USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Melrose > City of Melrose annual report 1901 > Part 3
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39
SCHOOL REPORT.
TABLE III.
NUMBER OF PUPILS IN THE DIFFERENT GRADES, DEC., 1901.
GRADES.
HIGH SCHOOL.
SCHOOLS.
1
II
III
IV
V
IA
IIA
IIIA
XI
X
XI
IIX
IIIX
Post-
Graduate
Totals.
High
Franklin
45
24
26
51
54
49
36
49
334
Lincoln
38
30
13
41
34
31
40
...
73
300
Horace Mann
48
34
39
48
47
34
47: 35
. .
.
.
D. W. Gooch
23
34
36
45
43
37
34
38
.
..
. .
29
24
93
Winthrop
26
17
22
28
137
Sewall
50
39
19
29
94
Whittier
61
33
Converse
10
11
7
29
Ripley
9
9
11
Total, Dec. 1901, ....
356 263
268 317 299 259 231 200 166
114 92 54 44
9
2 672
Total, Dec. 1900, *132.316 268 304 309 270 255
215 202
139
116 61
50 40
9
2,686
Total, Dec. 1899,*140 316 320 289 277 265 242
213 158 122
88 59 47 46
7
2,589
* Independent Kindergartens,
TABLE IV.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUPILS PER TEACHER IN THE AVER- AGE MEMBERSHIP OF THE SCHOOLS.
GRADES.
High School.
Summary for All Grades.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
20
31
29
44
39
37
46
29
24
25
32
46
17
64
59
47
44
.
..
...
189
Mary A. Livermore.
50
44
51
44
.
.
..
176
Warren
46
32
45
114
92
54 44
9
313
357
Washington
...
332
290
...
.
28
1
COMMENT ON TABLE IV.
According to the report of the State Board of Education for 1900-1901 the average number of pupils per teacher in
50
40
CITY OF MELROSE
the average membership of the public schools throughout the Commonwealth is approximately 35. According to the foregoing table the average for Melrose is32. Theoreti- cally, therefore, we are better off in this respect than the State at large. It is not to be understood, however, that the schools of Melrose are arranged so that each teacher has the average number. In spite of the best arrangement that can be made there is considerable difference between the numbers assigned different teachers. For example, our largest first grade has a registration of 61 and our smallest has 23. Owing to the location of these schools, however, nothing can be done to equalize the assignments. In the upper grades no such noticeable differences exist because in those grade's it is possible to discharge from one building to another to an extent that cannot be done in the primary grades.
The foregoing table indicates simply that for the number of pupils in the average membership of the schools we em- ploy enough teachers so that, if ideal assignments could be made, each teacher would have nearly the number set by leading educators as the proper number for a teacher to have.
TABLE V.
AVERAGE AGE OF PUPILS IN THE RESPECTIVE GRADES, SEPTEMBER, 1901, 1900, 1899.
NOTE: Large numbers indicate years, small figures indicate months.
PRIMARY.
GRAMMAR.
HIGH SCHOOL.
YEAR.
GRADES.
GRADES
GRADES.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
1901 . . ..
5.9
7.
8.3
9.4
10.8
11.8
12.9
13.9
14.
15.9
16.5
17.5
18.
1900. .
6.
7.8
8.2
9.5
10.11
11.10
12.9
13.11
14.10
15.7
16.6
17.2
18.2
1899.
6.
7.3
8.9
10.
11.
12.1
12.11 14.
14.11
15.8
16.3
17.2
18.6
41
SCHOOL REPORT.
COMMENT ON TABLE V.
Reference to the foregoing summary reveals that without exception the average age of pupils in the respective grades below the high school shows a decrease varying from three to six months during the past two years. This has not come about by chance. In my judgment it is due to well- directed effort on the part of teachers to more nearly reach the needs of individual pupils, to the opportunities and encouragement given quick pupils to progress more rapidly than their class as a whole, and to more careful supervision of promotions.
This evident tendency to a lower age average throughout the grades means that many pupils will have their public school career lengthened thereby and that pupils who go to higher institutions of learning will be able to secure their preparation at an earlier age than formerly. Both of these results are desirable, provided they can be secured without impairing the thoroughness of the training that is given.
