History of Essex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. I, Part 43

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton), ed. n 85042884-1
Publication date: 1888
Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co.
Number of Pages: 1538

USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > History of Essex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. I > Part 43

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four hundred tons, rigged and sailed European method. The boats that are reserved for the use of the royal family are the most elegant work that 1 ever saw ; the painting was superb. The one which is called the king's is one hundred feet long and not a butt in her. She mounts eight guns, six pounders, and one twenty-four pounder. I saw a great number of brass cannon, eighteen and twenty-four pounders, that were cast in the country. Elephants are kept to the number of five hundred, trained for war. The first mandarin is captain of two companies and like- wise these animals. They are manœuvered by a boy sitting on their head with a hook, with which he turns them. The city is composed of an astonishing num- ber of small huts thatched. There is no other kind of house except those of the first mandarins. The council-house is a large building. I suppose it would contain one thousand people. It is entirely open in front, they having a looking-glass about ten feet long in it. There was a very large stone, about eight feet long, two and a half wide and one and a half thick ; it was hung with a bolt through the middle and so nicely balanced that the touch of a finger would set it going ; by striking it with a stick it would ring like a bell. The citadel or fort is about three-fourths of a mile in circumference; it has a wall of twenty-five feet, which the present king is now extending two miles. The streets are laid out in European style. He has now one hundred thousand men at work lay- ing out the roads, building the walls, etc. The king himself attends every day. He is mounted on an ele- phant. His dress is yellow silk, and he is attended by a guard of two hundred men armed with spears, each spear with hair upon it dyed red. He keeps thirty- two concubines. They all live together in one house, which they are not allowed to leave. It is built upon the water and communicates with the land by a bridge. The king is thirty-one years of age, a man very well informed. Their churches are entirely without ornament. I saw a number of the Cochin Chinese that were Christians. They appeared very mild in their manners."

The ship " Essex," Joseph Orne, master, entered in May, 1805, with sugar and indigo from Manila, con- signed to William Orne, and paying a duty of $18,- 443.70. The ship " Horace," John Parker, master, entered in May, 1806, consigned to William Gray. The ship " Exeter," Thomas B. Osgood, master, en- tered in June, 1806, with 14,589 pounds of indigo and 702,064 of sugar, consigned to Benjamin Pickman, Jr., and paying a duty of $23,526.33.

From 1806 to 1816, there seems to have been no entry from Manila at the port of Salem. The ship " Endeavour," Timothy Bryant, master, entered in May, 1816, consigned to Nathan Robinson. The ship " Perseverance," Samnel Hodgdon, master, in May, 1820, consigned to Williard Peele. The brig " Ann," Charles Millett, master, in July, 1824, consigned to Henry Prince. The brig " Peru," William Johnson,

HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

Jr., master, in April, 1825, consigned to Stephen C. Phillips. The ship " Endeavour," James D. Gillis, master, in September, 1826, consigned to Nathaniel Silsbee. The bark "Derby," Allen Putnam, mas- ter; entered in March, 1827; in April, 1829; J. H. Eagleston, master; and again in July, 1832, J. W. Cheever, master, consigned to Stephen C. Phil- lips. The ship "Mandarin," William Osgood, master, entered in March, 1830, consigned to Pick- ering Dodge. The ship "Sumatra," Charles Roun- dy, master, entered in November, 1832, consigned to Joseph Peabody. The brig "Charles Doggett," William Driver, master, entered in November, 1832, consigned to Richard S. Rogers. The ship " Lotus," George W. Jenks, master, entered in June, 1832, consigned to Pickering Dodge. The ship " Brookline," Charles H. Allen, master, entered in April, 1837, consigned to Stephen C. Phillips. The ship "Caroline," Charles H. Fabens, master, entered in April, 1842, consigned to David Pingree. The ship "St. Paul," belonging to Stephen C. Phillips, was almost as famous in connection with Salem's trade with Manila as was the ship "George" in the Calentta trade. The "St. Paul " made twelve voyages between Salem and Manila. She sailed on her first voyage from Salem June 3, 1838, and arrived at Manila in one hundred days, which was the shortest passage made by the ship from Salem to Manila. She reached Salem, on her return, in April, 1839, in one hundred and forty- eight days from Manila, Joseph Winn, Jr., com- manded the ship on this voyage, having also been master on her previous voyage from New York to Manila, and back to Salem, where she arrived, for the first time, April 29, 1838. On her second and third voyages she was commanded by George Pierce, and entered at Salem April 4, 1840, and July 7, 1841. Joseph Warren Oshorn was master on the fourth and fifth voyages, and she arrived at Salem August 8, 1842, and January 8, 1844, making on the last voy- age the long passage of one hundred and eighty- eight days. On her sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth voyages, she was commanded by Charles H. Allen, entering at Salem March 17, 1845, March 12, 1846, March 19, 1847, and April 6, 1848. William B. Davis was master on her tenth voyage, sailing from Salem May 18, 1848, and returning March 26, 1849. Cn her elveventh and twelfth voyages she was commanded by Charles H. Allen, returning to Salem on her eleventh voyage January 7, 1851, and sailing from Salem, on her twelfth voyage, July 5, 1851. On the 9th of De- cember, 1851, she went ashore on Masbata Island, in the Straits of San Bernardino. She was subsequently raised and sold to Spanish parties, but never returned to Salem.

