USA > Maryland > The history of Maryland : from its first settlement, in 1633, to the restoration, in 1660 ; with a copious introduction, and notes and illustrations > Part 34
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NOTE (O) p. 215.
Mr. Holmes, in his Annals, (in Note 5, at the end of his first volume, ) has ex- pressed considerable dissatisfaction with an American historian, for endeavouring to represent, that the Puritans removed from Leyden to America, because they were "obscure and unpersecuted," He seems to allude to an expression of Mr. Marshall, in his Life of Washington, Vol. 1, p. 90, who says, that "their obscure situation at Leyden became irksome to them," and "without persecution they made no converts." But it is to be observed, that Marshall has on this occasion, only copied the expressions and observations used by Dr. Robertson in his His- tory of New England, who could not be suspected of being an "advocate for the English hierarchy." Besides, as it is in vain to deny, that the eclat attending the foundation of any religious sect, which shall happen to make a noise in the world, has considerable operation in the minds of the founders, whether they are sincere in their belief or not, there cannot be much improprietry in saying, that the dread of having their schemes to prove abortive, and their names to sink into obscurity, would not a little mingle with other considerations, however laudable or virtuous. It is equally in vain also, to deny, that persecution has, in many in- stances, contributed much to promote the growth of religious sects. Robertson's sect being entirely destitute in Holland, of the nourishing dew of persecution, it was not too vague an inference, that through want of this, they made fewer con- verts than they would otherwise have done. Without some of these means, by which a regular accession to their numbers could be made, it was evident, that old age, natural deaths, and the vexatious defection of their youth, so pathetically complained of, would in time work their annihilation.
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Mr. Holmes is displeased also, that " the Puritans of Leyden and of New Eng- land are, to this day, represented as Brownists." But it seems to be certain, how- ever, from all the best historians of those times, that the first person among the Puritans, who set up a separate congregation distinct from the Presbyterian, was Robert Brown. Whether he then introduced the exact church discipline, after- wards established by Robinson, is immaterial. Brown being the first person who appeared in England at this time, among the Puritans, at the head of a visi- ble congregation, of a sect entirely new, would naturally induce persons of other sects to give them a name ; which they did, by calling them after their first ap- parent founder. It ought to be noticed, that it is not always in the power of any sect or religious society of people, to appropriate to themselves a fixed determi- nate denomination. Other men will fix it for them. Nor is it in their power to alter it, any more than the language generally spoken. This is verified by that of the Quakers, who to this day disclaim that name, it being a term of ridicule ; but call themselves " Friends," a term which few people adopt when they speak of them. A book written by Robinson, entitled " A just and necessary apologie of certain christians no less contumeliously than commonly called Brownists or Bar- rowists," is cited by Mr. Holmes, to show what were Robinson's principles ; in which Robinson professes that their religion was the same as the Dutch Reform- ed Church, excepting something relative to the Apocrypha. That might be, and yet not be variant in doctrine from the church founded by Brown. But this citation of the title of Robinson's book is so far unfortunate, as to prove directly, that in the time of Robinson, according to his own acknowledgment, the mem- bers of his church were "commonly called Brownists ;" and moreover, that the Brownists and these anonymous " certain christians," were, according to the con- fession of the chief or leader of the latter, one and the same sect ; which reduces it to the question, whether it was in their own power, or in that of other men, to alter or continue their former denomination. Analogous to this, is the title of a very learned and well written book, by that great apostle of the Quakers, Robert Barclay : "An Apology for the True Christian Divinity, as the same is held forth, and preached by the people, called in scorn, Quakers ;" in which he, in the same manner as Robinson, professes to set forth the principles of the Quakers, and expressly mentions, that " it was a name not of their choosing, but reproach- fully cast upon them." But it would be ridiculous for any Quaker, who profes - sed to belong to what they call The Society of Friends, to say, that he was no Quaker. In corroboration of what is here said, it may be proper to subjoin a short extract from No. I, of the Appendix to the second vol. of Hutchinson's Hist. of Massachusetts : I shall briefly touch upon their ecclesiastical affairs. I suppose this people were the first who took or received the name of Indepen- dents, which in a few years after was the name given to a body of men in Eng- land, who assumed the government there. When they first went to Holland, they were known by the name of Brownists. Some of the characteristics of Brownism they afterwards disclaimed, and at the same time disclaimed the name, which was generally odious; the character of the founder of the sect, being at best, problematical. Besides, he renounced his principles, and returned to episcopa- cy. The Puritans they could not conform to, and therefore considered them- selves as a distinct church or by themselves, independent of all other." Who are meant here, "by the Puritans to whom they could not conform," unless they are the English Presbyterians, it is difficult to conceive. However, it shows, that when they first went to Holland, they were known by the name of Brownists ; but that Brown, by his apostacy, having brought the name into discredit, they began to be ashained of it. To this may be added, that Sir William Temple, in his excellent "Observations on the United Provinces," which he wrote about the year 1670, mentions the Brownists among other sects, "whose names were then
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almost worn out in all other parts," as a sect then and there existing by that name; which sect must certainly have been, the remains of either Robinson's or Smith's congregation at Amsterdam or Leyden.
