USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Concord > History of the siege of Boston, and of the battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Also an account of the Bunker Hill Monument. With illustrative documents > Part 38
USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Boston > History of the siege of Boston, and of the battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Also an account of the Bunker Hill Monument. With illustrative documents > Part 38
USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Lexington > History of the siege of Boston, and of the battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Also an account of the Bunker Hill Monument. With illustrative documents > Part 38
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A redoubt near Pierpont's or Williams' Mill, and another at Brookline, the lower end of Sewall's Farm, to obstruct their landing, and another breast-
395
COLONEL PRESCOTT'S ACCOUNT.
work at Dorchester. Our works are not yet completed, but I think we are able to repulse them if they are not more than three-fold our numbers ; and then, I believe, our people will not quit their ground.
No. 7. - LETTER OF COLONEL WILLIAM PRESCOTT, ADDRESSED TO JOHN ADAMS, AT THAT TIME A DELEGATE TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.1
Camp at Cambridge, August 25, 1775.
SIR,
I have received a line from my brother, which informs me of your desire of a particular account of the action at Charlestown. It is not in my power, at present, to give so minute an account as I should choose, being ordered to decamp and march to another station.
On the 16 June, in the evening, I received orders to march to Brecd's Hill in Charlestown, with a party of about one thousand men, consisting of three hundred of my own regiment, Colonel Bridge and Lieut. Brickett, with a detachment of theirs, and two hundred Connecticut forces, commanded by Captain Knowlton. We arrived at the spot, the lines were drawn by the engineer, and we began the intrenchment about twelve o'clock ; and plying the work with all possible expedition till just before sun-rising, when the enemy began a very heavy cannonading and bombardment. In the interim, the engineer forsook me. Having thrown up a small redoubt, found it nec- essary to draw a line about twenty rods in length from the fort northerly, under a very warm fire from the enemy's artillery. About this time, the above field officers, being indisposed, could render me but little service, and the most of the men under their command deserted the party. The enemy continuing an incessant fire with their artillery, about two o'clock in the afternoon, on the seventeenth, the enemy began to land a north-easterly point from the fort, and I ordered the train, with two field-pieces, to go and oppose them, and the Connecticut forces to support them; but the train marched a different course, and I believe those sent to their support followed, I suppose to Bunker's Hill. Another party of the enemy landed and fired the town. There was a party of Hampshire, in conjunction with some other forces, lined a fence at the distance of three score rods back of the fort, partly to the north. About an hour after the enemy landed, they began to march to the attack in three columns. I commanded my Lieut .- col. Robinson and Major Woods, each with a detachment, to flank the enemy, who, I have rea- son to think, behaved with prudence and courage. I was now left with per-
1 Hon. Charles Francis Adams kindly loaned to me a collection of letters written by several persons, and addressed to his grandfather, John Adams. They are dated in various towns in the neighborhood of Boston, during the siege. The letter of Col. Prescott, from the original, in his own hand-writing, and the other extracts in this number of the Appendix, are from this collection. I did not receive this valuable material until the whole of the preceding pages were in type - a few of which have been altered to get in important facts.
396
APPENDIX.
haps one hundred and fifty men in the fort. The enemy advanced and fired very hotly on the fort, and meeting with a warm reception, there was a very smart firing on both sides. After a considerable time, finding our ammuni- tion was almost spent, I commanded a cessation till the enemy advanced within thirty yards, when we gave them such a hot fire that they were obliged to retire nearly one hundred and fifty yards before they could rally and come again to the attack. Our ammunition being nearly exhausted, could keep up only a scattering fire. The enemy being numerous, surrounded our little fort, began to mount our lines and enter the fort with their bayonets. We was obliged to retreat through them, while they kept up as hot a fire as it was possible for them to make. We having very few bayonets, could make no resistance. We kept the fort about one hour and twenty minutes after the attack with small arms. This is nearly the state of facts, though imper- fect and too general, which, if any ways satisfactory to you, will afford pleas- ure to your most obedient humble servant. WILLIAM PRESCOTT.
To the Hon. JOHN ADAMS, Esq.
William Tudor to John Adams, 26th June, 1775.
