USA > Kansas > Kansas; a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. with a supplementary volume devoted to selected personal history and reminiscence, Voilume I > Part 58
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On the subject of Indian titles the governor said in his message of 1867: "In my last message I presented to the legislature the fact (as I then and still believe), that the boundary lines claimed by the Chero- kees to the Cherokee Neutral Lands, and by the Osages to the lands occupied by them, were not in accordance with the treaties made by the government with these tribes, that those lands were unjustly claimed and held, and that they in right and justice were subject to settle- ment. During the year just passed, thousands of immigrants have settled on these lands and the Indians finally ceded their alleged claims to the government. The rights of the settlers on these lands should be sacredly and securely guarded. A commission is now in the state to ascertain upon what terms or conditions the different tribes now own- ing reservations will relinquish their rights thereto, and remove to what is known as the Indian Country. The best interests of the state and the future prosperity of the Indians unite in demanding their speedy removal." (See Indian Treaties.)
The legislature adjourned on March 6. During the session the Four- teenth Amendment was ratified; an issue of $100,000 in bonds was authorized for the construction of the new capitol; a similar amount was authorized for the benefit of the penitentiary; an issue of $15,500 for the deaf and dumb asylum; a number of county boundaries were changed; steps were taken for the establishment of a blind asylum at Wyandotte; and the payment of the Price raid claims were assumed by the state. Three constitutional amendments were proposed-one to strike the word "white" from the organic law of the state; one to strike out the word "male," and the third disfranchising certain classes of persons.
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Early in the summer of 1867 the Indians on the western border again became troublesome, especially toward those engaged in railroad building, and on June 29 Gov. Crawford received authority to organize and call out a battalion to protect the frontier. The result was the organization of the Eighteenth Kansas-four companies-which was mustered in for four months. The battalion was commanded by Maj. H. L. Moore, formerly lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Arkansas cavalry. In October Gen. W. T. Sherman notified the governor that the United States would pay the men when they were mustered out, which was done at Fort Harker on Nov. 15.
A number of prominent Republicans met in convention at Lawrence on Sept. 5 and organized a campaign in favor of negro suffrage, but in opposition to female suffrage. On the 18th of the same month a Democratic convention at Leavenworth declared in opposition to all three of the proposed constitutional amendments. The election was held' on Nov. 5. The proposition to strike the word "white" from the state constitution was defeated by a vote of 10,483 for to 19,421 against ; that to strike out the word "male" was defeated by a vote of 9,070 for to 19,857 against, and the amendments restricting the elective franchise was carried by a vote of 16,860 to 12,165.
In the legislative session, which began on Jan. 14, 1868, Lieut .- Gov. Green again presided in the senate and George W. Smith was speaker of the house. The governor presented his message on the opening day of the session. The principal topics discussed were the financial condition of the state; educational and railroad development ; the Paris exposition; the condition of the public institutions of the state; In- dian lands and depredations ; immigration, and the work of the codify- commission. The laws enacted during the session were published in two volumes-the general statutes as revised by the commission, and special laws.
Early in the session charges were made against Gov. Crawford, in that he had accepted 640 acres of land from the Union Pacific rail- road company, which had influenced him to report in favor of accept- ing the road, and a special committee, consisting of C. R. Jennison, J. L. Philbrick and R. D. Mobley, was appointed to investigate. On Feb. 27 Mr. Jennison made a minority report, tending to show that the land in question was worth several thousand dollars, and that its transfer from the railroad company to the governor was in the nature of a bribe. The other two members of the committee rendered a major- ity report exonerating the governor from blame. This report closed as follows: "And we further believe that his persistent efforts in behalf of the road, in defeating the opposition of those interested in the Omaha line, resulted in great and lasting benefit to the company, and ten fold more interest to the State of Kansas. Your committee recommend that the evidence be printed."