It will be noted also from the foregoing table that the average ages in the four grades of the high school for the past year are slightly higher than they were two years ago This result is accounted for by the following facts.
Previous to the school year ending in June, 1898, there had been eight grades below the high school. Therefore, in September, 1899, the two upper classes in the high school were composed of pupils who had entered the school from an eight-year grammar course, while the two lower classes were made up of a considerable percentage of pupils who had spent eight years in the grades and, having done more or less extra summer work on the ninth grade studies, had asked for and been granted permission to enter the high . school on trial. During the past two years, however, the standard of the work of that grade has been so raised that,
42
CITY OF MELROSE
few pupils have entered the high school who have not taken the regular ninth grade work in the schools. In view of the above facts it is easy to understand why the average ages of the classes in the high school are slightly higher today than they were two years ago.
However, under present conditions, we may expect to see during the next two or three years a steady reduc- tion in the age average of the pupils of this school. Such a result seems to me to be desirable considering that the average graduation age in the school at present is approxi- mately 19 years.
TABLE VI. SUMMARY BY SCHOOLS OF PRINCIPALS' REPORT FOR SCHOOL YEAR 1900-1901. 1
SCHOOLS.
No. Different
Pupils Enrolled.
No. of Boys.
No. of Girls.
Average
Average
Attendance.
Per Cent. of
Attendance.
One-half Days
Absence.
Tardiness.
Cases of Corpor- al Punishment.
High
303
128
175
264.89
251.78 95.05
5,271
164
0
Franklin
353
168
185
338.59
314.31 92.83
8,989
937
2
Washington
350
173
177
320.64
296.88 92.59
7,682
581
5
Lincoln
335
171
164
304.98
286.49 93.94
7,790
316
6
Horace Mann
331
167
164
316.58
302.82 95.65
5,291
1,117
S
D. W. Gooch
278
146
132
264.82
253.04 95.55
4,632
230
0
Mary A. Livermore
200
96
104
181.86
174.71 96.07
2,577
101
0
Warren
164
85
79
153.00
145.12 94.85
2,892
176
0
Winthrop
110
56
54
103.84
97.50 94.85
2,299
379
1
Sewall
180
80
100
161.58
148.04 91.62
4,613
360
8
Whittier
148
79
69
120.31
105.98 88.16
3,889
213
2
Converse
41
24
17
37.60
36.11 96.01
657
90
0
Ripley
33
15
18
30.28
27.29 90.13
787
108
0
Total
2,826 1,388 1,438 2,598.95 2,440.07 93.88 57,369
4,772
32
Membership.
.
43
SCHOOL REPORT.
TARLE VII.
SUMMARY BY GRADES OF PRINCIPALS' REPORT FOR THE SCHOOL YEAR, 1900-1901.
GRADES.
No. Different
Pupils Enrolled.
No. of Boys.
No. of Girls.
Average
Average
Attendance.
Per Cent. of
Attendance.
One-half Days
Absence.
Tardiness.
Cases of Corpor- al Punishment.
High
303
128
175
264.89
251.78 95.05
5,271
164
0
Grade IX
139
74
65
134.99
129.15 95.67
2,159
161
3
VIII .
195
91
104
132.97
175.20 95:75
2,989
250
0
66
VII
235
111
124
224.41
212.45 94.67
4,583
344
1
VI.
261
126
135
249.02
236.28 94.88
4,926
582
4
V ..
294
148
146
269.31
254.80 94.61
5,669
454
2
66
IV
317
149
168
298.21
281.84 92.65
5,726
502
10
66
III
268
137
131
261.34
248.64 95.14
4,769
419
5
II.
255
130
125
237.93
220.99 92.46
6,055
570
4
66
I
318
177
144
283.80
260.70 91.86
8,979
823
3
*Combined Grades
(I. II, III)
74
39
35
67.88
63.40 93.40
1,444
198
0
Total.
2,826 1,388 1,438 2,598.95
2,440.07 93.88.57,369
4,772
32
* Ripley and Converse Schools.
-
TABLE VIII.
COMPARATIVE STATISTICS ON ATTENDANCE.
1. AVERAGE MEMBERSHIP.
SCHOOLS.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
High ..