The last arrival at Salem from Manila was the bark "Dragon," Themas C. Dunn, master, which entered in July, 1858, with a cargo of hemp, con- signed to Benjamin A. West. Salem merchants con- tinned the trade with Manila for some time there-

after, but their vessels entered and cleared at other ports. Tucker Daland and Henry L. Williams, Henry Gardner, B. W. Stone & Brothers and Silsbee & Pick- man were extensively engaged in this trade. The last-named firm still continues the trade with Manila.

THE ISLE OF FRANCE TRADE .- In the Indian Ocean, not far from the eastern coast of Madagascar, lies a small island, called the Isle of France, or Mau- ritius. The climate of this island is remarkably fine. Throughout the year the thermometer ranges from 76° to 90° in the shade. The Dutch formed a settle- ment there in 1644, but subsequently abandoned it. A more successful attempt to form a permanent es- tablishment was made by the French in 1721. It remained in French hands until the year 1810, when it was taken by the British in an expedition under General Abercromby, and has since remained a Brit- ish possession.

When the merchants of Salem, after the close of the Revolutionary War, sought to establish commercial interconrse with foreign ports never before visited by American vessels, the Isle of France was among the first places to which they sent their ships to bring home cargoes of sugar, which was the staple article of export. Elias Hasket Derby dispatched the "Grand Turk," Ebenezer West, master, there in No- vember, 1785, and she returned to Salem in June, 1787, making the first voyage from New England to the Isle of France. In December, 1787, the "Grand Turk " made another voyage to the Isle of France, under the charge of Elias Hasket Derby, Jr. He sold the vessel, and remained on the island about a year, when he went to India and thence back to Salem.

Of the arrivals at the Isle of France in 1789, ten were from Salem, five from Boston, two from Phila- delphia, one from Virginia, three from Baltimore, one from Beverly and one from Providence.

The schooner "Richard and Edward," George Crowninshield, master, entered January 4, 1790, con- signed to George Crowninshield. The brig "Wil- liam," Thomas West, master, entered in December, 1791, consigned to William Gray. The ship "Henry," Jacob Crowninshield, master, cleared for the Isle of France June 25, 1791. She was of one hundred and ninety tons burden, and carried ten men. Her out- ward cargo consisted of 60 boxes of wax and 50 boxes of sperm candles, 18 barrels hams, 3000 feet of oars, 14 tons iron, 13 hogsheads tobacco, 17 casks oil, 102 barrels beef and pork, 27 casks ale, 6 kegs flints, 287 barrels flour, 424 cases and 190 jngs of Geneva, 25 boxes soap, 6 boxes chocolate, 43 kegs lard, 62 quin- tals fish, 6 hogsheads West India rum, 12 bags pimento, 16 cannon, 88 hundredweight shot, 1 hegshead, 4 crates ware, 40 barrels tar, 4 barrels pitch, 30,000 feet lumber, 175 casks powder, 7 saddles and bridles, 12 tables and 5 desks. She entered on her return in November, 1792, with 172,749 pounds of sugar, con- signed to Elias Hasket Derby. The brig "Hind," John . Beckford, master, entered in January, 1793,

SALEM.

consigned to William Gray. The brig "Peggy," Amos Hilton, master, entered in August, 1793, con- signed to John Fisk. The ship " Aurora," Thomas Meek, master, entered in March, 1794, with 424,034 pounds of sugar, consigned to William Gray.