The first political activity in 1868 was manifested by the Democratic party, which met in convention at Topeka on Feb. 26 and selected
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Wilson Shannon, Jr., Thomas P. Fenlon, Charles W. Blair, George W. Glick, A. J. Mead and Isaac Sharp as delegates to the national con- vention. The resolutions adopted favored guaranteeing to each state a republican form of government under control of the white race; regretted the difference between the "Radical party in Congress and the president," and condemned "the attempt on the part of Congress to strip the presidential office of its constitutional authority, and the supreme court of its proper functions, in order that they may carry out their unprecedented schemes of negro supremacy in certain states, in violation of the constitution of the United States, and contrary to the sentiments and feelings of the great bulk of the population of the Union."
A Republican state convention met at Topeka on March 25. C. W. Babcock, S. S. Prouty, John A. Martin, B. F. Simpson, Louis Weil and N. A. Adams were elected delegates to the national convention and instructed to support Gen. U. S. Grant for the presidency. The action of the national house of representatives, in its arraignment of President Andrew Johnson, was indorsed. These two conventions opened the national or presidential campaign, but nominations for the state offices were not made until well along in the summer.
In this matter the Democrats again took the initiative by holding their state convention on July 29, at Topeka. George W. Glick was nomi- nated for governor; Maxwell McCaslin for lieutenant-governor; Wilson Shannon, Jr., for secretary of state; Gottlieb Schauble for auditor; Allen McCartney for treasurer; Ross Burns for attorney-general; Archibald Beatty for superintendent of public instruction; W. R. Wagstaff for associate justice of the supreme court; Charles W. Blair for representa- tive in Congress; Leonard T. Smith, P. Z. Taylor and Orlin Thurston for presidential electors.
The Republican nominating convention assembled in Topeka on Sept. 9. James M. Harvey was nominated for governor after a spirited con- test, and the ticket was completed by the selection of the following candidates: Charles V. Eskridge, lieutenant-governor; Thomas Moon- light, secretary of state; Alois Thoman, auditor; George Graham, treas- urer; Addison Danford, attorney-general; Peter McVicar, superintend- ent of public instruction; D. M. Valentine, associate justice; Sidney Clarke, representative in Congress; I. S. Kalloch, A. H. Horton and D. R. Anthony, presidential electors. The entire Republican ticket, both state and national, was successful at the election on Nov. 3.
All through the summer and fall of 1868 the Indians continued to com- mit depredations at intervals, which kept the settlers on the western border in constant fear of attack. On Oct. 10 Gov. Crawford issued a proclamation calling for a volunteer cavalry regiment for six months' service. The first company (Company A) was mustered in at Topeka ten days later, and on Nov. 4, the day after the election, Gov. Crawford resigned the governorship to take command of the regiment, which was designated the Ninteenth Kansas. The same day Lieut .- Gov. Nehemiah Green took the oath of office as governor.
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Crescent, a small hamlet of Kiowa county, is located near the north- west corner, about 5 miles from the Arkansas river and 12 miles from Greensburg, the county seat. Mail is received through the postoffice at Mullinville, which is the nearest railroad station.
Crestline, a village of Shawnee township, Cherokee county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 8 miles east of Columbus, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a hotel, a feed mill, a creamery, Christian and Friends churches, some well stocked general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 162.
Creswell, an inland trading post in Marion county, is located 15 miles southwest of Marion, the county seat, and 13 miles northwest of Peabody, from which place mail is received. Hillsboro on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, 6 miles to the north, is the nearest railroad station and shipping point.
Crisfield, a village of Greene township, Harper county, with a popu- lation of 50 in 1910, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. about 17 miles west of Anthony, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, some general stores, and is a shipping and supply point for that section of the county.
Critzer, a hamlet of Linn county, is situated on the Missouri Pacific . R. R. 6 miles west of Mound City, the seat of justice. It has rural free delivery from Blue Mound and in 1910 had a population of 32.
Croft, a village and postoffice of Springvale township, Pratt county, is a station on the Wichita & Englewood division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., about 20 miles southwest of Pratt, the county seat. It has telephone connections, a local trade, does some shipping, and in 1910 reported a population of 30.
