USA > Illinois > Cook County > History of Cook County, Illinois : being a general survey of Cook County history, including a condensed history of Chicago and special account of districts outside the city limits : from the earliest settlement to the present time, volume I > Part 7
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Originally Chicago river, from the forks to the lake, was about forty yards wide. Its present width is due to dredging. Just before reaching the lake the river turned southward nearly to the foot of the present Madison street. South of the Chicago river there were two sloughs between the garrison and the Point, one at the foot of State street. It ran a little north of the Sherman House, crossing Clark street near the old postoffice, thence crossing Lake street nearly in front of the Tremont House. The latter stood on on the northwest corner of Lake and Dearborn and as late as 1834 sportsmen could shoot ducks in the slough from the door of the Tremont House. The other slough entered the river at the foot of La Salle street. The store built by P. F. W. Peck in 1831-32 at the southeast corner of La Salle and Water streets was on the high point of land formed by the bend of this slough. These sloughs were crossed on logs. Another small stream entered the river on the North Side, west of Wells street. According to John Vol. I-6.
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HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
H. Fonda, of Prairie du Chien, Chicago contained about fourteen houses in 1825. During this year what is now Cook county was attached to Peoria county, and so far as known the first assessment at Chicago was levied by John L. Bogardus, assessor of that county, as follows :
Beaubien, John B
Valuation. $1,000
$10.00
Clybourne, Jonas
625
6.25
Clark, John K
250
2.50
Crafts, John.
5,000
50.00
Clermont, Jeremy
100
1.00
Coutra, Louis.
50
.50
Kinzie, John.
500
5.00
Laframboise, Claude.
100
1.00
Laframboise, Joseph.
50
.50
McKee, David.
100
1.00
Piche, Peter
100
1.00
Robinson, Alexander.
200
2.00
Wolcott, Alexander.
572
5.72
Wilemet (Ouilmette), Antoine.
400
4.00
$9,047
$90.47
Tax.
Of these, Clybourn and Clark lived on the North branch where the rolling mills were later located; Crafts lived with Beaubien; Clermont, Coutra and Piche were traders and probably lived near the forks; the Laframboise brothers were located at or near "Lee's Place;" David McKee was the agency blacksmith, near Wolcott's, on the North Side. Archibald Clybourn, half brother of John K. Clark and son of Jonas Clybourn, came here first on Aug. 5, 1823. Later his father and family came on and built two cabins on the North branch where the rolling mills afterward were located. James Galloway arrived in 1826 and settled at "Hardscrabble;" near them, southward, was another trader named Barney Lawton. During 1827 and 1828 the Miller tavern was erected by Samuel Miller on the North Side where the North branch joined the South branch; it was used as tavern, store and residence. About the same time Wolf tavern was built at the forks, but on the West Side; Elijah Wentworth occupied it in 1829. At the forks also, but on the South Side, was a cabin used for a store by R. A. Kinzie and David Hall; this no doubt was the building occupied later as a hotel by Mark Beaubien. Rev. William See lived here at this time. In June, 1829, Archibald Clybourn and Samuel Miller were authorized by Peoria county to keep a ferry near Wolf Point and to convey passengers across both branches and the main river. They were taxed two dollars and were required to give bond with security in the sum of $100. The Clybourns were butchers for the garrison, and in fact for this whole region, at a very early date, especially during the Blackhawk War in 1832. Mark Beaubien, brother of Jean B., came to Chicago in 1826. He kept tavern on the South Side at the forks and later built the Sauganash Hotel,
89
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
an early frame house here. It stood at the southeast corner of Lake and Market streets. It was named in honor of Billy Cald- well, the Indian chief, that being his Indian name. Russell E. Hea- cock came here in July, 1827, but the following year located on the Peter Lampsett claim about three-quarters of a mile south of the lock at Bridgeport, or about a mile directly south of "Hard- scrabble." He was one of the first justices appointed in 1831; he had been admitted to the bar before coming here. Alexander Robinson (Che-che-pin-qua) was a voter here in 1825, 1826 and 1827, as shown by the records at Peoria.
