History of Essex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. I, Part 45

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton), ed. n 85042884-1
Publication date: 1888
Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co.
Number of Pages: 1538

USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > History of Essex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. I > Part 45

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From the list of entries from that place at Salem a few are given. A complete list would hardly interest the general reader. The brig "Trader," John Eve- leth, master, entered in June, 1817, with tallow con- signed to Edward Lander; the brig "Rotund," John Ingersoll, master, in July, 1822, to Gideon Tueker ; the brig "Cynthia," Shillaber, master, in Oetoher, 1828, to David Pingree ; the brig "Abby M.," R. Wheatland, master, in October, 1829, to Putnam I. Farnham and others ; the brig "Quill," Thomas Far- ley, master, in November, 1831, to Nathaniel L. Rog- ers & Bros .; the brig "Mermaid," George Savory, master, in May, 1841 to Benjamin Upton; the brig " Northumberland," Kane, master, in November, 1842, to Thomas P. Pingree; the bark " Chaleedony,". J. E. A. Todd, master, in October, 1846, to James Upton, and in May, 1847, to Luther Upton ; the brig " Russell," R. F. Savory, master, in May, 1847, to H. P. Upton ; the bark "William Schroder," J. E. A. Todd, master, in March, 1848, to Robert Upton ; the bark "Wyman," J. Madison, master, in July, 1849, to James Upton (this vessel made many trips be- tween Salem and Rio Grande, commanded by George Harrington); the bark "Sophronia," E. A. Emmer- ton, master, in July, 1849, to Ephraim Emmerton ; the schooner " Maria Theresa," O. Baker, Jr., master, in August, 1849, to D. R. Bowker ; the brig "Draco," E. S. Johnson, master, in October, 1849, and in April, 1850, to David Moore ; the brig " Prairie," E. Upton, master, in November, 1850, to George Savory and others : the bark " Delegate," D. Marshall, master, in January, 1851, to Benjamin Webb and others; the bark "Arrow," in June, 1860, to James Upton. There were two entries from Rio Grande in 1860, and with those entries the Salem trade with that place elosed. There was a single entry from Rio Grande in 1870, but neither vessel nor eargo was owned by Salem merchants.

The Salem trade with Montevideo began about 1811, and ended in 1861. There was no entry from this port between 1811 and 1823. The largest num- ber of entries was during the years 1847, '48 and '53. Robert Upton, James Upton and Benjamin A. West were among those engaged in trading with that port. Hides and horns were the principal artieles imported. The brig "Hope," Benjamin Jacobs, master, entered in June, 1811, consigned to Thomas Perkins; the ship " Glide," Nathan Endicott, master, entered in Novem- ber, 1823, consigned to Joseph Peabody ; the brig " Chaleedony," George Upton, master, in May, 1839, and in October, 1847, to James Upton ; and in March, 1848, to Luther Upton; the bark "Zotoff," G. E. Bailey, master, in January, 1853, and again in Au- gust, 1853, to Benjamin A, West ; the bark "Peacock," Upton, master, in April, 1853, to Robert Upton; the hark " Argentine," George Upton, master, in June, 1853, to James Upton; the bark "Miquelon," S. Hutchinson, in July, 1853, to E. H. Folmer; the brig "Mary A. Jones," in January, 1860, and again in July 1860, to Benjamin A. West. There was a sin- gle entry in 1861, the last entry at Salem from Mon- tevideo.