Cross Timbers was the name applied to a section of wooded lands, beginning at about the 99th degree of longitude, in latitude 36° 30' north, and extending southward from the Arkansas river in Oklahoma to the Brazos river in Texas. In extent they were from 5 to 30 miles in width from east to west and about 400 miles long from north to south. Accord- ing to Dr. Josiah Gregg, these lands "entirely cut off the communication betwixt the interior prairies and those of the great plains."
Gregg says further: "They may be considered as the 'fringe' of the great prairies, being a continuous brushy strip, composed of various kinds of undergrowth, such as black-jacks, post-oaks, and in some places hickory, elm, etc., intermixed with a very diminutive dwarf oak, called by the hunters 'shin-oak.' Most of the timber appears to be kept small by the continual inroads of the 'burning-prairies ;' for being killed almost annually, it is constantly replaced by scions of undergrowth; so that it becomes more and more dense every reproduction. In some places the oaks are of considerable size, and able to withstand the conflagrations. The underwood is so matted in many places with grape vines, green brairs, etc., as to form almost impenetrable 'roughs,' which serve as
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hiding places for wild beasts, as well as wild Indians; and would, in savage warfare, prove almost as formidable as the hummocks of Florida. South of the Canadian, a branch of these Cross Timbers projects off west- ward, extending across this stream, and up its course for 100 miles or so, from whence it inclines northwest beyond the North Fork, and ulti- mately ceases, no doubt, in the great sandy plains in that direction. The region of the Cross Timbers is generally well watered ; and is interspersed with romantic and fertile tracts. Among the Cross Timbers the black bear is very common, living chiefly upon acorns and other fruits. .. . That species of gazelle known as the antelope is very numerous upon the high plains. . .. About the Cross Timbers . . are quantities of wild turkeys. That species of American grouse, known west as the prairie hen, is very abundant on the frontier, and is quite destructive, in autumn, to the prairie cornfields. Partridges are found about as far west; but their number is quite limited beyond the precincts of the settlements." (Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies.)
Crotty, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., in Coffey county, is located 8 miles south of Burlington, the county_seat, and about the same distance west of LeRoy, from which point it receives mail. The popu- lation in 1910 was reported as being 50.
Crow, an inland hamlet of Phillips county, is situated in the north- eastern part, near the headwaters of Big creek and about 15 miles from Phillipsburg, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery.
Croweburg, a village of Crawford county, is a station on the Joplin & Pittsburg electric line about 8 miles east of Girard, the county seat. It has an international money order postoffice, some local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 125.
Crozier, Robert, lawyer, chief justice of the Kansas supreme court. and United States senator, was born at Cadiz, Harrison county, Ohio, Oct. 15, 1828. About the time he reached his majority, he graduated at the Cadiz Academy, then studied law, and soon after his admission to the bar he was elected county attorney of his native county. In the fall of 1856 he came to Kansas, and on March 7, 1857, issued the first number of the Leavenworth Times. On Oct. 5, 1857, he was elected to the legis- lative council, defeating John A. Halderman, and took his seat in that body on Dec. II. In Oct., 1863, he was nominated by the Republican party for chief justice of the state supreme court, and at the election on Nov. 3 he received 12,731 votes, only 14 being cast against him. During the three years he served on the supreme bench he wrote 45 opinions. He was then president of the First National bank of Leavenworth until Nov. 22, 1873, when he was appointed United States senator by Gov. Osborn to fill the unexpired term of Alexander Caldwell, resigned. In Nov., 1876, he was elected judge of the First judicial district and served in that capacity for four successive terms. He died at Leavenworth on Oct. 2, 1895. His son, William Crozier, graduated at the head of his class at West Point, entered the artillery service in the United States army and became chief of the ordinance department.
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Crystal Springs, a little village of Lake township, Harper county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. about half-way between Harper and Attica, and 12 miles northwest of Anthony, the county seat. It has a postoffice, an express office, telephone connections, and in 1910 reported a population of 38.