For the year ending March 31, 1827, the net amount of postage at Chicago was so small that it was not reported; Peoria reported $57 and Edwardsville $171.43. In 1829 James Thompson, under authority of the state, came here to make an official survey of the site. His map is dated April 4, 1830; there were then at least seven families outside of the fort.
In the House (Congress) on Jan. 27, 1830, on motion of Joseph Duncan, of Illinois, it was "Resolved, That the Committee on Com- merce be instructed to inquire into the expediency of improving the harbor at Chicago, on Lake Michigan, in the State of Illinois." On Feb. 10, 1830, Mr. Duncan moved the following resolution, but it was laid on the table: "Resolved, That the Secretary of War be requested to furnish this House with a survey and esti- mate for the improvement of the harbor at Chicago, on Lake Michigan." But the following day it was taken up and agreed to by the House. The matter was referred to the appropriate commit- tee as soon as the Secretary of War had furnished the matter desired.
The first frame house in Cook county was built in 1828 by the Government for Billy Caldwell, chief of the Pottawatomies. It first stood on Superior street, where the Catholic church was located, but later was moved to Indiana, west of Cass.
Governor Bond in his message to the first Legislature in 1818 brought the subject of the canal to the attention of that body; and in 1822 his successor, Governor Coles, devoted considerable space to the same topic. By the act of Feb. 14, 1823, a board of canal commissioners was appointed. In the autumn of 1823 a portion of the Board with Col. J. Post, of Missouri, as chief engineer, made a tour of inspection and in the autumn of 1824 Col. P. Paul, of St. Louis, an engineer, was employed. Five different routes were surveyed and estimates made of the costs; the highest esti- mate was $716,110. In 1823 Sangamon river and Fulton county were the northern limit of settlement. All north was a wilderness. But the people of the south half of the state wanted water com- munication with New York via the Great Lakes, and saw it could come to Chicago through the Erie canal (completed in 1825) and the Chicago canal. So they favored the law. It was their
90
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
influence that gave Illinois so much lake coast in 1818 when the north boundary was set north. In January, 1825, the Illinois and Michigan canal was incorporated with one million capital. The stock was not taken, so the act was repealed. In the meantime the Illinois representatives and senators in Congress were urging Con- gress to grant land for the purpose. Hon. Daniel P. Cook led in this movement. On March 2, 1827, the act was passed, but, owing to the financial stringency, nothing was done till Jan. 22, 1829, when the Legislature passed a law, organizing a Canal Board. S. D. Lockwood came with the canal commissioners in 1829; he said the residents of Chicago then were John Kinzie, who resided on the North Side; Doctor Wolcott, who lived on the North Side, west of Kinzie, and was the son-in-law of Kinzie; John Miller, who kept a "log tavern at the Forks;" John B. Beaubien, on the South Side; and three or four Indian traders living in log cabins on the West Side; these were in addition to the officers and soldiers of the garrison, some of whom had wives and children.
By act approved February, 1831, it was made the duty of the superintending canal commissioner to ascertain whether the Calamic (Calumet) would be a sufficient feeder for that part of the canal between Chicago and Des Plaines rivers "or whether the construc- tion of a railroad is not preferable or will be of more public utility than a canal." Should the said river be found sufficient, excavation on the canal was ordered to proceed without delay.
In June, 1831, pursuant to an order of the Secretary of War, this post was abolished and the fort was left in charge of Colonel Owen, government agent of the Pottawatomies, Ottawas and Chip- pewas. In July, 1831, the schooner "Telegraph" arrived from down the lake with supplies. By September the fort, the Kinzie home, the other buildings and the hotels were filled with emigrant families. Late in September Colonel Owen paid the Indian annui- ties. The whites while the Indians were drunk stole a large share of what they had received. In November, 1831, the schooner "Marengo," owned by Oliver Newberry, of Detroit, arrived with supplies. She could not enter the river, but anchored in the lake and rode out the storm that was brewing. Later small boats brought her cargo ashore. Captain Stuart commanded the "Ma- rengo."