Mr. Holmes also represents Robinson as "a man of learning, of piety, and of Catholicism ;" and in Hutchinson's Hist. of Massachusetts, vol. 2, Appendix, "he is said to have been a man of good learning, and of a benevolent disposition:" where is mentioned, (we may suppose by way of confirmation of his character for learning,) that he was persuaded by Polyander, one of the divinity professors in the university of Leyden, to dispute publicly with Episcopius, another divini- ty professor in the same university, on the religious tenets of the Armenians, a new sect then lately risen in Holland. When we read and reflect upon the trou- bles and distresses, which befel the persons who professed the Armenian tenets in Holland about this time, persecuted throughout all the provinces more invet- erately than the Puritans were in England, whatever " honour and respect" Mr. Robinson might have acquired from his disputation with Episcopius, it certainly was no evidence of his "benevolent disposition." The Gormarists, who were Calvinists, like the established Church in England, would tolerate no dissenters from their principles. The Armenians differed from them only with regard to the unintelligible mysteries of predestination, election, justification, and grace. If Robinson had one spark of a "benevolent disposition," he would not have joined the cry of persecution, in hunting down a sect for such differences of opinion, especially when these Armenians could boast, of having then at their head, such men as the patriotic Barnevelt and the learned Grotius.
NOTE (P) p. 223.
I am well aware, that the Gallican Church, in the latter end of the seventeenth century, made under the auspices of Louis XIV. a noble stand against the en- croachments of the papal power. Had the four articles, contained in the decla- ration made by the general assembly of the French clergy, on the 19th of March, 1682, been acknowledged by the pope, and adopted throughout other Catholic countries in Europe, the Roman Catholic church would have been as harmless in its political tenets as any other sect of christians. The first of those articles was, " That kings and princes are not subject to the ecclesiastical power as to their temporals ; and that they cannot be deposed, directly or indirectly, by the au- thority of the keys of the church, nor their subjects absolved from the allegiance and obedience, which they owe them." See Dupin's Hist. of the Church, Cent. XVII. ch. 19. But it is well known, that pope Innocent XI. as soon as he was informed of these proceedings of the French bishops, immediately called a con- sistory at Rome, in which these four articles or propositions, were formally con- demned and ordered to be burnt. See the Mod. Univ. Hist. vol. 26, p. 479. The Republic of Venice had, indeed, in the beginning of the seventeenth century, made a feeble effort to oppose the power of the pope to interfere in the political affairs of the state, but in the end, were obliged to yield to it. The power of the pope, therefore, in deposing kings, and absolving subjects from their allegiance, was generally acknowledged throughout the greater number of the Catholic states of Europe, until the emperor Napoleon, on the 17th of February, 1810, deprived the Roman pontiff of all temporal power, and obliged him to swear to the observ- ance of the above mentioned four propositions contained in the declaration of the French clergy, in 1682, as before mentioned.
NOTE (Q) p. 227.