The ministerial troops gained the hill, but were victorious losers. A few more such victories, and they are undone. I cannot think our retreat an unfor- tunate one. Such is the situation of that hill, that we could not have kept it, exposed to the mighty fire which our men must have received from the ships and batteries that command the whole eminence. Eight hundred provincials bore the assault of two thousand regulars, and twice repulsed them ; but the heroes were not supported, and could only retire. Our men were not used to cannon-balls, and they came so thick from the ships, floating batteries, &c., that they were discouraged advancing. They have since been more used to them, and dare encounter them.
General William Heath to John Adams, Oct. 23, 1775.
A publication in one of the Connecticut papers, some time since, ascribed the honor of the noble resistance made at Bunker's Hill, on the 17th of June last, to a number of officers by name, belonging to that colony, some of whom, as I am informed, were not on the hill ; whilst other brave officers belonging to our colony, such as Colonels Prescott, Brewer, Gardner, Parker, &c., who nobly fought, and some of whom fell, are not even mentioned. But this account was detested by the brave Putnam, and others of that colony.
General Artemas Ward to John Adams, Oct. 30, 1775.
It is my opinion we should have began a month ago to engage men for another campaign. If the present army's time should be out, and no other secured, I fear the enemy will take advantage thereof. I wish Gen. Frye might be provided for. I think him a good man for the service, and am very sorry he has not been provided for by the Continental Congress before this time. Some have said hard things of the officers belonging to this colony, and despised them ; but I think, as mean as they have represented them to
-
ACCOUNT IN RIVINGTON'S GAZETTE.
397
be, there has been no one action with the enemy which has not been con- ducted by an officer of this colony, except that at Chelsea, which was con- ducted by General Putnam.
No. S. - ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE IN RIVINGTON'S GAZETTE, NUMBER 120, AUGUST 3, 1775.
As to camp news, I was there for the first time last Saturday. Our people appear hearty, and very happy. The great numbers who crowd to view it, and see their friends, and the parading of the regiments upon the commons, make a grand appearance. The famous Prospect Hill is just by the stone house on the left hand, as you go to Charlestown. I believe the regulars will hardly venture out, for they must lose a vast many men if they should ; and they cannot afford to purchase every inch of ground, as they did at Charles- town. The number of the regulars lost and had wounded you have seen in the account taken from the orderly sergeant, which agrees pretty nearly with a variety of accounts we have received from people who have come here from Boston in fishing-boats. They must have suffered greatly, for the fire con- tinued with small arms sixty-one minutes, and great part of the time very close fighting. My class-mate, Col. -, was in the intrenchment, and was wounded in the head and leg. He says there was no need of waiting for a chance to fire, for, as soon as you had loaded, there was always a mark at hand, and as near as you pleased. His description of the intrenchment, &c., was this : -
Floating Battery.
Mystic River.
Shipa.
A rail fence stuffed
-
Troops landed half a mile from the breastwork.
with hay.
Charles River, { opposite the old Battery.
A breastwork about twenty rod. |
Outlet.
Seven or eight rod square.
Boston,
Charlestown.
Ferry.
Ships.
Boston,
New
Ships.
Copp's Hill Battery.
34
398
APPENDIX.
The square or fort had about 150 men in it. The breastwork, about 200. The rail fence stuffed with straw, 400 or 500. The reason why the square was so thinly manned on the side toward Boston was, because the fire from Copp's Hill poured in so thick that there was no living in it. The regulars, when they found the fire slacken for want of ammunition, pushed over the walls, with their guns in their left hand, and their swords in their right, for it was such an unfinished piece of work that they ran over it. Part of them had come round on the side next Charlestown, so as to fire on the back of our people when they began to leave the intrenchment, and it was then we lost our men. The ships and floating batteries prevented any assistance or sup- port of consequence being given to our men. The fire from Copp's Hill ceased when that with small arms began ; but that from a ship off New Boston
killed and raked our men quite up to the Sun Tavern. - - thinks there was more than 3000 of the regulars landed. They advanced in open order, the men often twelve feet apart in the front, but very close after one another, in extraordinary deep or long files. As fast as the front man was shot down, the next stepped forward into his place, but our men dropped them so fast they were a long time coming up. It was surprising how they would step over their dead bodies, as though they had been logs of wood. Their offi- cers, it is said, were obliged to push them on behind, notwithstanding which, they once ran and filled some of the boats, the fire was so hot. One of - captains told me he fired about 35 times, and after that threw stones. - says when they pushed over the breastwork, what with the smoke and dust, it was so dark in the square that he was obliged to feel about for the outlet ; the earth, which they threw up for a breastwork, being very dry and loose, for they had only one of these short nights to execute it in.