241.18
220.49
229.19
250.26
264.89
Franklin
313.40
315.52
343 63
337.42
338.57
Washington
285.56
356.46
332.89
305.52
320.64
Lincoln .
190.79
225.19
292.11
304.98
D. W. Gooch
365.83
327.17
297.49
271.05
264.82
Horace Mann
328.11
300.79
280.26
298.20
316.58
Mary A. Livermore
176.52
179.35
174.59
170.06
181.86
Warren
138.39
110.64
126.43
142.01
153.00
Winthrop
150.56
135.34
128.64
113.84
103.84
Sewall
170.45
152.32
160.36
164.48
161.58
Whittier
133.90
115.02
107.60
114.89
120.31
Converse
64.65
50.00
42.96
40.97
37.60
Ripley
37.00
36.42
36.16
28.34
30.28
West Side Kinderg't'n
15 84
20.82
11.43
Totals.
2,505.55
2,506.15
2,506.21
2,540.57
2,598.95
--
167
78
89
124.20
104.84 84.41
4,799
305
0
Kindergarten
..
!
Membership.
.
44
CITY OF MELROSE
2. AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.
-
SCHOOLS.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
High.
229.60
212.17
220.73
239.56
251.78
Franklin
292.05
296.78
322.89
314.36
314.31
Washington
252.20
330.91
310.12
286.75
296.88
Lincoln
178.41
206.91
270.72
286.49
D. W. Gooch
332.10
307.33
282.44
258.76
253.04
Horace Mann.
287.10
284.93
270.55
284.23
302.82
Mary A. Livermore .
164 70
170.59
168.56
163.92
174.71
Warren
128.75
104.96
120.33
136 12
145.12
Winthrop
130.60
125.52
120.87
106.63
97.50
Sewall
144.50
134.79
144.58
148.93
148.04
Whittier
112.50
104.90
98.46
105.57
105.98
Converse
56.00
47.87
41.76
40.02
36.11
Ripley
30.60
31.16
31.54
26.56
27.29
West Side Kinderg't'n
13.59
17.76
9.76
Totals.
2,260.70
2,343.91
2,357.50
2,391.89
2,440.07
3. PER CENT. OF ATTENDANCE.
SCHOOLS.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
High.
95.20
96.22
96.31
95.72
95.05
Franklin
93.19
94.06
93.96
93.23
92.83
Washington
91.32
92 83
93.16
93.86
92.59
Lincoln
93.45
91.88
92.68
93.94
D. W. Gooch
90.78
93.94
94.94
95.47
95.55
Horace Mann
87.50
94.73
96.54
95.32
95.65
Mary A. Livermore .
93.19
93.17
96.54
96.39
96.07
Warren
93.03
94.87
95.18
95.85
94.85
Winthrop
86.74
92.74
93.95
93.67
94.85
Sewall
84.78
88.46
90.16
90.55
91.62
Whittier
83.27
91.20
91.51
91.89
88.16
Converse
86.62
95.74
97 21
97.68
96.01
Ripley ..
82.70
85.51
87.22
93.72
90.13
West Side Kinderg't'n
94.48
85.31
84.51
Totals
90.23
93.53
94.07
94.15
93.88
COMMENT ON TABLE VIII.
(1) Reference to the above table shows an increase of 58.28 in the total membership of the schools for the past school year. This is the largest increase during any year since my connection with the schools of Melrose. It is also
45
SCHOOL REPORT.
worth noting that, while the membership of the schools as a whole has increased 3.7% during the past five years, the membership of the high school has increased 9.8% during the same period. In other words, the membership of our high school during the past five years has increased nearly three times as fast as the total membership of the schools throughout the city. The force of these figures is intensi- fied when one takes into account that since the fall of 1897 the course of work preceding the high school has been lengthened one year,-a fact that might fairly be expected to work against an increase of membership in the high school for reasons so obvious as to require no comment.
During the above mentioned period the average member- ship of grade IX has increased 63% ; of grade VIII, 66% ; of grade VII, 21%; and of grade VI, 17%. From the forego- ing statements it is evident that during the past five years the average increase of the membership for the four upper grades and the high school is 35%, while the average in- crease for all grades throughout the city is practically 4%.
Whatever other causes may have contributed to this rela- tively large increased attendance in the upper grades, I feel certain that the administration of our schools and the character of the work that is being done in them have contributed no little to the result.