During the winter of 1831-32, nearly all families here lived within the fort and were furnished with supplies by George W. Dole, whose store was within the enclosure. Another store was conducted by R. A. Kinzie at Wolf Point, where the river forked. There were no mail routes, post roads nor postoffices. Every two weeks a half-breed Indian was sent to Niles, Michigan, for the mail, covering the distance on foot and consuming a week. Of course the arrival of the mail was an event of great interest. During the Winter a debating society was organized with J. B. Beaubien
91
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
as president. An occasional dance and a religious meeting once a week were about the only diversions. Mark Noble, Jr., his wife and his two daughters and Mrs. R. J. Hamilton were Methodists; the latter was the mainstay of that church here. :
Gurdon S. Hubbard came here in October, 1818. He was an Indian trader. In the Fort Dearborn preemption suit he testified as follows: "From the piazza of the Kinzie house we could look directly down the river about half way to the mouth, where the view was obstructed by a bank. The mouth was about where Madison street now is. The mouth was a shifty one; it gradually went farther south. At one time it went down as far as where the Illinois Central roadhouse now is, about a mile and a half from the fort .* It was then so small that we could hardly get our boats through. I should say that the mouth at Madison street was the permanent mouth. We used to hunt foxes on the bar. The foxes were caught in the woods and fed and got in condition at the fort. On festival days they were taken to the upper end of the sand bar and loosed, when the dogs were put on them and they were chased in the sand. There was land enough to make the sport entertaining. The bar was about two hundred feet wide, but ran off to a mere spit at the end. Lots 24 and 25 in Kinzie's addition would strike the center of the river. Should say the Kinzie house was on Lot 23. It was in the fall of 1828 that the bar extended down to the pine trees about one and one-half miles. In 1831 the mouth of the river was not far from Wright's place. In 1828 or 1829 the channel was dug across the bar where it now is by the commanding officer of Fort Dearborn. It soon was a deep chan- nel, but afterwards filled up again.' At no time did the channel form itself. The effect of the piers was to cause the washing away of the sand bar and the increasing of land north of the piers. The river at its mouth was navigable immediately after crossing the bar. At the mouth we could ride a horse across and sometimes we had difficulty in getting into it with Mackinac boats. There were no houses on the sand bar in 1834. There were some shanties put on the bar in 1835, which were carried off by a gale of wind that fall. The sand bar at the upper end, opposite the old fort, was from three to five feet high, gradually diminishing toward the south. The surface was unequal. No vegetation was on the bar. I was here in the spring and fall for periods of from four to six weeks-1818 to 1825. The commandant at the fort, I think, cut across the bar in 1822; but it blocked up. It was cut through again in 1829 by men from the fort. In 1829 it took us not over two hours to cut a line to let water into the lake from the river, and then the river cut its way in two hours to admit batteaux-was five feet deep by morning-high water mark where the piers now are-no one here to do it but from the fort. They used to receive supplies from
*This statement should be specially noted.
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92
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
a small schooner, forty or fifty tons (chartered by the Government), once a year. That schooner with traders' boats was all the marine of Lake Michigan. The boat passed through the cut from the fort in 1829 merely to test its capabilities. I have seen the river outlet as small as a mere ripple-could step across it in 1828 and have seen it with only six inches of water, though perhaps a hun- dred feet wide-think vessels loaded off Madison street, and we went out in scows to get goods. We would take goods out and lift boats over-have seen the sea make completely over the bar into the river at points of depression-went over in 1827 and 1828 at foot of Randolph street. John H. Kinzie took a boat and went out to take myself and friends from the vessel. On going out they dragged the boat over the bar-coming back we jumped the bar."*
Richard J. Hamilton's testimony: "Came to Chicago in April, 1831; never saw any of the fox chases on the sand bar ; cabins were built on the bar in 1836 and 1837." John W. Strode's testimony : "Came here in August, 1836; was here several days in 1831; there were then only seven or eight houses outside of the garrison." George W. Dole's testimony: "Came here in May, 1831-was clerk of Oliver Newberry-was on the sand bar often-we entered the river in a yawl boat from a schooner-went out in a scow to get goods from vessels-used setting poles in the channel-was in the garrison from May, 1831, to June, 1832-then lived at the corner of Decatur and South Water streets-had my store there- one of the cabins on the bar belonged to George E. Walker-Hard- scrabble was afterward called Bridgeport." William Brewster's testimony : "Came here first in 1818-staid two or three weeks- ยท came by land and stopped at the Kinzie house-was here in Septem- ber, 1833, at the time of the treaty-had occasion to pass out at the mouth of the river-have seen it not more than six or eight inches in depth, varying with the wind." Alexander Robinson's, a Pottawatomie chief's, testimony: "Came to Chicago about 1815 -knew the Kinzies well-for seventeen years past have lived twelve miles from Chicago-till then lived at the forks of the river for eight or nine years-was an interpreter four or five years."