No. 9. - CRITICISM ON THE BATTLE PRINTED IN THE LONDON CHRONICLE, AUGUST 3, 1779.1
To the Printer of the London Chronicle :
If the English general had had his choice given him of the ground upon which he should find his enemy, he could not have wished to place the rebels in a situation for more certain ruin than that in which they had placed them- selves at Bunker's Hill. And yet, from some fatality in our counsels, or rather, perhaps, from the total absence of all timely counsel, what ought to have been destructive to them proved only so to the royal army.
Every one knows that the ground on which stood Charlestown and Bun- ker's Hill was a peninsula. The isthmus which joined it to the continent used originally to be covered at high water ; but, for the convenience of the inhabitants, had a causeway raised upon it, which answered all the purposes
' Many criticisms on the battle appeared in the British journals. The one in the text forms one of a series on the conduct of General Howe. It was subsequently printed in pamphlet form.
399
CRITICISM ON THE BATTLE.
of a wharf for landing upon. And the land adjoining was firm, good ground, having formerly been an apple orchard.
Nothing can be more obvious, especially if the reader will look upon the plan, than that the army, by landing at the neck or isthmus, must have entirely cut off the rebels' retreat, and not a man of them could have escaped.
The water in the Mystic River was deep enough for the gun-boats and smaller vessels to lie very near to this causeway, to cover and protect the landing of our own army, and to prevent any further reinforcements being sent to the enemy, as well as to secure the retreat and reembarkation of our own army, if that could have become necessary.
The ambuscade which flanked our troops in their march up to Bunker's Hill, and did so much mischief, had by this means been avoided.
Instead of shutting up the rebels, by landing at the isthmus, which was the place the most commodious for the descent, and for beginning the attack, the general unhappily chose to land in the face of the rebel intrenchments, and at the greatest possible distance from the neck or isthmus, and thereby left the way open for their escape ; and, still more unhappily, knowing noth- ing of the ground, attempted to march the troops in a part where they had ten or twelve rows of railing to clamber over ; the lands between Charles- town and the beach being, for the convenience of the inhabitants, divided into narrow slips, not more than from ten to thirty rods over.
These posts and rails were too strong for the column to push down, and the march was so retarded by the getting over them, that the next morning they were found studded with bullets, not a hand's breadth from each other.
All this was well known to the inhabitants of Boston ; but they thought that military men, and such a great English general as Mr. Howe, must know better than they. And all this might have been known, and ought to have been known, to the English commander.
Had the rebels' coming into this peninsula been a thing utterly unexpected, and never before thought of, the suddenness of the event might have been an apology for their not instantly thinking of the measures most proper to be taken upon such an occasion. But, far from unexpected, this was an event which they had long been apprehensive of, -the possibility of which had been in contemplation for two months before. The action at Bunker's Hill was on the 17th of June ; and so long before as the 21st of April, a message had been sent to the selectmen of Charlestown, that if they suffered the rebels to take possession of their town, or to throw up any works to annoy the ships, the ships would fire upon them. The message giving them this warning doubtless was very proper. But it was easy to foresee, that if the rebels chose to possess themselves of any part of the peninsula, the inhabitants of Charlestown could not prevent it. In all these eight weeks, therefore, it might have been hoped that the general and admiral should have concerted the proper measures for them to take, in case the enemy should come thither. It might have been hoped that the admiral should have perfectly informed himself of the depth of water in the Mystic River, and how near at the sev- eral times of the tide the vessels could come to the causeway. We might
34
400
APPENDIX.
have hoped that the general would have informed himself of every inch of ground in so small a peninsula ; and have previously concerted what he ought to do, and where he ought to land, upon every appearance of an enemy. And yet we do not seem to have given ourselves the trouble of a single thought about viewing the ground, or of considering before-hand what would be the proper measures to be taken in case the enemy should appear there. Instead of this, the morning on which the enemy was discovered, at three o'clock, a council of war was to be called, which might as well have been held a month before, and many hours more given to the rebels for carrying on their works, and finishing their redoubt.