The tendency indicated in the above figures toward a prolongation of the period that the children remain in our schools has increased not only the total school expendi- ture, but also the per capita cost for education in the city, since it costs considerably more to provide the facilities for training in the higher grades than it does in the lower grades. The effect that this relatively large increase in the membership of our upper grades has had upon the per capita cost is apparent even to an amateur in logic when it
46
CITY OF MELROSE
is understood that in the average city schools the cost per pupil for education in the primary grades is not far from $20, while the cost per pupil in the high schools approx- imates $60. In spite of the fact that this increase in member- ship in the upper grades of the schools has helped in no little degree to swell the cost of public education in our city, I believe that it is a matter for general congratulation that our young people are evincing an increased desire to pro- long their course of training in the schools. I am convinced that the broader education they will thus receive will enrich our community life to a degree that will far outweigh the extra financial burden required to support the necessary schools.
Then, too, it has been demonstrated by reliable authorities that, generally speaking, the earning capacity of an indi- vidual bears a well-defined relation to his educational development,-a fact that should not be overlooked by those who are responsible for the appropriation of money for school purposes.
Statistics compiled by the Commissioner of Education for the United States show that each child in Massachusetts receives on an average 63% more schooling than the average for each child in the nation at large; and the chief of the Labor Bureau of Statistics for Massachusetts tells us that the average wealth-producing power for each man, woman, and child in Massachusetts is 78% greater than a similar average for each man, woman, and child in the nation at large.
With due consideration for other elements that may con- tribute to increase the wealth-producing capacity of residents of Massachusetts over that of the nation at large, it is a fair inference, I think, from the above approximate corre- spondence of the percentages representing the excess in
47
SCHOOL REPORT.
Massachusetts, both in length of the average schooling period and in the average wealth-producing power, that the prosperity of a community has a well-defined dependence upon the average period of school life of its citizens.
(2) Referring to the per cent. of attendance in the fore- going table, it will be seen that, while the per cent. for the past year is 3.58 higher than in 1897, there is a slight falling off from the per cent. of 1900. This is due principally to an epidemic of whooping cough that continued through the last half of the school year.
However, in spite of this fact, it is probably true that, if all parents were as careful as many are not to permit pupils to absent themselves from school except for unavoidable ·causes, the per cent. of attendance for the past year might have been higher than it has been during any previous year within my knowledge. Pupils are too frequently permitted to absent themselves from school tasks simply because they do not feel in a mood to attend or because they wish to indulge in some pleasure that is by no means necessary. So far as the individual child is concerned, the worst result from such irregularity is not the loss that he sustains with respect to class instruction, but it is the habit that the child thus acquirers of shrinking from duty to gratify a sense of ease or pleasure. A child thus indulged will go out into life handicapped to a degree for the struggle that lies before him. As a rule, the individual who succeeds in these days of strenuous endeavor is the one who early in life has learned to make self-gratification secondary to the discharge of duty.
48
CITY OF MELROSE
TABLE IX.
SCHOOL CENSUS AND ENROLLMENT.
No. persons between 5 and 15 years of age residing in the city, September 1, 1901. 1,997
No of persons between 7 and 14 years of age residing in the city, September 1. 1901 1,405 .
No. of different pupils enrolled during school year from Sept., 1900 to June, 1901 2,826
No. of pupils over 15 years of age enrolled during the school year, 1900-1901 380
No. of pupils between 5 and 15 years of age enrolled during the school year, 1900-1901 . .2,280
No. of pupils between 7 and 14 years of age enrolled during the school year, 1900-1901. 1,524
No. pupils under 5 years of age enrolled during the school year, 1900-1901. 166
TABLE X.
ANNUAL FINANCIAL EXHIBIT FOR 1901. A. GENERAL STATEMENT. Receipts.
Appropriation for 12 mo. from Feb. 1, 1901 to Feb.
1, 1902 $77,000.00
From Stoneham and Wakefield for tuition . 1,932.11
Additional appropriation for fuel and repairs. 2,450.00
Am't available for 12 mo. from Feb. 1, 1901 to Feb.
1, 1902
$81,382.11
Expenditures.