In 1829 the Legislature authorized the canal commissioners, Dr. Gershom Jayne of Springfield, Edmund Roberts of Kaskaskia and Charles Dunn of Pope, "to locate the canal, lay out towns, sell lots and apply the proceeds to the construction of the canal." They sent here James Thompson, who surveyed and platted what after- wards became known as the "Original Town of Chicago," locating it on Section 9, Township 39 north, Range 14 east. It extended from State to Desplaines and from Madison to Kinzie. The plat is dated August 4, 1830. Colbert's "directory" thus summarized the town at this date: Taverns-Elijah Wentworth, west of the
"Gurdon S. Hubbard's testimony in the suit of George C. Bates against the Illinois Central Railway Co., September, 1858. (Press and Tribune, September 30, 1858.)
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93
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
river near the fork; Samuel Miller, north of the river at the fork; Mark Beaubien, south of the river and east of the South fork. Indian Traders-Robert A. Kinzie, near Wentworth's tavern; Leon Bourisso, just south of Beaubien's tavern; a log trading house near the foot of North Dearborn street; J. B. Beaubien, just south of the fort. Butcher-Archibald Clybourn of the North branch, about two miles from Wolf Point and west of the stream. James Kinzie, Rev. William See and Alexander Robinson and their families re- sided on the West Side near Wentworth's tavern. David Mckee and Billy Caldwell were on the North Side near "Cobweb Castle," which was then vacant. Gholson Kercheval, Dr. E. Harmon and James Harrington were also here. At an election held at the house of James Kinzie on August 2, 1830, this, the First election precinct of Peoria county, polled the following vote: Jonathan N. Bailey (first postmaster) lived in part of old Kinzie house; John B. Beau- bien, Medore B. Beaubien moved to Kansas; Leon Bourassea (Bourisso) ; James Brown; Billy Caldwell (Indian chief) ; Jean Baptiste Chevalier ; John L. Davis, a tailor, moved to Milwaukee; Russell E. Heacock lived near Hardscrabble; John S. C. Hogan; James Kinzie, see elsewhere; B. H. Lawton or Laughton lived at what is now Riverside; Joseph Laframboise, a Frenchman with an Indian wife; Stephen Mack, clerk of the American Fur Company ; John Mann; Daniel McKee, agency blacksmith, moved to Aurora; Alexander McDale; Rev. William See, blacksmith also; Stephen J. Scott; Joseph Thibeaut; Daniel Van Eaton; Rev. Jesse Walker, from Peoria, in missionary work; Peter Frique; Mark Beaubien; Laurant Martin; Jean Baptiste Secor; Joseph Banskey; Michael Welch; Francis Ladusier; Lewis Ganday; Peresh Le Clerc, Indian interpreter.
Wolcott's addition on the North Side was bought in 1830 for $130; in 1854 it was valued at $250,000. Walter L. Newberry bought forty acres of Thomas Hartzell in 1853 for $1,062; in 1854 it was valued at $500,000, and Mr. Newberry still owned the most of it. On it was Newberry's addition. In 1834 half of Kinzie's addition, all of Wolcott's addition and all of Block 1 of the Original Town were sold for $20,000; in 1854 they were valued at $3,000,- 000. Every foot of land showed a proportionate increase at the latter date.