In the years 1824 and 1825 there were twenty-four entries from Maranham. From 1817 to 1858 there were one hundred and ten entries. Joseph Howard and James Brown were among those most largely in- terested in this trade. The brig "Henry," George Burchmore, master, entered from Maranham in Jan- mary, 1817, eonsigned to Stephen White; the brig " Anson," Haskett D. Lang, master, in May, 1819, to P. & A. Chase ; the brig " Alonzo," George K. Smith, master, in August, 1819, to Joseph Howard ; the brig " Betsey," Timothy Ropes, master, in August, 1819, to George Nichols; the schooner "Mermaid," John Willis, master, in April, 1824, to Piekering Dodge ; the schooner " General Brewer," George Gale, master, in August, 1825, to Stephen White; the brig "Stork," Stephen Gale, master, in November, 1825, to James Brown and others; the brig " Calliope," George Creamer, master, in March, 1826, to Robert Upton ; the schooner "Spy," Benjamin Russell, master, in April, 1826, to Nathaniel L. Rogers & Bros .; the brig "Edward," Thomas C. Whittredge, master, in May, 1826, to Thomas Whittredge; the schooner "Sally Barker," F. Quarles, master, in June, 1826, to Mi- chael Shepard ; the brig "Stork," Oliver Thayer, master, in July, 1826, to Joseph Howard; the brig "Cynthia," Benjamin Shillaber, master, in April, 1827, to David Pingree; the brig "Wm. Penn," S. K. Appleton, master, in January, 1836, to John F. Allen ; the brig " Amethyst," R. Hill, Jr., master, in February, 1837, to James Upton ; the brig "Palm," in September, 1840, to Thomas P. Pingree; the schooner "East Wind," in June, 1858, to Phippen & Endicott; and this entry closed the Salem trade with Maranham.

Surinam was visited early hy Salem vessels. The

SALEM.

period of the greatest activity in this trade was be- tweeu the years 1797 and 1810. There were twelve arrivals at Salem from this place in 1799, and the same number in 1804. There were two entries in 1860, the last made at Salem from Surinam. Coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton, molasses and distilled spirits, were the principal articles imported.

The schooner "Saint John," W. Grafton, master, entered from Surinam in October, 1791, consigned to Joseph Waters. The brig " Lydia," Eben Shillaber, master, in August, 1796, to William Gray. The brig "Three Friends," John Endicott, master, in Oc- tober, 1796, to Jonathan Gardner and Joseph Pea- body. The schooner "Cynthia," Hezekiah Flint, master, in December, 1796, to Joseph Peabody and Thomas Perkins. The schooner "Diligent," James Buffington, master, in February, 1797, to Joseph Sprague & Sons. The brig "Katy," Nathaniel Brown, master, in August, 1798, to Benjamin Pick- man, Jr. The schooner "Fame," Downing Lee, master, in April, 1798, to Samuel Gray and John Os- good. The brig " Neptune," Robert Barr, master, in May, 1797, to John Barr. The ship "Henry," Ste- phen Webb, master, in June, 1799, to Elias H. Der- by. The ship "Belisarius," Edward Allen, master, in August, 1799, to George Crowninshield & Sons. The schooner " Helen," Samuel King, master, in No- vember, 1799, to Benjamin West. The ship " Atlan- tic," Eben Learock, master, in April, 1804, to Joseph Peabody. The bark " Active," John Endicott, mas- ter, in July, 1804, to Benjamin Hodges. The schoon- er "Union," Moses Yell, master, in December, 1807, to Michael Shepard. The brig "Nabby," Hardy Phippen, master, in April, 1808, to Samuel Archer, 3d. The brig "Union," Timothy Ropes, master, in October, 1823, to John H. Andrews. The brig "Rambler," S. Upton, master, in March, 1829, to Benjamin Fabens. The brig "Cynthia," John G. Waters, master, in August, 1829, to David Pingree. The ship " William and Henry," C. H. Fabens, mas- ter, in January, 1838, to David Pingree. The brig " Mary Francis," in July, 1855, to Joseph Shatswell. The bark " Lawrence," in April. 1857, to Charles H. Fabens. The brig " Elizabeth," in April, 1860, and in August, 1860, to Benjamin Webb. The above- mentioned entries show the names of the Salem mer- chants engaged in trade with Surinam.

There were three entries at Salem from Rio Janeiro in 1810. The largest number of entries in a single year was in 1824, when six vessels entered from that port. The schooner "Mercury," Edward Barnard, Jr., master, entered from that port in June, 1810, con- signed to Nathaniel West. The brig " New Hazard," Edward Stanley, master, in July, 1810, to John Gard- ner, Jr. The ship " Marquis de Someruelas," Thomas Russell, master, in July, 1810, to John Gardner, Jr. and Michael Shepard. The ship "John," Jeremiah Briggs, master, in March, 1811, to George Crowniu- shield. The brig " Cora," P. P. Pinel, master, in De-