Salaries (Teachers, Janitors, Superintendent, Clerk) $61,384.35 Books and Supplies 5,799.26
Fuel
7,449.89
Repairs
.3,700.00
Miscellaneous
1,478.62
Furniture .
599.71
Transportation
480.00
Advertising and Printing
270.95
High School and Teachers' Libraries
99.76
Total expenditure for 12 mo. from Feb. 1, 1901 to Feb. 1, 1902.
$81,262.54
Unexpended balance
$119.57
49
SCHOOL REPORT.
B. AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PUPIL. (Based on the average membership of the schools (2,600.31) for the financial year. )
For teaching
$20.23
For supervision (superintendent and clerk) 1.07
For books and supplies
2.23
For janitors
2.31
For fuel
2.87
For printing . 0.10
For transportation.
0.18
For High School and Teachers' libraries.
0.04
For miscellaneous purposes (not including repairs, furniture and new buildings) 0.57
Total cost (excluding repairs, furniture and new buildings)
$29.60
For furniture .
0.23
For repairs 1.42
Total cost for all purposes *$31.25 *The corresponding cost for the State at large is $34.92.
TABLE XI. COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL EXHIBIT COVERING PAST FOUR YEARS.
A. GENERAL STATEMENT.
1898
1899
1900
1901
Receipts:
Balance from previous year
$1,215.39
· Appropriation for year. .
75,000.00
$ 5,022.69 65,000.00
$77,000.00
$77,000.00
Receipts for tuition, etc.
354.50
1,061.31
1,176.08
1,932.11 2,450.00
Supplementary appropriation. Total amount available
$76,569.89
$71,084.00
$78,176.08
$81,382.11
Expenditures:
Salaries
$50,743.37
$56,486.49
$60,141.47
$61,384.35
' Books and Supplies.
5,118.95
5,775.21
5,123.00
5,799.26
Fuel
6,003.63
3,806.11
7,060.08
7,449.89
Repairs
3,409.80
2,884.50
2,681.89
3,700.00
Miscellaneous
1,763.15
1,806.34
1,771.87
1,478.62
Furniture
4,323.00
1,564.23
1,036.07
599.71
Transportation
480.00
185.30
260.45
361.70
270.95
Advertising and printing . High School and Teachers' Libraries. Total expenditure
$71,547.20
$72,583.33
$78,176.08
$81,262.54
Unexpended balance.
$5,022.69
119.57
Excess of expenditure
1,499.33
.
.
99.76
50
CITY OF MELROSE.
5I
SCHOOL REPORT.
B. AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PUPIL.
(Based on the average membership for financial year.)
1898
1899
1900
1901
For teaching .
$17.44 $19.10
$20.31 #20.23
For supervision ( Superintendent and Clerk)
.83
.94
.98
1.07
For books and supplies
2.04
2.38
2.02
2.23
For janitors
1.98
2.50
2.38
2.31
For fuel.
2.39
1.52
2.78
2.87
For printing
.07
.10
.14
.10
For transportation
.18
For High School and Teachers' Libraries. ..
.04
For miscellaneous purposes (not including repairs, furniture and new buildings ) ..
.71
.72
.70
.57
Total cost (excluding repairs, furniture and new buildings) .
25.46
27.18
29.31
29.60
For furniture
1.72
.62
.41
.23
For repairs
1.36
1.15
1.06
1.42
Total cost for all purposes
#28.54 $28.96 $30.77 $31.25
.
COMMENT ON TABLE XI.
The increase in the gross expenditure for school purposes during the past four years as shown in the above table re- sults (1) from the increase in the membership of the schools which is sufficient of itself at the average cost per pupil to make the gross expenditure in round numbers $3000 greater than in 1898, and (2) from the gradually increasing per capita cost for educating our pupils which can be seen by reference to the second division in the foregoing table.
This increasing per capita cost is naturally and properly a matter of considerable interest to our citizens, therefore the following statements are submitted which contain the principal reasons for this increase.