Cuba, an incorporated town of Republic county, with a population of 466 according to the U. S. census of 1910, is located about 10 miles east of Belleville, the county seat, at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railways. It is an important shipping point for the surrounding agricultural district, has a number of good mercantile houses, a money order postoffice from which emanate three rural delivery routes, telegraph and express offices, good schools, churches of different denominations, etc. The town was first laid out near the line between Farmington and Richland townships, but when the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad was built in 1884 it was removed to its present location in order to be on the railroad.
Cullison, an incorporated town of Pratt county, is located on the line · between Banner and Richland townships and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. II miles west of Pratt, the county seat. It has a bank, a grain elevator, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, a hotel, some well stocked general stores, and is the principal shipping and supply point for the western part of the county. The population was 151 in 1910.
Culver, an incorporated town of Ottawa county, is located in Culver township, on the Union Pacific R. R. and the Saline river, about 10 miles southwest of Minneapolis, the county seat. It has a bank, tele- graph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with 2 rural routes. All lines of business activity and the leading denominations of churches are represented. The population in 1910 was 326.
Cummings, a village of Atchison county, is situated in the southern portion on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 10 miles southwest of Atchison, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph station, general store and school. In 1910 the population was 175.
Cunningham, one of the principal towns of Kingman county, is located in Dresden and Rural townships and is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 18 miles west of Kingman, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, general stores, hardware and implement houses, a lumber yard, a weekly newspaper (the Clipper), a hotel, and is the principal shipping point and trading center between Kingman and Pratt. Cunningham was incorporated in 1908 and in 1910 reported a population of 395.
Curran, an inland hamlet of Harper county, is situated in the north- west part of the county, about 16 miles from Anthony, the county seat. Mail is received by rural free delivery from Harper. Attica is the nearest railway station.
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Curranville, a thriving town in the eastern part of Crawford county, is a station on the Kansas City Southern R. R. about 12 miles east of Girard, the county seat. It is situated in the coal fields, and mining is the principal industry. It has a money order postoffice, some well stocked general stores, telephone connections, etc. Curranville was incorporated in 1906 and in 1910 reported a population of 773.
Curtis, Charles, lawyer and United States senator, is a native of Kansas, having been born in the city of Topeka on Jan. 25, 1860. He was educated in the public schools, studied law with A. H. Case, and in 1881, soon after reaching his majority, he was admitted to the bar. He then formed a partnership with Mr. Case which lasted until 1884, when Mr. Curtis was elected county attorney of Shawnee county. On Nov. 27, 1884, he married Miss Annie E. Baird of Topeka. At the close of his first term as city attorney in 1886 he was reëlected for a second term of two years. In 1892 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Fourth Congressional district for Congress, and in November was elected. He was twice reelected from that district, and when in 1898 Shawnee. county was made a part of the First district he was again elected to Congress and served ten years as the representative of the First, with the excep- tion of a portion of his last term, when he resigned to accept an election as United States senator in Jan., 1907, both for the unexpired term of Joseph R. Burton and for a full term of six years, which expires on March 3, 1913.
Cutler, a rural hamlet in the northwestern part of Wallace county, is located on the divide between Turtle and Goose creeks, about 22 miles from Sharon Springs, the county seat. Weskan, on the Union Pacific, is the nearest railroad station. Mail is received by rural delivery from Dale.
Cyclones .- (See Storms.)
D
Dafer, a small hamlet of Leavenworth county, is located on the Stranger river about 3 miles southeast of Tonganoxie, which is the most convenient railroad station, and from which place mail is delivered by rural carrier.