The ship " Benjamin," one hundred and sixty-one tons, Nathaniel Silsbee, master, clearcd for India De- cember 10, 1792, and entered in July, 1794, from the Isle of France with cotton, indigo, sugar and pepper, consigned to Elias H. Derby. Her outward cargo con- sisted of tobacco, cordage, shooks, iron, lead, salt, provisions and earthen ware. Twelve thousand glass tumblers, costing less than $1000, were exported in this ship and arriving when there was no glass- ware on the island, sold for $12,000. Captain Sils- bee was but twenty years old when he assumed com- mand of the " Benjamin." The brig " Peggy," Jolin Edwards, Jr., master, entered in May, 1795, consigned to John Fisk. The brig " Rose," John Felt, master, entered in July, 1795, consigned to Elias H. Derby. The ship " Belisarius," George Crowninshield, Jr., master, entered in July, 1795, with tea, coffee and indigo, consigned to George Crowninshield & Co., and again in October, 1796, with the same description of cargo. The brig "Hope," Samuel Lambert, mas- ter, entered in June, 1796, consigned to Ashton & Lambert. The ship " Martha," George Ropes, mas- ter, entered from the Isles of France and Bourbon in May, 1797, with 416,993 pounds of coffee, 136,617 pounds of sugar and 13,262 pounds of cotton, consigned to Elias H. Derby, and paying a duty of $23,317 88. The ketch " Eliza," Stephen Phillips, master, entered in July, 1797, consigned to Elias H. Derby. The brig "Katy," Job Trask, master, entered in July, 1797, consigned to Benjamin Pickman, Jr.

There were nine entries at Salem from the Isle of France in 1798, the largest number in any single year. Among the entries were the ketch " Brothers," John Felt, master, in April, consigned to Ezekiel H. Derby ; the ship "Martha," John Prince, Jr., master, in June, consigned to Elias H. Derhy, with 260,000 pounds of coffee, 336,603 of sugar and 17,803 of cot- ton, paying a duty of $24,943 47, and the bark "Vigilant," Daniel Hathorne, master, in October, consigned to Simon Forrester.

The trade with the Isle of France was largely car- ried on by Elias Hasket Derby, and after his death, in 1799, the Salem trade with this island decreased. The years 1797 and 1798 show seventeen arrivals and were the years when the most trade was carried on between Salem and this island. There were a few direct arrivals after 1798. The bark " Two Brothers," Samuel Rea, master, entered in April, 1806, consigned to Thorndike Deland. The brig "Sukey," Henry Prince, Jr., master, entered in August, 1808, con- signed to Stephen Phillips. There were a few arri- vals in later years, and some vessels bound to or from other ports touched at this island; but the largest direct trade was prior to the year 1800.

THE MOCHA TRADE .- On the 26th of April, 1798, Captain Joseph Ropes, in the ship "Recovery," left Salem, bound direct for Mocha, Arabia Felix, with fifty thousand dollars in specie, and arrived at that port on the 9th of September. This was the first American vessel that ever displayed the stars and stripes in that part of the world. The captain says that the arrival of the strange ship was viewed with great interest by the authorities, who could not di- vine from whence she came, and made frequent in- quiries to know how many moons she had been com- ing. Captain Ropes went from Mocha to Calcutta, and thence to Salem. The first vessel to arrive at Salem from Mocha with a full cargo of coffee was the ship " Recovery," Luther Dana, master, which ar- rived in October, 1801, with 216,286 pounds of coffee consigned to Elias H. Derby, 7,485 pounds to Henry Prince, 11,825 pounds to Nathaniel Bowditch, 34,917 pounds to Clifford Crowninshield and 33,181 pounds to Nathan Robinson, and paying a duty of $16,844.39. The ship " Ulysses," Henry Elkins, master, entered from Mocha and Muscat in January, 1802, consigned to George Crowninshield & Sons. The brig "Ed- win," Joseph J. Knapp, master, entered in Novem- ber, 1803, consigned to Charles Cleveland & Co. The ship "Bonetta," Benjamin Russell, master, entered from Mocha in February, 1804, with 268,851 pounds of coffee consigned to Benjamin Pickman, Jr.