The author, in vindication of those observations he makes on the conduct of the Catholics, begs leave to add a quotation from a work, which he has once or twice before cited, and which has been always held in high estimation by the lit-
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erati of all Europe. Bayle, in his Historical and Critical Dictionary, art. Eliza- beth, makes the following remarks on Moreri's Dictionary, in relation to the same article : "He should not have several times exaggerated the persecutions of the Roman Catholics, without mentioning the acts of rebellion which exposed them to that storm. A faithful historian ought first to have observed their plots against the queen's government, and then the severe punishment she inflicted for those plots. The transposition of these two things, would be great unfaithfulness in a historian. What name then shall be given to Moreri's conduct, who sup- presses entirely those plots ?" In another remark on the same article, he ob- serves, "Elizabeth was forced, by reasons of state, to use severity towards Papists. Some lost their lives ; a great number of others, either suffered the rigours of im- prisonment or inconveniences of exile. The Protestants of England confess this; they do not deny the fact ; but they maintain, that the wicked attempts of the Pa- pists against the government, and against the queen, deserved such a punishment. You will be sure not to find this observation in the libels of the English Roman Catholic. You will indeed find the punishments, with all the rhetorical flour- ishes that can amplify them, but not a word of the seditious enterprises which preceded, and were the cause of them. There are few relations, in which the order of events is not confounded. This confusion is not always produced by fraud ; a too turbulent zeal, is sometimes the cause of it. An ill conducted zeal, fixes the mind upon the hardships of persecuted virtue, and causes the provoca- tion of the persecutors to be forgotten. If these two causes are not sufficient, dishonesty, which alone would disorder the events, completes the confusion. However it be, I have observed, that the principal difference between the ac- counts of Catholics and Protestants, consists in the order of the facts : each party endeavours to give the first place to the injuries they have endured ; they make a long detail of these, and pass over slightly what they have done, by way of re- prisals, or what they have suffered as a just punishment." These remarks of Mr. Bayle, may be presumed to have been made with the utmost impartiality. He was by birth a Frenchman, a son of a Huguenot minister in the south of France. For his fine talents and learning, he was made professor of moral philo- sophy and history, in the Protestant college of Sedan. But that college being suppressed by Louis XIV. about the time of his revocation of the edict of Nantes, and Mr. Bayle being offered a like professorship in the college of Rotterdam, in Holland, he became a resident of that place, and there passed the remainder of his life. Although he always professed himself a member of the reformed French church, (except during a temporary conversion to the Catholic church, at an early period of his life,) yet his writings gave his enemies some apparent grounds to accuse him of Deism, and some indeed of Atheism. He was certainly, what was called in England about this time, a Free-thinker ; and his writings, partic- ularly his Dictionary, abound with severe sarcasms on the superstition and fa- naticism of the age in which he lived. For this reason, his character was as- sailed by the bigots and fanatics, both of the Catholics and the Calvinists ; but for the same reason also, his opinions, like those of Mr. Hume, are to be respect- ed as of the most impartial authority, in all historical controversies between these two sects of religion.
THE END.
1
INDEX.
Aborigines, of America, historical account of, and dissertation on their different tribes and their connections, 160.
Acadie, authority given to the Sieur de Monts to colonize, and a grant made to him of its exclusive commerce, 86.
Accomack, Captain Smith while exploring the Chesapeake Bay, is directed to, by some savages, his treatment by the natives, 106.
Aguascosack, an Indian town burnt by Sir Richard Grenville, 60.
Albany, Henry Hudson sails up the river which bears his name, as far as the present site of Albany, 88.
Albemarle Sound, explored by Governor Lane, 61.
Alexander VI. Pope, 14; the disputes between the courts of Spain and Portugal re- ferred to, ib; his partition of all discoveries which had been or might be made, ib; his character, by Guicciardini, ib.
America, North, discovery of, by Christopher Columbus, 9 ; by John Cabot, 11; Sir Humphry Gilbert obtains from queen Elizabeth, letters patent, in order to settle some part of, 43; their renewal to Sir Walter Raleigh, 54; the progress of the French in settling colonies in, 83 ; a new association formed in England for the purpose of colonizing, 91; division of, by James 1st between the North and South Virginia companies, 92; historical account of the aborigines of, and dissertation on the different tribes and their connections, 160.
Amidas, Captain Philip, is sent out to Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh, in com- mand of a ship, 55; his return to England in company with Capt. Arthur Barlow, 58.
Annapolis Royal, discovered by Pontrincourt, 87; the Sieur de Monts removes his colony from L'isle de St. Croix, to, 88.
Apamatica, chief of the inhabitants of Kecoughtan, 101.
Aranda, Count de, proposals made to him in conjunction with other noblemen by Stephen Gomez, 30; they furnish Gomez with a ship to prosecute his dis- coveries, ib.
Argall, Captain Samuel, is sent out by Sir Thomas Dale, governor of Virginia, with an armed force to break up the French and Dutch settlements in America, 191 ; his success, ib.
Aquohanock, an Indian town visited by Mr. John Pory, 148.
Aroeck, an Indian nation visited by Capt. Smith while exploring the Chesapeake Bay, 112.
Assacomoco, an Indian town visited by Mr. John Pory, 157 ; intended treachery of the Indians there, ib.