Ellen Hamilton, daughter of Richard J., was born in Fort Dear- born early in 1832. At this date, Elijah Wentworth and family lived in a log house owned by James Kinzie and kept tavern there. James Kinzie was here with his family, also William See and family, and Alexander Robinson and family. On the North Side was Samuel Miller and family, and with them was John Miller, a brother. East of the South branch, at the forks, was Mark Beaubien and family, who kept tavern; above him, on the South branch, was Bourisso, an Indian trader. Between Mark Beaubien and the fort-on the
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HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
South Side-there were no houses except a small log cabin near the foot of Dearborn and used as an Indian trading house. Near the garrison and south was J. B. Beaubien's family, connected with the American Fur Company in the Indian trade; near his residence was his store; farther south was a house then unoccupied. On the North Side, opposite the fort, was the Kinzie home; farther west, on the North Side, was what had been the government agency house, "Cobweb Castle." Dr. Wolcott had died there the fall of 1830 and had occupied this place, but it was now vacant. In its
The first sale of lots resulted as follows:
First Purchaser.
Lots.
Blocks.
Original Price.
Valuation Jan. 1854.
Sept. 27, 1830
Benj. B. Kercheval.
5 and 6
29
$109
$ 21,300
Mark Beaubien
3 and 4
31
102
108,000
Thomas Hartzell
1
20 }
115
62,000
Thomas Hartzell
7
29
35
10,000
Edmund Roberts and Peter Menard.
4
29
100
13,000
Edmund Roberts
2
18
45
40,000
William Jewett
5 and 6
28
21
17,000
James Kinzie
5, 6, 7 and 8
2
James Kinzie
2, 3, 5, 7 and 8
22
418
131,000
James Kinzie
8 and 5 7
16
J. B. Beaubien
1, 2, 7 and 8
17
J. B. Beaubien
1
18
346
450,000
J. B. Beaubien
3 and 4 6
35
John Kinzie
3
20
Alexander Wolcott.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 2
20
42
32,000
Stephen Mack.
7 and 8
43
53
57,000
Thomas J. V. Owen.
5
19
39
40,000
Oliver Newberry
4
16
78
39,000
Oliver Newberry
4
17
160
46,000
Jesse B. Browne
3
20
60
28,000
James Kinzie.
8
40
34
18,000
P. F. W. Peck ..
4
18
78
42,500
April 5, 1832
T. J. V. Owen
5
20
1
170
83,300
R. J. Hamilton
8
21
John Noble
1
56
61
18,000
John Noble
6
18
80
105,000
John Noble
3
5
31
61
35,000
Sept. 3, 1832
O. Goss, Wash. Co., Vt.
2
56
70
16,000
Dec. 4, 1832
Calvin Rawley ..
4
38
53
50,000
1
685
128,000
John Kinzie ..
5 and 6 2 2, 7 and 8
32
129
163,000
John Kinzie.
2
5
Thomas Ryan. Sept. 29, 1830
April 3, 1832
44
J. B. Beaubien.
J. B. Beaubien.
John Kinzie
8
29
Thomas Hartzell
-
17
Hugh Walker ..
36
95
. HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Purchasers.
Description of Land.
Acres.
Original Cost.
Valuation Jan. 1854.
Sept. 27, 1830
Thomas Hartzell
W. 3% N.E. K, Sec. 9, T. 39 N., R. 14 E.
80
$124.00
$800,000
Edmund Roberts and Benj. B. Kercheval
W. 12 N.W. 1/4," Sec. 9, T. 39 N., R. 14 E.
80
100.00
400,000
Sept. 28, 1830
James Kinzie
E. 1/2 N.W. 1/4, Sec. 9, T. 39 N., R. 14 E.
80
140.00
600,000
J. B. Beaubien
N. 12 N.E. 14, Sec. 29, T. 39 N., R. 14 E.
84.98
424.90
85,000
J. B. Beaubien
N.W. frac. N.W. x, Sec. 29, T. 39 N., R. 14 E.