cember, 1811, to Jerathmael Pierce. The brig " Alonzo," Philemon Putnam, master, in April, 1823, to Joseph Howard. The ship "Friendship," Rich- ard Meek, master, in November, 1823, and again in November, 1824, to George Nichols. The brig "Pioneer," Andrew Ward, master, in April, 1824, to John W. Rogers. The brig "Edward," Thomas C. Whittredge, master, in August, 1824, to Thomas Whittredge. The brig "Roscius," J. Kinsman, mas- ter, in November, 1824, to Robert Upton. The brig " Thomas Perkins," B. Shillaber, master, in Septem- ber, 1832, to Michael Shepard. The bark "Richard," J. Hodges, master, in November, 1832, to Joseph Hodges. The bark " Imaun," Batchelder, master, in April, 1852, to Benjamin A. West. The entry of the " Imaun" closed the Salem trade with Rio Janeiro. The principal articles imported were coffee and sugar.

In August, 1832, the brig "Mexican," of Salem, owned by Joseph Peabody, and commanded by John G. Butman, of Beverly, left Salem for Rio Janeiro, having on board twenty thousand dollars in specie. On September 20th, between the hours of eight and nine A. M., she was hailed by the piratical Spanish schooner, "Pinda," Commander Gilbert. The pirates came on board the "Mexican," and threatened all hands with instant death unless the specie was im- mediately produced. They obliged the crew to bring the boxes containing it on deck, when they at once transferred it to the schooner. They then ransacked the cabin and rifled the captain's pockets, taking his watch and money. Not being successful in finding any more specie aboard the brig, the pirates returned on board their schooner. In eight or ten minutes they came back, apparently in great haste, shut all the crew below, fastened the companion-way, fore scuttle and after hatchway; stove the compasses to pieces in the binnacles, and cut away tiller-ropes, halliards, braces and most of the running rigging. They then took a tub of tarred rope-yarn, and what they could find combustible about the deck, put it into the caboose-house and set it on fire. As soon as the pirates left, the crew of the "Mexican " reached the deck through the cabin scuttle, which the pirates had neglected to secure, and extinguished the fire, which, in a few moments, would have set the main sail on fire and destroyed the masts. The crew im- mediately repaired damages, as far as possible, and set sail for home, where they arrived October 12th. It was, doubtless, the intention of the pirates to burn the brig, but seeing another vessel in the distance, and being eager for more plunder, they did not stop to fully accomplish their design, and the crew thus escaped a horrible fate. The "Mexican" had a crew of thirteen men; among those now living are John Battis, Jacob Anderson and Thomas Fuller, all of Salem.

Our government ordered a vessel to cruise in pur- suit of the pirate, but she soon gave up the chase as hopeless. The piratical vessel was afterwards cap-

HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

tured by an English vessel, and on August 27, 1834, HI. B. M. brig "Savage," Lieutenant Commander Loney, commanding, from Portsmonth, England, ar- rived in Salem harbor with sixteen of the pirates as prisoners. They had an examination in Salem, and then were taken to Boston, and tried before Chief- Justice Story. Five of them were hanged June 11, 1835. Bernardo de Soto, the mate of the "Pinda," when master of the Spanish brig, "Leon," had, in 1831, at great personal risk, rescued seventy-two per- sons from the burning ship "Minerva," of Salem, Captain George W. Putnam, and for the bravery and humanity displayed by him on this occasion, he was pardoned by President Jackson.