The map will show us that Charlestown Neck lies at the utmost passable distance from the rebel quarters at Cambridge and Boston Neck ; so that the troops had every possible advantage in landing at the causeway, and not a single man of the rebels could have escaped.
Is it necessary for a gentleman to be a soldier to see this? Will not every man's common sense, upon viewing the map, be convinced of it ?
Whether, after the rebels were fled, General Clinton's advice to pursue was right or not, may be made a doubt. But if, instead of having sacrificed the lives of a thousand brave men by the want of all previous concert, and never having surveyed the ground ; if, instead of this negligence and inat- tention, we had shut up the whole rebel force in the peninsula, and destroyed and taken that whole army, there can be no doubt but that we might then have pursued our advantage ; and that if then we had marched to Roxbury and Cambridge, the troops would probably have not found a man there to oppose them ; at least, in that general consternation, they might very easily have been dispersed ; and the other provinces not having then openly joined them, we should probably have heard nothing more of the rebellion.
It was said at the time, I have heard, that we were unwilling to make the rebels desperate ; but I hope no military man would offer to give such a reason. Veteran troops, long possessed with a very high sense of honor, like the old Spanish infantry at Rocroy, might possibly resolve to die in their ranks, and sell their lives as dearly as they could, though I know no instance in modern war of this Spanish obstinacy. But for regular British troops to be afraid of shutting up a rabble of irregular new-raised militia, that had never fired a gun, and had no honor to lose, lest they should fight too des- perately for them, argues too great a degree of weakness to be supposed of any man fit to be trusted in the king's service. Happy had it been for Mr. Burgoyne if Mr. Gates had reasoned in this manner, and left the king's troops a way open for their escape, for fear of making them desperate. And yet Mr. Gates, when he lived with his father in the service of Charles Duke of Bolton, was never thought to possess an understanding superior to other men ; and the letters of some of the most sensible and best informed men among the rebels show, that they thought him scarce equal to the command.
But what was it we had to fear by this notion of making them desperate ? The rebels could not but see the execution they had done upon the royal army in their march ; and yet they ran away the instant our troops were got up to
401
LIST OF REGIMENTS IN THE BATTLE.
them ; - was this their point of honor ? Had they found themselves cut off from all possibility of retreat, by our army's landing at the isthmus, in all probability they would have instantly thrown down their arms and submitted. If they had not, they must then have come out of their intrenchments, and fought their way through our army to get to the isthmus ; that is to say, we chose to land, and march up to their intrenchments, and fight under every possible disadvantage, for fear that by landing at the Neck we should have obliged them to come out of their intrenchments, and fight us upon equal terms, or even upon what disadvantages the general should please to lay in their way. But the innumerable errors of that day, if they had been known in time, might have sufficiently convinced us how little was to be expected from an army so commanded.
T. P.
No. 10 .- LIST OF THE REGIMENTS PORTIONS OF WHICH WERE IN THE BUNKER HILL BATTLE.
PRESCOTT'S REGIMENT.1
Captains.
Lieutenants.
Ensigns. Number.
Henry Farwell,
Levi Whitney,
Benjamin Bass, 69.
Joshua Parker,
Amaziah Faucett,
Thomas Rogers, 63.
Samuel Patch,
Zachary Walker,
Joshua Brown, 26.
Hugh Maxwell,
Joseph Stebbins,
52.
Asa Lawrence,
Joseph Spaulding,
Thomas Spaulding, 55.
Oliver Parker,
Ephraim Corey,
John Williams,
26.
John Nutting,
Nathaniel Lakin,
John Mosher, 61.
Samuel Gilbert,
Joseph Gilbert,
Joseph Baker, 51.
Abijah Wyman,
Joshua Brown,
Thomas Cummings,
29.
Reuben Dow,
John Goss.
FRYE'S REGIMENT.
Benjamin Varnum,
Samuel Johnson,
Cyrus Marple, 63.
John Davis,
Nathaniel Herrick,
Eliphalet Bodwell,
56.
Benjamin Ames,
David Chandler,
Isaac Abbott, 53.
