USA > Mississippi > Mississippi : comprising sketches of towns, events, institutions, and persons, arranged in cyclopedic form Vol. I > Part 50
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The first congress of the Confederate States had four sessions at Richmond, beginning Feb. 18, 1862, Aug. 18, 1862, Jan. 12, 1863, Dec. 7, 1863 ; adjourned finally Feb. 17, 1864.
The senators of Mississippi were Albert G. Brown and James
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Phelan. The representatives were, Ethelbert Barksdale, John J. McRae, J. W. Clapp, Israel Welsh, Otho R. Singleton, Reuben Davis, Henry C. Chambers, William D. Holder (Jan. 21, 1864, vice Davis, resigned).
The second congress was in session at Richmond May 2 to June 14, 1864, and from Nov. 7, 1864 to March 18, 1865.
The senators of Mississippi were Albert G. Brown and John W. C. Watson. The representatives were Jehu A. Orr, Israel Welsh, Henry C. Chambers, Ethelbert Barksdale, John T. Lamkin, Wil- liam D. Holder, Otho R. Singleton.
There was a memorable senatorial contest at Columbus, Nov. 12, 1863, when the legislature balloted for a Confederate States senator to succeed James Phelan. The first ballot was Phelan 25, J. W. C. Watson 22, Fulton Anderson 19, W. S. Featherston 11, Walker Brooke 19, S. J. Gholson 8, C. D. Fontaine 8. After 27 ballots there was no choice. Nov. 17 the balloting was resumed, with Watson and Anderson in the lead. On the 11th ballot, after all names had been withdrawn except Watson, Anderson and Gholson, Watson received 55 out of 108 and was declared elected.
Congressmen. When the State was admitted to the Union its population did not entitle it to more than one representative in con- gress.
The first congressional election was in 1817, a short time before the regular opening of the congress to which the representative was elected. George Poindexter was elected in September, 1817, and took his seat December 11, in the 15th congress.
The legislature of 1818 enacted that the election of congressman for the 16th congress should be in August, 1819, and for the 17th in August, 1820, and every two years thereafter, conforming to the requirements of the federal laws.
George Poindexter served in 1817-19; Christopher Rankin, of Natchez, from Dec. 6, 1819 till his death March 14, 1826; William Haile, 1826-28; Thomas Hinds, 1828-31; Franklin E. Plummer, 1831-33.
Under the apportionment of the census of 1830, Mississippi was entitled to two representatives. There were five candidates in Au- gust, 1832, and Plummer, a Jackson man, was reelected, and Harry Cage elected for the first time. Guion, Walker and Boulden were the opposing candidates.
In 1834 John F. H. Claiborne and Gen. David Dickson were elec- ted, for the 24th congress, 1835 to 1837. Dickson died in 1836. and Samuel J. Gholson was elected to fill out his term. A special
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session of congress being called in 1837 before the regular Novem- ber election, the governor ordered a special election of congressmen in July, at which Claiborne and Gholson were chosen, and S. S. Prentiss and Gen. E. L. Acee defeated, Claiborne receiving 11,000 votes to Prentiss 7,000. Claiborne and Gholson, with certificates of this election, appeared in congress at the special session in Sep- tember and were given their seats without any question. They also were candidates in November, the regular election, for the full term, as everyone understood, but the Whig candidates, Pren- tiss and Word were elected by a majority of two to one. Prentiss received 13,304 votes, Claiborne 5,944. But when the regular ses- sion of congress convened and Prentiss and Word appeared to take the seats to which they had been elected, they found them occupied by Claiborne and Gholson, and the fact was then revealed that the committee on credentials, at the special September session, had declared Claiborne and Gholson elected for the full term. Claiborne and Gholson also made the assertion that nine-tenths of the people understood that they were elected for the full term.
During the session of the legislature in January a meeting was called at Jackson to sustain the cause of Claiborne and Gholson, with Governor Runnels as president. But as soon as the resolu- tions were presented Henry S. Foote arose and began a speech which did not end until the meeting adjourned without action, and the supporters of Claiborne withdrew, when resolutions were adopted in support of Prentiss.