Pernambuco was a port at which many Salem ves- sels touched for orders. There were not a great many direct entries at Salem from that port. The largest number was in 1826, when there were six entries. Among the entries were the brig " Welcome Return," Jeremiah Briggs, master, in September, 1809, con- signed to Josiah Dow. The schooner " Hannah," Edward Briggs, master, in Jnne, 1810, to Josiah Dow. The brig " Alonzo," Isaac Killam, master, in Angust, 1811, to John Derby. The schooner " Ris- ing States," Samuel Lamson, master, in March, 1812, to James Cook. The ship " Endeavor," Nathaniel L. Rogers, master, in May, 1812, to John Forrester. The brig "Levant," Samuel Rea, master, in October, 1812. to Joseph Peabody. The brig "Cora," Philip P. Pinel, master, in September, 1815, to Jerathmael Peirce. The brig " Eliza," Stephen Gale, master, in November, 1819, to Benjamin Barstow. The brig " Eliza and Mary," S. Benson, master, in November, 1825, to S. White and F. H. Story. The brig "Olin- da," R. Wheatland, master, in December, 1825, and in June, 1826, to Gideon Tucker. The brig " Wash- ington," A. Marshall, master, in August, 1826, to William Fettyplace. The brig " Amethyst," R. Hill, Jr., master, in May, 1836, to Robert Upton. The brig " Mermaid," George Savory, master, in May, 1840, to Putnam I. Farnham. The brig " Gazelle," J. Dewing, master, in March, 1841, to Joseph Shats- well. The entry of the "Gazelle " closed the direct trade between Salem and Pernambuco. The princi- pal article imported thence was sugar.

Bahia, Paraiba and Patagonia on the eastern coast, and Valparaiso, Lima and Guayaquil on the western coast of South America, were among the places from which vessels entered at the port of Salem. The trade with these places was not very extensive. The brig " Blakely," Benjamin Fabens, master, entered from Bahia in July, 1819, with molasses, consigned to William Fabens. The brig "Lion," J. P. Felt, master, entered from Bahia in June, 1821, consigned to John Dike. The brig " Augusta," Seth Rogers, master, entered from Bahia in March, 1824, consigned to Gideon Tucker. The brig " Mercator," Aaron Miller, master, entered from Bahia in September, 1826, consigned to John F. Andrew. The schooner

" Generous," E. B. Hooper, master, made several voyages in 1832 and '33 between Salem and Paraiba, consigned to Michael Shepard. The ship "China," H. Putnam, master, entered from Lima in July, 1828, consigned to Joseph Peabody. The hrig " Herald," Aaron W. Williams, master, entered from Guayaquil in August, 1824, consigned to George Nichols. The brig "Phoenix," George Hodges, Jr., master, entered from Guayaquil in December, 1826, with one hundred and sixty-six thousand one hun- dred and twenty ponnds of cocoa, consigned to Moses Townsend. The brig "Java," Nathaniel Osgood, master, entered, from Guayaquil in January, 1829, and proceeded to New York.

THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA TRADE .- If the na- tives on the west coast of Africa have been temper- ate they have been so in spite of the efforts of the Salem merchants, to supply them with the materials for intemperance. The trade opened early, and Oc- tober 6, 1789, the schooner "Sally," and October 8, 1789, the schooner "Polly," cleared for Senegal, each with a cargo of New England rum; and from that time forward, Salem has contributed largely to spread a knowledge of the potent qualities of New England rum, of the astounding effects of gunpowder and of the consoling influences of Virginia tobacco, among the savage tribes of the West Coast. The Salem trade with this coast has been quite extensive. The period of the greatest activity was between the years 1832 and 1864. During that time, there were five hundred and fifty-eight arrivals at Salem from the West Coast of Africa. From 1844 to 1860, only the years 1854 and 1855 show less than twenty entries. Robert Brookhouse, Daniel Abbot, Putnam I. Farn- ham, David Pingree, William Hunt, Charles Hoff- man, Edward D. Kimball and George West, were among those engaged in this trade. Hides, palm- oil, peanuts and gum-copal, were the principal ar- ticles imported. Among the entries were the brig " St. John," Thomas Bowditch, master, which en-

tered from Sierra Leone in June, 1796, consigned to Henry Gardner & Co. The brig "Sukey," John Ed- wards, master, which entered from Senegal in July, 1801, consigned to Henry Prince & Co. The brig "Star," Richard J. Cleveland, master, entered from

Goree in July, 1808, consigned to John Derby. The hrig " Siren," James Vent, master, entered in March, 1828, consigned to Robert Brookhonse. The schoon- er " Fredonia," Charles Hoffman, master, in Septem- ber, 1829, to Daniel Abbot. The brig "Shawmut," J. Emerton, master, in July, 1831, to Robert Brook- house. The schooner "Complex," J. Burnham, mas- ter, in June, 1832, to Richard S. Rogers. The schoou- er "Dollar," John Stickney, master, in September, 1835, to Putnam I. Farnham. The brig "Selina and Jane," Joseph Rider, master, in August, 1836, to David Pingree. The brig "Elizabeth," N. Frye, master, in March, 1837, and in November, 1837, J. A. Phipps, master, consigned to William Hunt.