Dairying .- For many years it was believed that New England, New York, and the great dairying states of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys would be able to supply the demand for dairy products in the United States, because agriculturists and dairymen considered the conditions in the west and south so poorly adapted to this industry as to prevent its extension in these directions. The great manufacturing and commercial development of the east and middle west soon made it apparent that the farmers of that region could not supply the demand of the great cities for food products. Emigration west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers was rapid and settlers began to occupy the fertile valleys in the eastern part of Kansas. These pioneers, who brought cows with them,
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found the natural pastures and other conditions favorable to stock raising and milk production. As the country was settled and means of trans- portation became more efficient, the dairy belt of the United States was extended as far west as the eastern third of Kansas and it is estimated by dairy experts that there are at least 50,000,000 acres of land in the state which offer as great possibilities for dairying as any equal area in the country.
Many old customs and ideas which had once been regarded as essential to the dairying industry had to be overcome, such as flowing spring water and a reliable source of ice on every farm; that dairying could be made profitable only with permanent pastures and cultivated grasses ; and that the dairymen must be near the consuming market. Well water, brought to the surface by windmill pumps, solved the water problem ; the factory separator or the hand separator at home has done away with the idea that ice is essential; more food for cows can be grown on an acre in corn, sorghum, millet, clover, alfalfa or cow peas, than can be produced in pasture grass, thus making winter dairying more profitable; and the modern refrigerator car and fast freight lines bring the dairyman of the west close to the consumer and markets of the east.
That Kansas is a suitable region for producing dairy goods of high grade was demonstrated by butter from this state taking first premiums at the Columbian and St. Louis expositions. In the earlier years the settlers of Kansas naturally followed grazing and grain growing, and these continued to be the leading agricultural interests until dairying under the creamery system was successfully introduced and the industry then was rapidly extended. Kansas offers many natural advantages for dairying. Its geographical location is excellent, as the ill effects of the rigorous winter is escaped, continuous stabling being needed but a tew months of the year. In the southern portion cattle can graze during a large part of the winter. For years the creameries of Kansas were mainly found in the eastern and eastern central parts of the state but for a con- siderable period they have been rapidly established farther and farther west.
An adequate supply of pure water is a requisite for success in dairy- ing, and there are many obstacles to overcome in providing this supply. Except in the eastern part of the state there are few springs, and going farther west the small water courses are fewer, but the farmers have solved this problem by digging wells. The water is raised to the surface by wind mills, hand pumps or gasoline engines.
Next to the individual butter makers, patrons of creameries and cheese factories comprise the most numerous class of dairymen in the state. Kansas has over 200 creameries and cheese factories. The most suc- cessful are those operated by the owners. Some are on the cooperative or joint stock basis, and in some cases they are managed successfully. Nearly all are the modern type of creameries that use separators, skimming the milk as it is brought to the factory, although there are a number of gathered cream concerns, some of the creameries in the central
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part of the state having the cream shipped by express for considerable distances. In some cases skimming stations are established at points. where sufficient milk can be had, yet not enough to warrant putting up a creamery. The milk is brought to these stations daily and then sent to the central factory. By this method a much larger area can be handled and is much more successful than when the creamery must operate on a limited quantity of milk and has led to the erection of much larger creameries. The development of the hand separator has changed the method of operating creameries. Separators operated by hand or light power have been bought by the dairymen, the milk is separated at home, and only the cream is delivered to the central factory, where it is ripened and made into butter.
One of the great difficulties the butter and cheese factories have to, contend with is an insufficient supply of milk during a portion of the year, usually the winter season, when some of the factories have to close. This problem is being solved in a great measure by winter dairying, the- advantages of which are so marked to both the farmer and factoryman, that the great tendency has been to increase it from year to year, espe- cially as winter pasture is excellent in such a large portion of the state.
Cheese factories have never been as popular in Kansas as creameries,. yet the demand for good cheese is perhaps greater than that for butter. The average quality of the cheese made in Kansas does not rank as high in comparison with the butter as that of the great cheese making states,. New York and Wisconsin. From the prices reported as being paid for milk by both the cheese factories and creameries cheese making seems to be quite as profitable as butter, both to factories and patrons. The- skimmed milk from the creamery is regarded as more valuable by the farmer, for feeding, than is the whey from cheese making, and this may be one reason for the greater number of creameries.
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