Assumption island, in the river St. Lawrence, named by Cartier, 35.
Attaughcomoco, an Indian town visited by Mr. John Pory, 149.
Aubert, Thomas, makes a voyage from Dieppe to Newfoundland, 17; sails up the VOL. I .- 38
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INDEX.
river St. Lawrence as far as Canada, ib; on his return carries with him to France two of the natives, ib.
Avalon, province of, Sir George Calvert obtains from James Ist a grant of the province of Avalon in Newfoundland, 239; date of the grant, 240 ; he sends out a small colony, 241 ; visits his colony in person, ib; his views and inten- tions in founding the colony at Avalon, 242.
Baltimore, baron of, Sir George Calvert created baron of Baltimore by Charles Ist, 248 ; his son Cecilius Calvert succeeds to the title on his father's death, 271.
Barlow, captain Arthur, is sent out to America by Sir Walter Raleigh, in com- mand of a ship, 55; makes an excursion into the river Occam, 57; account of his discoveries, ib; his return to England, 58.
Bermudas, the English become acquainted with the beauty and fertility of the, 190; they are included in the third charter of Virginia, granted by James 1st to several individuals of London and Bristol, ib; are sold by them to a company who send out a colony to settle there, 191.
Bertellier, Philibert, is excommunicated and sentenced by Calvin, 201; his sentence, ib.
Boccold, John, one of the reformers, his doctrines, 198.
Boleyn, Anna, Henry VIII. obtains a divorce from Catharine of Arragon for the purpose of marrying, 202; her marriage to Henry VIII. ib.
Bolus river, discovered by Capt. Smith in his first voyage of discovery in the Chesapeake Bay, 116; supposed to be the Patapsco, ib.
Bonavista cape, Cartier touches at, in his first voyage to America, 34.
Brown, Robert, forms a sect of Puritans who name themselves Brownists, 207 ; their doctrines, ib; number of his followers, 209; leaves his sect and returns to the church of England, 213.
Brownists, a sect of Puritans formed by Robert Brown, 207; their doctrines, ib; their numbers, 209; they are deserted by Brown who returns to the establish- ed church, 213; they divide into two bodies under the care of Mr. John Smith and Mr. John Robinson, ib; Robinson and his flock remove to Amsterdam, ib ; remove from thence to Leyden, 214; their sufferings in Holland, ib; they de- termine to emigrate to Virginia, and send delegates to England to negotiate with the Virginia company, 215; their ill success, 216 ; they again send dele- gates to negotiate with the Virginia company and obtain from them a patent, 218; part of them set sail for America, ib; their arrival off the coast of America, 219; they land at Plymouth called by the Indians Patuxet and settle there, 221.
Butts, Mr. Thomas, a young gentleman joins the expedition of Mr. Hore to colo- nize Newfoundland, 36.
Cabot, John, a native of Venice, offers his services to Henry VII. to make further discoveries in America, 10 ; obtains from him a commission to himself and his three sons, ib; tenor of the commission, 11; causes of their delay in availing themselves of it, ib; their discoveries before the receipt of their commission, ib; subsequent license granted to him by Henry, 12; his death, 13.
Cabot, Sebastian, applies to Henry VII. and obtains a ship for the purpose of discovery, at the royal expense, 12; others fitted out for him by some mer- chants of Bristol, ib ; his route, ib; discovers Newfoundland-St. Johns, ib ; reaches the continent of North America and sails along it to the 38th degree of latitude, ib ; his provisions fail and a mutiny breaks out among his crew, ib ; his return to England, ib; probability of his having first seen and discovered that part of Maryland which borders on the ocean, 13; pension granted to him by Edward VI., 39.
Calvert, Sir George, short sketch of his life, 232; is created one of the principal
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INDEX.