William Perley,
John Robinson,
Benjamin Perley, 57.
Nathaniel Gage,
Thomas Stickney,
Eliphalet Hardy, 51.
1 The imperfect character of the returns of the regiments has already been remarked upon. See Chapter VII. It is impossible to ascertain even all the companies that were in the battle, much less the officers. The letter of Col. Prescott makes it uncertain whether the whole of his own regiment were in it, as only three hundred of it went on with him on the evening of June 16. Some of the officers, in the returns in the text, were commissioned immediately after the battle. This list is made up, mostly, from copies of original returns in the Massachusetts archives.
34*
402
APPENDIX.
Captains.
Lieutenants. Timothy Johnson,
Ensigns.
Number.
Nathaniel Eaton, 63.
Foster, 40.
- Wells,
Chase,
60.
Reed,
Fox,
45.
John Merrill,
Reuben Evans.
BRIDGE'S REGIMENT.
Jonathan Stickney,
Elijah Danforth,
John Lewis, 66.
Benjamin Walker,
John Flint,
Ebenezer Fitch, 78.
John Bachelor,
Ebenezer Damon,
James Bancroft, . 69.
Ebenezer Bancroft,
Nathaniel Holden,
Samuel Brown, 50.
Peter Coburn,
Josiah Foster,
Ebenezer Farnum, 51.
Ebenezer Harnden,
William Blanchard,
Eleazor Stickney, 47.
John Ford,
Isaac Parker,
Jonas Parker, 59.
Jacob Tyler,
Charles Forbush.
LITTLE'S REGIMENT.
Jacob Gerrish,
Silas Adams,
Thomas Brown, 45.
Ezra Lunt,
Moses Kent,
Nath'l Montgomery, 45.
Benjamin Perkins,
Joseph Whittemore,
William Stickney, 59.
Nathaniel Wade,
Joseph Hodgskins,
Aaron Parker, 51.
Nathaniel Warner,
John Burnham,
Daniel Collins, 47.
John Baker,
Caleb Lamson,
Daniel Draper, 47.
James Collins,
46.
Gideon Parker,
Joseph Everly,
Moses Trask, 57.
Abraham Dodge,
Ebenezer Low,
James Lord,
59.
DOOLITTLE'S REGIMENT.
Joel Fletcher,
John Wheeler,
John Proctor.
Adam Wheeler,
Elijah Stearns,
Adam Maynard.
John Holman,
John Bowker,
David Pair.
John Jones,
Samuel Thompson.
Robert Oliver,
Thomas Grover,
Abraham Pennel.
Abel Wilder,
Jonas Allen,
Daniel Pike.
John Leland,
Samuel Burbank.
GERRISH'S REGIMENT.
Richard Dodge,
Robert Dodge,
Paul Dodge.
Barnabas Dodge,
Matthew Fairfield,
Joseph Knight.
Thomas Cogswell,
Moses Danton,
Amos Cogswell.
Thomas Cummings,
Jonas Johnson.
Timothy Corey, Samuel Sprague,
Joseph Cheever,
William Oliver.
John Baker, Jr., Thomas Mighill,
Joseph Pettingill,
Mark Cressy.
Thomas Pike.
Isaac Sherman,
Caleb Robinson.
John Rowe,
Mark Pool,
Ebenezer Cleaveland, 40.
James Sawyer, William H. Ballard, John Currier, Jonas Richardson, Jonathan Evans,
403
LIST OF REGIMENTS IN THE BATTLE.
Captains.
Ensigns.
Number.
Thomas Downing,
Phineas Cook,
Josiah Warren,
Aaron Richardson.
John George.
Nathan Fuller, Isaac Hall, Josiah Harris,
Caleb Brooks,
Samuel Cutter.
Abner Craft,
Josiah Swan,
John Child.
Abijah Child,
Solomon Bowman,
Jedediah Thayer.
Ebenezer Brattle,
Stephen Frost.
Moses Draper. Naylor Hatch.
WARD'S REGIMENT.
Josiah Fay.
Seth Washburn,
Joseph Livermore,
Loring Lincoln.
Job Cushing,
Ezra Beaman,
Asa Rice.
Daniel Barnes,
William Morse,
Paul Brigham.