In the midst of the discussion in Congress in January, Henry Wise, of Virginia, made personal allusions toward Gholson which caused an uproar, in the midst of which the house adjourned. Next day Prentiss made his great speech in defense of his election, which is one of the masterpieces of American eloquence, and at the time caused a prodigious sensation. Claiborne and Gholson were un- seated, but, on the proposition to seat Prentiss and Word, there was a tie vote, and James K. Polk, speaker, voted against them. Hence a special election was called for April, 1838, James Davis taking the place of Gholson in the canvass.
A desperate campaign was made in behalf of Claiborne, in which the sectional prejudice was appealed to against Prentiss, and he was accused of favoring the emancipation of slaves. Nevertheless, Prentiss received 12,722 votes, Word 12,677; and Claiborne, 11,776; Davis, 11,346. Prentiss and Word then took their seats in congress, refusing to present any certificates but their original ones, and were so sworn in.
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In 1839, Albert J. Brown and Jacob Thompson were elected over Adam L. Bingaman and Reuben Davis. Brown's vote was 18,602; Bingaman's, 16,215.
Thompson was reelected, taking his seat Dec. 9, 1842. William M. Gwin was the successor of Brown, taking his seat Dec. 23, 1841.
The apportionment under the census of 1840 gave the State four representatives. They were as follows :
1843-45-William H. Hammett, Robert W. Roberts, Jacob Thompson, Tilghman M. Tucker.
1845-47-Stephen Adams, Jefferson Davis, Robert W. Roberts, Jacob Thompson. Davis resigned in 1846, and Henry T. Ellett filled the vacancy in 1847.
Previous to 1846 Representatives in congress from Mississippi were elected from the State at large.
Immediately after the battle of Buena Vista, Gen. Taylor, closely associated with Mississippi as proprietor of a plantation thirty miles north of Natchez, and father of the first wife of Jefferson Davis, was proposed as the Whig candidate for president. This greatly encouraged the Whigs of Mississippi, and they elected one con- gressman, Patrick W. Tompkins, by a small majority, in 1847. Jacob Thompson was elected by the Democrats in the First dis- trict, W. S. Featherston over McClung, the hero of Monterey, in the Second, and Gov. A. G. Brown was chosen without opposition in the Fourth.
1849-51-Albert G. Brown, Winfield S. Featherston, William Mc- Willie, Jacob Thompson. ,
The congressional election of 1851 was more than ordinarily exciting on account of the formation of new political lines, under the names of State Rights and Union parties, the main issue being the theoretical right of secession. One State Rights man, A. G. Brown, was elected, and three Unionists-John D. Freeman, Ben- jamin D. Nabers and John A. Wilcox. The presidential election of 1852 restored the old party lines, and none but State Rights Demo- crats were thereafter elected until 1865.
The delegation was increased to five by the apportionment made after 1850:
1853-55-William Barksdale, William S. Barry, Wiley P. Harris, Otho R. Singleton.
1855-57-William Barksdale, Hendley S. Bennett, William A. Lake, John A. Quitman, Daniel B. Wright.
1857-59-William Barksdale, Reuben Davis, Lucius Q. C. La-
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mar, John A. Quitman, Otho R. Singleton. John J. McRae, elected to succeed Quitman, deceased, took his seat Dec. 7, 1858.
1859 to March 3, 1861-William Barksdale, Reuben Davis, Lu- cius Q. C. Lamar, John J. McRae, Otho R. Singleton. All of whom retired from the 36th congress of the United States, Jan. 12, 1861, immediately upon the adoption by the Mississippi convention of the ordinance of secession. See Congress, Confederate States.
At the election Oct. 2, 1865, under the Presidential policy of re- construction, the congressmen chosen were Col. Arthur E. Rey- nolds, Col. Richard A. Pinson, Gen. A. M. West, James T. Harri- son, and Ephraim G. Peyton, all of the party that opposed seces- sion in 1860. They presented themselves in Congress, when it met in December, but their names were omitted in the roll call. (See Reconstruction.) For some time, however, Judge Sharkey and others remained in or near Congress as "delegates."
The seats of Mississippi in both houses of Congress continued vacant through the 39th and 40th congresses, 1865-69.