SALEM.

The brig " Cipher," J. Rider, master, in August, 1839, to Charles Hoffmau. The brig "Tigris," N. A. Frye, master, in December, 1840, to Robert Brook- house. The brig "Malaga," S. Varney, master, in October, 1844, to E. G. Kimball. The brig "Her- ald," P. Ayres, master, in February, 1845, to William Hunt. The brig "Hamilton," H. Tufts, master, in March, 1847, to Edward D. Kimball. The brig "Fawn," J. Rider, master, in June, 1847, to George West. The brig "Tam O'Shanter," J. R. Francks, master, in February, 1848, to Benjamin Webb. The brig " Ohio," Josiah Webber, master, in April, 1848, to Edward D. Kimball. After 1848 the trade was largely in the hands of Robert Brookhouse, Edward D. Kimball and Charles Hoffman. The last arrival at Salem from the West Coast of Africa was the brig "Ann Elizabeth," from Sierra Leone, which was en- tered by Charles Hoffman in July, 1873. Salem mer- chants are still engaged in this trade, but their vessels do not enter the harbor of Salem.

THE WEST INDIA TRADE -The early trade of Sa- lem was mainly in the product of her fisheries. The first settlers came hither for the purpose of establish- ing a fishing and trading post, and among their first acts was the building of stages on which fish could be dried and prepared for consumption. The islands of the West Indies offered a market for the exchange of the fish for other products, such as sugar, cotton and tobacco, and it was natural that a trade between Sa- lem and those islands should commence at a very early period. The island of Barbadoes, one of the Carribbean group, was one of the earliest places at which Salem vessels traded. Salem was trading with Barbadoes as early as 1647. William Hollingworth, then a merchant in Barbadoes, writes to his mother, Mrs. Eleanor Hollingworth, at Salem, under date of September 19, 1687, that " fish now att present bares a good rate by reason ye Newfoundland men are not vet come in but I believe itt will be low anuffe about three months hence. Oyle will be ye principal com- moditie. Pray lett my brother see this letter. I can- not tell what to advise him to send as yett besides oyle but in a short time wee shall see what these New- foundland men will doe, what quantity of fish they bring in, and then I will advise him further."

The ketch " Providence," John Grafton, master, on her passage from Salem to the West Indies, in Sep- tember, 1669, was cast away on a rock in a rainy night, and six of the crew were drowned. The mas- ter, mate and a seaman remained on the rock till morning. They then succeeded, with difficulty, in reaching an island about half a mile away, where they found another of their company. There they remain- ed eight days sustained by salt fish; and the last four days by cakes made from a barrel of flour which had been washed ashore. After four days they found a piece of touch-wood and a flint, and with the aid of a small knife, they struck fire. They framed a boat with a tarred mainsail and some hoops, and then fas-

tened pieces of boards to them. With this boat, so made, they sailed ten leagues to Anguilla and St. Martin's, where they were kindly received. Joshua Ward was one of these sufferers.

The dangers to which these early navigators were exposed we can hardly realize. With no correct charts and with the rudest instruments, they had no method of fixing their exact location while at sea. The dangers of approaching coasts were also vastly greater, owing to the want of light-houses. Boston light-house was first lit up in 1716 ; Thatcher's Island light-house in 1771; and Baker's Island light-house in 1798. It is related that in 1788 a schooner from Bilboa, bound for Marblehead, was only saved from shipwreck by a seaman first seeing the rock in our harbor called "Satan," close to the bows (there was a snowstorm at the time), and shouting the fact to the crew ; the captain being then for the first time aware of his true longitude on the coast.