127.66
638.30
132,000
1
vicinity were several log buildings for a blacksmith, an interpreter and others of the agency -- the blacksmith, David McKee, and Billy Caldwell, head chief of the Pottawatomies, Ottawas and Chippewas. He was interpreter. Col. Thomas J. V. Owen succeeded Doctor Wolcott as Indian agent, but had not yet arrived. Gholson Kerch- eval was a sub-agent. Dr. E. Harmon and James Harrington were here and were making claims on the lake shore. About twelve families in all lived here in the Spring of 1831.
The two schooners "Telegraph" and "Marengo," which arrived here in 1831, came loaded with emigrants, the preemption law being the inducement. The former came from Ashtabula, Ohio, and the latter from Detroit. The -first deed on record from Governor Reynolds to Robert Kinzie, assignee of B. B. Kercheval, conveyed Lots 5 and 6, Block 29, Original Town, for $109; it was recorded on December 2, 1831, by R. J. Hamilton. Wolf Point was on the West Side at the juncture of the two branches of the river. In 1831 there was considerable rivalry between the "Point" and the "Lower Town," near the fort. P. F. W. Peck, who had come here first in 1831, opened a store in the Miller building on the North Side at the juncture, but in the Fall of 1832 erected a frame build- ing on the southeast corner of South Water and La Salle streets. Lumber was brought here from Plainfield, forty miles southwest.
The important questions at Chicago during the first six years of the organization of the county were the following: Postoffice, land office, a newspaper started, formation and organization of the county, with Chicago the county seat, war of 1832, first work of the harbor, first vessel over the bar, packing trade, schools and religious societies, sale of school lands, disposal of wharf rights, incorporation of Chicago, first work on the canal, drawbridges, stage line to the interior, land and lot speculation, immense travel of emigrants, pork packing, corporate limits bounded by State to Desplaines and Madi- son to Kinzie-about three-eighths of a square mile.
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HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY .
Upon the organization of Cook county, Mark Beaubien gave a bond for $200 for his ferry license, and agreed to carry free all residents of the county ; he used a scow that cost him $65. In 1831 a wooden bridge that cost $486.20 was built across the North branch at North Water street; that amount was raised by popular subscription. About the same time another was built across the South branch, about half way between Lake and Randolph streets. The Pottawatomies subscribed $200 toward this bridge. In the Fall of 1831 there were seven taverns-that number being filled constantly with the numerous settlers and travelers. Wolves were were numerous and visited all parts of the town at night. The Indians were threatening; in May, 1832, there were five hundred persons in the fort. Upon the organization of Cook county in 1831 Richard J. Hamilton became county clerk and recorder, and later judge of probate, treasurer and commissioner of schools. The first postoffice was established in the spring of 1831, with Jonathan N. Bailey postmaster.
In 1832 the schooner "Austerlitz" brought from Detroit one hundred barrels of coarse and 120 barrels of fine salt-received by Newberry & Dole, and the same year the schooner "Napoleon" brought forty-one barrels of fine salt from Detroit. In 1835 Doctor Wheeler bought all the salt here and after navigation closed sold it at $8 per barrel. In 1852 the salt receipts were 92,907 barrels; in 1858 they were 333,983 barrels.
"At a meeting of the citizens of Chicago, convened pursuant to public notice given according to the statute for incorporating towns, Thomas J. V. Owen was chosen president and E. S. Kimberly was chosen clerk. The oaths were administered by Russell E. Heacock, a justice of the peace for Cook county, when the following vote was taken on the proposition of incorporating the town of Chicago, county of Cook, State of Illinois: For incorporation, John S. C. Hogan, C. A. Ballard, G. W. Snow, R. J. Hamilton, J. T. Temple, John Wright, G. W. Dole, Hiram Pearsons, Alanson Sweet, E. S. Kimberly, T. J. V. Owen, Mark Beaubien-12. Against incorpora- tion, Russell E. Heacock-1. We certify the above poll to be cor- rect.
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