Cuv. (?)-Flying Squirrel. SPERMOPHILUS: Cuvier. Spermophilus franklinii, Richardson-
Gray Gopher: S. tridecem lineatus, And. and Bach-Striped Gopher.
ARCTOMYS: Shreber. Arctomys monax, Gmelin-Woodchuck. Ground Hog.
CASTOR: I.inn. Castor canadensis, Kuhl-American Beaver.
Mes: Linn. Mus decumanus, Pallas-Brown Kat (introduced 1346): M muscalus, Linn-Common Mouse (introduced).
IIESPEROMYS: Waterbouse. Ilesperomys michiganensis, Wagner- I'rairie Mouse.
ARVICOLA: Lacepede. Arvicola austa, Leconte-Prairie Meadow Mouse.
FIBER: Cuvier. Fiber zibethicus. Cuvier-Musk Rat.
I.EPU's. I.inn. Lepus sylvaticus, Bachmann-Gray Rabbit.
CERVUS: Lino. Cervus canadensis, Erxl -- American Elk. C. vir- ginianus, Boddaert-Virginia Deer.
Bos: Linn. Bos americanus, Gmelin-American Buffalo. Of this last species of mammalia a curious error obtained with the early explorers; an instance of which appears in the " Recueil de voyages de M. Thevenot, Paris, 1681," wherein are given the voyages of Pere Marquette. Upon a chart entitled. "C'arte de la decouverte faite l'an 1673 dans l'Amerique Sep- tentrionale,"" illustrative of the regions over which Marquette passed, is one district noted as inhabited by " Nations qui ont des chevaux et des chameaux !" ( Nations who have horses and camels). The peculiar appearance of the buffalo undoubtedly gave origin to this error.
ORNITHOLOGICAL.
The following table of families of birds in Chicago and its vicinity, is given by Jacob W. Velie, of the Chicago Academy of Science:
Turdid:c. Thrushes 9 species
Saxicolid.c. Bluebirds. 1 species
Sylviid.c Warblers. 3 species
Parid.v. Tilmice and Chickadees, I species
* Vitte Maps in harly History of Chicago. .
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خصة اسم له ١.
ـــجــ
CHICAGO IN 1853.
1
593
Sittidee. Certhiid &
Nuthatches. . 2 species
Creepers
I species
Troglodytidæ
W'rens
5 species
Motacillidæ
Wagtails and Titlarks .. I species
Mniotiltidæe
American Warblers. . . . 32 species
Vireonidae.
Vireos or Greenlets ... . 4 species
Laniid.e.
Shrikes.
2 species
Ampelidæ.
Wax-wings
2 species
I lirundinida
Swallows.
6 species
Tanagrida
Tanagers.
I species
Fringillid.e.
Finches, Sparrows and
Icteridax.
American Starlings 9 species
Corvid.e.
Crows and Jays 2 species
Alaudide ..
Larks
1 species
Tyrannide
Tyrant Fly-catchers 9 species
Trochilid.e.
Humming-birds
I species
Cypselida
Swifts I species
Caprimulgider
Goat-suckers 2 species
Picidæ. .
Wood-peckers
S species
Alcedinid.c
Kingfishers I species
Cuculida
Cuckoos 2 species
Strigidæ
Owls
S species
Falconide.
Hawks, Falcons, Kites and Eagles 14 species
Cathartida
American Vultures.
I species
Columbid.c.
Pigeons and Doves
2 species
Meleagridæe
Turkeys
I species
Tetraonide
Girouse
3 species
Perdicidæ
Partridges and Quails.
I species
Ibididæ.
Ibises
I species
Ardeide
Herons
6 species
Strepsilidze
Turnstones.
I species
Charadriida.
Plovers
5 species
Scolopacida
Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. 23 species
Phalaropodidæe
l'halaropes
2 species
Recurvirostrida
Avocets and Stilts.
I species
Kallidæ
Rails, Gallinules and C'oors.
8 species
Gruide.
Cranes.
2 species
Anatidæe
Swans. Geese and Ducks.
.31 species
Pelecanida.
Pelicans.
I species
Phalacrocoracidre
Cormorants
I species
Laridæ.
Gulls and Terns 14 species
Stercorariide
Skuas and Jaegers. 2 species
Podicipitid.e.
Grebes.
3 species
Colymbida
1.oons
2 species
ENTOMOLOGICAL.
Of the entomology of this region nothing can be intelligently said within the limits of this chapter; as, to give a catalogue of the various Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Heminoptera, Orthoptera, etc., would occupy to ogreat a proportion of this work; and the possible benefits to the agricultural inhabitant of Chicago by the publication of such a catalogue would not repay the labor bestowed upon the compilation. There is no question as to the value of the science to both the savan and the agriculturist, but unfortunately, there is no classification made of the insects indigenous to this region, and to eliminate them from a general catalogue would require months of labor. In the comprehensive collection of Mr. Andrew Bolter are one hundred and fifty specimens not identified, and this gentleman states that new microscopic species are continually being dis- covered; hence a catalogue from this-the best collec-
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