Salem was trading with the Barbadoes for cotton in 1685, for in September of that year, as the small- pox raged there, the selectmen order " that all cotton- wool imported thence shall be landed on Baker's Is- land." In 1686 the Governor issues a pass to the pink "Speedwell," Thomas Beadle, master, to go to Barbadoes ; to the ketch " Hannah," John Ingersoll, master, for Fayal and Barbadoes; to the ketch "In- dustry," Lewis Hunt, master, for St. Christopher's ; and to the ketch "Penelope," Edward Hilliard, mas- ter, also for St. Christopher's. In 1688 a similar pass is issued to the ketch " Diligence," Gamaliel Haw- kins, master, and the ketch "Virgin," John Allin, master, both bound for Antigua ; and in 1689, to the pink " Dove," Zebulon Hill, master, and the ketch " James Bonaventure," Philip Prance, master, both bound for Barbadoes. In 1688 Philip English is trad- ing with St. Christopher's.

The records of our early commerce are vague and fragmentary, hut enough is known to indicate that the Salem trade with the West Indies was continued, in a greater or less degree, from the year 1638, wlien the ship " Desire " made a voyage to New Providence and Tortuga, and returned laden with cotton, tobacco, salt and negroes (slaves), the latter the first imported into New England, to a very late period in her com- mercial history. In 1639 the first importation of in- digo and sugar seems to have been made, and in 1642 eleven vessels sailed from New England for the West Indies with lumber. The custom-house records prior to the Revolution have disappeared. Possibly they were destroyed in the great fire of 1774, when the custom-house was burned, or, it may be, carried to Halifax at the breaking out of the war. They have never been found, and we must content ourselves with such information as can be gleaned from other sources.

The law imposing a tax on sugar and molasses created great dissatisfaction among the Salem mer- chants, and there were many forfeitures in conse-

HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

quence. It was upon a petition of James Cockle, Col- lector at Salem, for a warrant to search for smuggled molasses, heard at the old State House in Boston, Feb- ruary, 1761, that James Otis made his immortal plea against writs of assistance.

The temper of the usually law-abiding people of Sa- lem regarding the imposition of these duties may be judged by their treatment of poor Thomas Row, who seems to have performed only his duty as a customs officer. From a local paper under the date of Sep- tember 13, 1768, the following extract is made :

"One Row, a Custom House waiter, on Wednesday last, by informing an officer of the Customs that some measures were taken on board a vessel in this Har- bor, to elude the payment of certain duties, engaged the attention of a number of the inhabitants, who de- termined to distinguish him in a conspicuous manner for his conduct in this service. Between the hours of ten and eleven A. M. he was taken from one of the wharves and conducted to the Common, where his head, body and limbs were covered with warm tar, and then a large quantity of feathers were applied to all parts which, by closely adhering to the tar, exhib- ited an odd figure, the drollery of which can easily be imagined. The poor waiter was then exalted to a seat on the front of a cart, and in this manner led into the Main Street, where a paper, with the word ' Informer ' thereon, in large letters, was affixed to his breast, and another paper with the same word to his back. The scene drew together, within a few minutes, several hundred people, who proceeded with Huzzas and loud acclamation, through the town ; and when arrived at the bounds of the compact part, opened to the Right and Left, when the waiter, the confused object of their ridicule descended from his seat, walked through the crowd and having received the strongest assur- ances that he should, the next time he came to this place, receive higher marks of distinction than those which were now conferred upon him, went immedi- ately out of town."

While the trade between Salem and the West In- dies was probably continuous from 1638 down to quite recent times, the last entry from Havana being in 1854, the period of the greatest activity was from 1798 to 1812. The entries from Havana and Martinico were four each in the year 1797, while in 1798 there were twenty-one from Havana and thirteen from Mar- tinico. The largest number of arrivals from Havana in a single year was in 1800, when there were forty- one entries from that port. During that year there was imported into Salem over eight million pounds of sugar. In 1805 there were twenty-eight entries from Havana, and forty-four from Martinico. Between 1798 and 1812 there were three hundred and thirty- two entries from Havana, and two hundred and thirty- two from Martinico. There was a large trade in the latter part of the last century between Salem and Aux Cayes, Port-au-Prince and the other ports of the is- land of St. Domingo, and with the island of St. Eus-

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History of Essex County, Massachusetts : with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. I, Part 45

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton), ed. n 85042884-1 Publication date: 1888 Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co. Number of Pages: 1538

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton), ed. n 85042884-1
Publication date: 1888
Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis & Co.
Number of Pages: 1538