secretaries of state under James 1st, 233; obtains a seat in parliament, ib; his political principles as expressed in a debate in parliament on the Newfoundland fisheries, 239 ; obtains from James Ist a grant of the province of Avalon, in Newfoundland, 239; date of the grant, ib; determines to execute the purposes and intents of his grant, 241; sends out a small colony under the command of Edward Wynne, ib; visits his colony in person, ib; his views and intentions in founding the colonies of Avalon and Maryland, 242 ; further expression of his political principles in parliament, 243 ; his religious tenets, 246 ; from his zeal in promoting the marriage of prince Charles with the infanta of Spain, is sup- . posed to have been bribed by the Spanish minister, ib; is elected one of the provisional council for the government of Virginia, 247; determines to leave England and retire to America, 248 ; is created baron of Baltimore, ib; resides for some years at his colony at Avalon, 254; visits the Virginia colony, near the Chesapeake Bay, ib; his ungracious reception by the Virginians, and its causes, ib; oaths of supremacy and allegiance tendered to him by the assembly and his refusal to take them, 255; forms the scheme of settling a colony in Ma- ryland, 258 ; is opposed by the Virginia colonists, 262 ; returns to England and relinquishes his intention of settling in Newfoundland, 269; exerts his influ- ence to obtain a grant of territory on the Chesapeake Bay, 270; obtains a promise of a grant but dies before the execution of it, 271; his title descends to his eldest son Cecilius, who obtains the grant promised to his father, ib.
Calvert, Cecilius, eldest son of Sir George Calvert and baron of Baltimore obtains the grant which had been promised to his father, 271.
Calvin, John, his character, 199 ; fixes his abode at Geneva, 200; his excesses there, ib.
Canada, derivation of the name of, 34; first attempt of the French to colonize, ib; James Cartier sent out with three large ships and a number of colonists, to plant a colony, ib; his arrival in the St. Lawrence, ib; sails up the river Sa- guinay, 35; goes further up the St. Lawrence and has an interview with an In- dian chief named Donacona, who informs him of a large town called Hochela- ga, ib; his treatment by the inhabitants of Hochelaga, ib; his colonists attack- ed by the scurvy, ib; prepares to return to Europe, ib; kidnaps Donacona and carries him to France, ib.
Cape Breton, arrival of the expedition under the care of Mr. Hore, at Cape Breton, 36.
Cape Charles, one of the capes at the entrance of the Chesapeake bay named by Capt. Christopher Newport, in honor of the duke of York, 100.
Cartier, James, a pilot of St. Malo is prevailed upon by admiral Chabot to under- take an expedition to America, 34; sails from St. Malo under a commission from the king of France, ib; arrives at cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, ab; proceeds to the gulf of St. Lawrence, and lands at several places for the pur- pose of taking possession, ib; returns home, ib; is again persuaded to under- take a voyage to America, by Francis de la Roque, lord of Roberval, who ob- tains for him a royal commission of captain general, 37; lands at Newfoundland, 38 ; proceeds to Canada, where he builds a fort and commences the first set- tlement which he calls Charlebourgh, il; waits for more than a year for the ar- rival of Roberval, ib; sets sail for France, ib; meets Roberval at Newfoundland, eludes him in the night and returns to Bretagne, ib.
Carver, John, delegated by the Brownists in Leyden to negotiate with the Vir . ginia company for a grant of territory in America, 215; embarks with the Brownists for America, 218 ; reaches cape Cod, 219; lands at Plymouth, 227; is chosen governor, 220.
Catharine of Arragon, 202 ; Henry VIII. forms the resolution of being divorced from, ib; causes his own clergy to try the validity of his marriage with Catha- rine and to annul it, ib.
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INDEX.
Catholic Church, Roman, struggle between the, and the church of England, 194; act passed in the province of Maryland against those professing the doctrines of the, 195.
Catholics, Roman, causes of the severe statutes enacted against them in England, 222 to 232; their conduct on the accession of James 1st, 227; their excesses to- gether with those of the Puritans give rise to two political parties, 230.
Cavendish, Sir Thomas, accompanies Sir Richard Grenville in his first voyage to America, 59.
Cecil, Sir Robert, one of the principal secretaries of state under Elizabeth, 232; is continued in his office by James Ist, ib; Sir George Calvert becomes one of his under secretaries, ib.
Cecowance, an Indian town visited by captain Smith in his first exploring expe- dition in the Chesapeake bay, 118; its location, 119.
Challons, Henry, is sent out by the Plymouth company to make discoveries on the coast of Virginia, 97; his vessel is captured by the Spaniards, carried to Spain and there confiscated, ib.
Champlain, Samuel, the founder of Quebec, accompanies Pontgrave to Ta- doussac, 85; returns with him to France, ib; accompanies the Sieur de Monts to Canada, 87; discovers St. Johns river, called by the natives Ouygondy, 88; discovers L'isle de St. Croix, and winters there in company with the Sieur de Monts, ib; is left in Canada by the Sieur de Monts, for the purpose of explo- ring the country, 89; takes charge of the colony sent out by De Monts in 1608, and lays the foundation of the present city of Quebec, 90.
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