Reference to division B in the foregoing table shows that since 1898 the per capita cost for all purposes has increased $2.71. The principal items concerned in this increase are the expenditures for teaching, supervision, books and supplies, janitors and fuel. The increase in the annual ex- penditure per pupil for teaching is mainly accounted for by
52
CITY OF MELROSE
the following facts: (1) For 1898 the average salary of the male teachers (omitting the special teachers) in our corps was $102.19 per month for a ten-month year. For 1901 the corresponding average was $125.36. Obviously this increase of 23% in the average monthly salary of our male teachers would tend to raise the per capita cost for teaching, unless there should be a considerable decrease in the meantime in the number of male teachers employed, which has not been the case, since the number of male teachers in our corps today is only one less than in 1898. There are good reasons for the above noted increase in the salaries of our male teachers. These teachers are employed either as principals of large buildings or in responsible posi- tions in connection with the High School. In 1898, the male grammar principals were being paid either $750 or $800 per year. At present the men who hold these posi- tions receive $1000 or $1200 per year.
When the large grammar buildings in the city were first opened, it was possible to secure young men as principals for $750 and $800 because the location of our city and the character of our population are such as to afford good opportunities for young men to train themselves for greater efficiency and larger responsibility and also because it was reasonably certain that, if they succeeded in their work here, either Melrose must pay them more or other places would.
An efficient man cannot be retained at the head of a school for any great length of time in these days for $800 or $900. During the past four years, in spite of the fact that the salaries of the grammar principals have been advancing as rapidly as the finances of the committee have seemed to warrant, we have lost two excellent men to higher salaried positions, and the only reason that has prevented
53
SCHOOL REPORT.
the loss of a third is the fact that the committee advanced his salary to $1200 owing to an offer of $1300 that he had received from Revere. In my judgment there are only two ways to prevent advancing the salaries of our grammar principals to a figure that approximately corresponds to the market value of good men in similar positions in other places, either (I) to let efficient men go as soon as they are offered more elsewhere and continue to use our schools as a training ground for young men who are seeking experience, or (2) to employ female principals throughout our grammar schools. I feel confident that no sane citizen in Melrose would deem it wise to change the principals of our grammar schools continually, provided such changes could be largely prevented by paying salaries equal to the average paid for similar work in progressive communities. I am well aware that the burden of public taxation in the city is already heavy, but I believe that, when there is in charge of any of our large grammar schools a manly man who is administer- ing his school in a satisfactory manner, Melrose can afford to pay and should pay him at least $1200 or $1300. If after two or three years of successful service, a man is not worth that to the city he is not worth keeping as a principal.
Regarding the proposition to keep down salaries by the employment of female principals, I may say that such a policy, beyond the limit now in practice in our schools, does not commend itself to me. Although a woman may manage a school as successfully as a man, yet, I feel that, during the latter part of the grammar course, it is highly desirable for the best development of our young people - especially the boys- that we should have before them a larger per cent. of the masculine element than there ordinarily is in the public school teaching corps, even if it does cost more.
Notwithstanding the fact that the salaries of our male
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CITY OF MELROSE
grammar principals have been raised somewhat during the past three years for the reasons suggested above, it still remains true that the average salary for such positions is less in Melrose than in any neighboring city.
(2) Another factor that has had a slight effect upon the per capita cost is a small increase in the salaries of the female principals of our grammar buildings. This has been simply a matter of justice in consideration of the added responsibilities put upon the incumbents of those positions during the past few years; and in my judgment the salaries of these positions may well be further increased without subjecting the committee to the charge of extravagance in this respect, since the average salary for female principals of grammar buildings in Melrose at present is only $833.33
(3) Another fact that has contributed to increase the per capita cost for education in Melrose is the employment of principals' assistants in the grammar buildings. In 1898 none were employed .. In 1901 there were six, distributed as follows: one at the Washington School, one at the Hor- ace Mann, one at the Lincoln, one at the D. W. Gooch, one at the Franklin, and one who divided her time between the Mary A. Livermore and the Warren Schools. The com- bined salaries of these teachers for the year was $2,990 and added $1.15 to the average cost per child for teachers. To one who sees only the dollars and cents involved, this extra expenditure would seem an extravagance, but one who is familiar with school work knows that the chief value from the service of a principal is not derived from the teaching that he does in the class room, but from the supervision that he exercises over the administration of the schools in his building, from the encouragement he gives to his teach- ers, from the inspiration he brings to the pupils under his charge, and from the extent to which he contributes to har-
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