In 1805, there were eight arrivals from Mocha, the largest number in any single year; and during that year there was landed at Salem over two million pounds of Mocha coffee. The entries were: the ship " Margaret," Henry Elkins, master; the ship "Two Sons," Thomas Ball, master ; and the ship " America," Benjamin Crowninshield, master,-all consigned to George Crowninshield & Sons ; the brig " Suwarrow," William Leach, Jr., master, consigned to William Leach and others ; the bark " Eliza," Joseph Beadle, master, consigned to Joseph White; the ship " Mary," Samuel King, master, from Aden, consigned to John Norris ; the ship "Commerce," Thomas Bancroft, master, consigned to Nathaniel West ; and the hark " Mary," Daniel Bray, Jr., master, consigned to Ben- jamin Derby and John Derby.

George Crowninshield & Sons had three vessels which entered from Mocha in 1806; the ship " Mar- garet," Henry Elkins, master; the ship "John," William Fairfield, master; and the brig "Telema- chus," Benjamin Frye, master. The ship "Frank- lin," Timothy Wellman, 3d, from Mocha and Aden, entered in December, 1808, with 532,365 pounds of coffee consigned to Joseph Peabody, and paying a duty of $26,618.25. The brig "Coromandel," Wil- liam Messervy, master, entered in October, 1813, with a cargo of coffee consigned to John Derby, and paying a duty of $28,587.60. The brig "Benlah," Charles Forbes, master, entered from Mocha in April. 1820, consigned to John W. Rogers. The brig "Ann," Charles Millett, master, entered in

HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

May, 1827, consigned to Michael Shepard. After the opening of the Zanzibar trade the vessels engaged in that trade visited Mocha and obtained a part of their cargo there, and to the account of that trade reference may be had for later dates.

THE MADAGASCAR TRADE .- The American trade with the island of Madagascar was opened by Natlı- aniel L. Rogers & Brothers, eminent and enterprising merchants of Salem. Robert Brookhouse was also among the pioneers of this trade. The brig " Thetis," Charles Forbes, master, appears to be the first ves- sel to enter, with a full cargo from that island. She arrived in November, 1821, with 216,519 pounds of tallow, consigned to J. W. & R. S. Rogers. The brig " Beulah," Charles Forbes, master, which entered from Mocha in April, 1820, consigned to John W. Rogers, touched at Madagascar on her passage, and brought from there a small quantity of tallow. This appears to be the first American vessel to trade at Madagascar. The brig "Climax," G. W. Grafton, master, entered in March, 1822, consigned to Robert Brookhouse. The brig "Thetis," William Bates, master, made three voyages, entering in January, 1823, in February, 1824, and in January, 1825, consigned to Richard S. Rogers. The brig "Reaper," Robert Brookhouse, Jr., master, entered in Decem- ber, 1824, consigned to Robert Brookhouse. The brig " Nereus," B. W. Brookhouse, master, entered in December, 1825, consigned to Nathaniel I .. Rogers. The brig "Susan," Stephen Burchmore, master, entered in August, 1826, consigned to Robert Brook- house.

At the time of the opening of the trade with Mada- gascar Zanzibar was a small settlement, and no trade was carried on there, gum-copal, the principal staple, being carried to India by the Sultan's vessels, to be cleaned. The trade with Zanzibar was an extension of the Madagascar trade. The vessels subsequently engaged in that trade usually touched at Madagascar and Mocha, and made up their cargoes in part in each place. In the account of the Zanzibar trade will be found the later arrivals.