James Miller,
Abel Perry,
Aaron Abby.
Luke Drury,
Asaph Sherman,
Jonas Brown.
Jonas Hubbard,
John Smith,
William Gates.
Samuel Wood,
Timothy Brigham,
Thomas Seaver.
Moses Wheelock,
Thomas Bond,
Obadiah Mann.
BREWER'S REGIMENT.
Thomas Willington, Wilson, 59.
Edward Blake,
Abraham Tuckerman,
John Eames, 55.
John Black,
Benjamin Gates,
John Patrick, 59.
Aaron Haynes,
Elisha Brewer,
53.
Daniel Whiting,
Obadiah Dewey,
51.
Benjamin Bullard,
Aaron Gardner,
45.
Thaddeus Russell,
Nathaniel Maynard,
Nathaniel Reeves,
53.
22.
Thomas Drury,
William Maynard,
Joseph Nixon.
Samuel McCobb,
Benjamin Pattee,
John Riggs.
Ebenezer Winship, David Moore,
Micah Goodenow,
Jona. Hill.
Micajah Gleason,
James Kimball,
William Ryan.
Moses McFarland,
David Bradley,
Jacob Quimby.
Alisha Brown,
Daniel Taylor,
Silas Mann.
Silas Walker,
Edward Richardson.
John Heald,
John Hartwell.
WOODBRIDGE'S REGIMENT. 00
Reuben Dickenson,
Zaccheus Crocker,
Daniel Shay, 60.
Noadiah Leonard,
Josiah Smith,
Samuel Gould, 54.
GARDNER'S REGIMENT. Lieutenants. William Maynard.
Nathan Smith,
Bartholomew Trow,
Thomas Miller.
Benjamin Lock,
William Warren,
Richard Buckminister.
Isaac Gray,
Joseph Stebbins,
NIXON'S REGIMENT.
404
APPENDIX.
Captains.
Lieutenants.
Ensigns.
Number.
Stephen Gearl,
Aaron Rowley,
Abner Pease, 43.
David Cowden,
30.
John Cowls,
35.
Ichabod Dexter,
Ithamer Goodnough, John Mayo,
52.
John King,
39.
Seth Murray, 00 GRIDLEY'S REGIMENT.
50
Samuel Gridley,
Wm. Smith, R. Woodward, D. Ingersol, 49.
Samuel R. Trevett,
Jos. O. Swasey, R. Gardner, Thomas Bowden, 37.
John Callender,
Wm. Perkins, David Allen, Samuel Treat, 47.
STARK'S REGIMENT.
Isaac Baldwin,
John Hale,
Stephen Hoyt.
Elisha Woodbury,
Thomas Hardy,
Jona. Corlis.
Samuel Richards,
Moses Little,
Jesse Carr.
John Moore,
Jonas McLaughlin,
Nathaniel Boyd.
Joshua Abbott,
Samuel Atkinson,
Abiel Chandler.
Gordon Hutchins,
Joseph Soper,
Daniel Livermore.
Aaron Kinsman,
Ebenezer Eastman,
Samuel Dearborn.
Henry Dearborn,
Amos Morrill,
Michael Mc'Clary.
Daniel Moore,
Ebenezer Frye,
John Moore.
George Reid,
Abraham Reid,
James Anderson.
REED'S REGIMENT.
John Marcy,
Isaac Farwell,
James Taggart, 48.
Benjamin Mann,
Benjamin Brewer,
Samuel Pettingill, 49.
Josiah Crosby,
Daniel Wilkins,
Thomas Maxwell, 44.
William Walker,
James Brown,
William Roby, 46.
Philip Thomas,
John Harper,
Ezekiel Rand,
46.
Ezra Towne,
Josiah Brown,
John Harkness, 52.
Jona. Whitcomb,
Elijah Clayes,
Stephen Carter, 59.
Jacob Hinds,
Isaac Stone,
George Aldrich, 54.
Levi Spaulding,
Joseph Bradford,
Thomas Buffe, 44.
Hezekiah Hutchins,
Amos Emerson,
John Marsh, 44.
PUTNAM'S REGIMENT.
Brig .- Gen. I. Putnam, Jona. Kingsley, Thos. Grosvenor, Elijah Loomis.
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