THE ZANZIBAR TRADE .- As Salem had been first at Sumatra and Madagascar, so she was first at Zanzi- bar. But little of the uncleaned gum-copal, which was the staple article of export, was brought to this country until after the "Black Warrior," belonging largely to N. L. Rogers, and commanded by John Bertram, was there in 1831. Captain Bertram arrived at Zanzibar while the Sultan's frigate was lying in the harbor, ready to carry the gum-copal to India, and made a bargain for what was on hand and for future cargoes. The " Black Warrior" arrived in Salem in March, 1832, with the first large quantity of unclean- ed gum·copal that had been imported into this conn- try. For some time thereafter the gum-copal trade was monopolized by Salem merchants, and all the gum-copal used was distributed from the port of Salem.

But the " Black Warrior," although taking the first large cargo from Zanzibar, was not the first vessel to open trade with that port. The brig " Ann," Charles Millett, master, and owned by Henry Prince & Son, left Salem March 12, 1826, for Mocha. When she ar- rived there, in June, Captain Millet found a great scarcity of bread-stuffs, and, leaving a clerk in charge of the business, he left Mocha for Zanzibar and Lamo, where he obtained a cargo of small grain, and purchased ivory and other articles for the homeward cargo. The " Ann " went from Zanzibar to Mocha, and from thence to Salem, arriving May 9, 1827. This was the opening of American trade with Zanzi- bar. The same vessel made a second voyage to Zan- zibar, leaving Salem Angust 9, 1827, arriving home April 10, 1829, having visited many new ports on the east coast of Africa. On the passage home, February 20, the " Ann" lost her masts and was otherwise badly wrecked. She also lost her mate and two men. For their skill in navigating the vessel into port the insurance companies presented the commander with a service of plate ; his clerk, John Webster, with a silver pitcher; and the rest of his men with three hundred and thirty dollars.

The three-masted schooner "Spy," Andrew Ward, master, ninety-one tons, appears to be the first vessel to enter at the Salem Custom-House from Zanzibar. She arrived at Salem August 11, 1827, one hundred and ten days from Zanzibar, with a cargo consigned to Nathaniel L. Rogers & Brothers. Captain Ward reported that the "Susan," Burchard, master, touched at Zanzibar about the 1st of March, and that the " Fawn," of Salem, had also been there. The "Spy " was built at Essex in 1823, and was the first three- masted schooner of which there is any record. On the 12th of January, 1825, the brig " Laurel," Lovett, master, owned by Robert Brookhouse, left Salem for South America. Finding markets dull, the captain sailed for ports east of the Cape of Good Hope, and, about the 10th of July, left Port Louis, Mauritins, for Zanzibar, stopping at the island of Johanna on the way. This was the first time the American flag was displayed at that Island, and the king gave a re- ception in honor of the event. The vessel arrived at Zanzibar the 20th of July, 1825, and, although not the first to open trade, seems to be the first to have displayed the American flag at that port. From Zanzibar the " Laurel " proceeded to Mombas, and from there to Patta, Lamo and other small places, in all of which she appears to have displayed the Ameri- can flag for the first time. The "Laurel " arrived in Salem, on her return passage, June 3, 1826.

From the year 1827, when the "Spy " entered from Zanzibar, to the year 1870, when the last entry from that port was made at Salem, there were one hundred and eighty-nine arrivals from Zanzibar. The period from 1840 to 1860 was the time of the greatest activ- ity in this trade, one hundred and forty-five of the one hundred and eighty-nine entries being made be-

SALEM.

tween those years. Nathaniel L. Rogers & Brothers, John Bertram, Michael Shepard, David Pingree, Joseph Peabody, Andrew Ward, Nathaniel Weston, James B. Curwen, Ephraim Emmerton, Tucker Daland, Michael W. Shepard, George West and Ben- jamin A. West were among those engaged in this trade.

Among the earlier arrivals were the brig "Cipher," S. Smith, master, in March, 1834; the brig "Tigris," John G. Waters, master, in July, 1834, consigned to David Pingree ; the brig "Thomas Perkins," J. P. Page, master, in November, 1834, consigned to Putnam I. Farnham; the brig "Leander," J. S. Kimball, master, in April 1836, and again in Au- gust, 1837, consigned to Joseph Peabody; the brig "Palm," N. W. Andrews, master, in November, 1836, consigned to John Bertram ; the brig "Cherokee," W. B. Smith, master, in April, 1837, consigned to Michael Shepard; the bark "Star," E. Brown, mas- ter, in November, 1839, again in 1842, W. B. Smith, master, and again in September, 1846, in October, 1847, and in January, 1849, William McFarland, mas- ter, consigned to Michael Shepard; the brig "Rich- mond," William B. Bates, master, in October, 1840, to Ephraim Emmerton ; the brig "Rolla," A. S. Per- kins, master, in January, 1841, and again in January, 1843, consigned to David Pingree ; the brig " Rattler," F. Brown, master, in May, 1841, and again in 1843, J. Lambert, master, consigned to Michael Shepard; the bark "Brenda," Andrew Ward, master, in March, 1844, with one hundred and forty-two thousand one hundred and twenty-four pounds of dates and other merchandise, consigned to Michael Shepard and John Bertram ; the brig "Richmond," William B. Bates, master, entered in December, 1845, consigned to Ephraim Emmerton ; the bark "Eliza," A. S. Perkins, master, entered in May, 1846, consigned to George West and David Pingree; the bark " Orb," W. Cross, master, entered in November, 1846, and again in March, 1848, C. F. Rhoades, master, consigned to Tucker Daland; the bark "Sophronia," B. R. Pea- body, master, entered in January 1849, and again, E. A. Emmerton, master, in October, 1850, consigned to Ephraim Emmerton ; the bark "Iosco," Groves, mas- ter, entered in January, 1852, consigned to Michael W. Shepard, and again in December, 1852, consigned to John Bertram.

Space will not permit the enumeration of any large proportion of the arrivals from this port, but enough have been given to indicate the merchants who were engaged in the Zanzibar trade. Many of the vessels touched at Madagascar and Mocha, and obtained a part of their cargoes at those places. For years this trade was largely in the hands of Salem merchants, and Salem was the principal point of distribution for ivory, gum-copal and Mocha coffee.

Among the vessels lost while engaged in this trade was the bark "Peacock," Joseph Moseley, master, and owned by John Bertram, which was wrecked on

a reef near Majunga, Madagascar, August 6, 1855, and with the cargo was a total loss. The bark " Arabia," John Wallis, master, and owned by Benja- min A. West, sailed from Salem, on her first voyage, July 4, 1857. On the passage home, May 9, 1858, while off the Cape of Good Hope, she fell in with the " Ariadne," bound from Bombay to Boston. This being in a crippled and sinking condition, her crew, twenty-three in number, were taken on board the " Arabia." The supply of water was inadequate for so large an addition to their number, and Captain Wal- lis thought it prudent to enter Table Bay and procure an additional supply. At the entrance to the bay the "Arabia " was becalmed. The night was dark, and about 2 A.M., the vessel struck on a reef and became a total loss. The cargo was saved and sold. The bark "Iosco," Claussen, master, and owned by John Ber- tram, was wrecked on a reef off Zanzibar, July 7, 1858. Both vessel and cargo were lost. The bark "Guide," McMullen, master, and owned by John Bertram, was wrecked on the Ras Hoforn, east coast of Africa, on the night of September 4, 1860, and with her cargo was a total loss. The bark "Jersey," James S. Wil- liams, master, owned by John Bertram, was built at Salem in 1869, and was wrecked at Madagascar on her first voyage.

The large importation of uncleaned gum-copal, an article which, prior to 1832, had been sent to India to be cleaned, led to the establishment by Jonathau Whipple of a factory at the foot of Turner Street, in Salem, to clean and prepare the gum for the market. Prior to the establishment of Mr. Whipple's factory, Daniel Hammond had been engaged in cleaning the gum, but Mr. Whipple was the first to establish the business on an extensive scale. At first the gum was cleaned by being scraped with a knife. Mr. Whipple soon introduced the process of washing it with an alkali. The uncleaned gum was deposited in tuhs of alkali liquor and allowed to stand over night. It was then taken and placed upon large platforms in the open air, and carefully dried and brushed. The gum was theu sorted as to size and color.

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History of Essex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. I, Part 43

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton), ed. n 85042884-1 Publication date: 1888 Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co. Number of Pages: 1538

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton), ed. n 85042884-1
Publication date: 1888
Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co.
Number of Pages: 1538