The first election of congressmen under the congressional recon- struction occurred June 22, 1868, and resulted in the election of four Democrats, and one Republican, George C. McKee, an Illi- nois brigadier-general in the Union army, and a lawyer of ability, who was chosen by the Vicksburg district. As a proposed con- stitution was not adopted at this election, it did not serve to restore Mississippi to representation. Another election was ordered, which took place Nov. 30 and Dec. 1, 1869, and resulted in the adoption . of a constitution and the election of the following congressmen : Henry W. Barry, of Columbus; George E. Harris, of Hernando; George C. McKee, of Vicksburg; Joseph L. Morphis, of Pontotoc; Legrand W. Perce, of Natchez. Harris was a Tennessee Whig, and the others were ex-Union soldiers from the North, Barry being a brevet brigadier. All but Barry took their seats Feb. 23, 1870, Barry in April following.
The same representatives were reelected in 1871. The delega- tion elected in 1873, for 1873-75, under the census of 1870, had six members. There was one Democrat, L. Q. C. Lamar, Oxford, the others being Henry W. Barry, Columbus; Albert R. Howe, Sardis ; John R. Lynch (negro), Natchez ; George C. McKee, Vicks- burg; Jason Niles, Kosciusko. The congressmen elected in 1875 were mainly Democrats; but the Republicans elected Lynch in the Natchez district, and G. Wiley Wells, Holly Springs, supported by Democrats against Howe, the Ames candidate. Lamar was re-
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elected, and the others were Charles E. Hooker, Jackson ; H. D. Money, Winona; Otho R. Singleton, Canton.
By a law of March 18, 1876, the State was divided into the fol- lowing Congressional districts: First, the counties of Alcorn, Chickasaw, Colfax (name changed to Clay in 1876), Itawamba, Lee, Lowndes, Monroe, Oktibbeha, Pontotoc, Prentiss, and Tish- omingo; Second, Benton, DeSoto, Lafayette, Marshall, Panola, Tallahatchie, Tate, Tippah, Union, and Yalobusha; Third, Attala, Calhoun, Carroll, Choctaw, Grenada, Kemper, Leflore, Montgomery, Neshoba, Noxubee, Sunflower, Winston, and Sumner (name changed to Webster in 1882) ; Fourth, Clark, Holmes, Jasper, Jones, Lauderdale, Leake, Madison, Newton, Scott, Smith, Wayne and Yazoo; Fifth, Amite, Copiah, Covington, Franklin, Greene, Han- cock, Harrison, Hinds, Jackson, Lawrence, Lincoln, Marion, Pearl (act organizing Pearl county was repealed February 28, 1878), Perry, Pike, Rankin, and Simpson; Sixth, Adams, Bolivar, Clai- borne, Coahoma, Issaquena, Jefferson, Tunica, Warren, Washing- ton, and Wilkinson, to which Sharkey was added when it was organized later in the year, and Quitman on its organization the next year. By an act of March 3, 1876, Congress fixed the election for congressmen for the even years. In the elections of 1876 and 1878 the Democrats were entirely successful, and seated all their candidates, the State being represented in the 45th and 46th con- gresses (1877-1881) by the following: J. R. Chalmers, C. E. Hook- er, V. H. Manning, H. D. Money, H. L. Muldrow, and O. R. Single- ton.
In 1878 the campaign was brisk in two congressional districts, caused by the activity of the National or Greenback party. The veteran Reuben Davis was the candidate of this party in the First district against Muldrow, and was beaten, 9,632 to 6,602. In the Second district J. H. Amacker, National, was defeated by Manning, by a closer vote.
In 1880 the anti-Democratic vote against the same candidates was cast mainly for Republican candidates, Morphis, Buchanan, Drennan, Deason and John R. Lynch. Buchanan and Harris (Greenback) together made the contest exciting against Manning. Lynch contested the election of Chalmers, who claimed a plu- rality of 3,777, on the ground that 5,538 Republican ballots were wrongfully thrown out under the new election law which prohibi- ted distinguishing marks. Lynch was seated by the House, April 29, 1882. Otherwise the delegation remained the same, 1877-83.
Under the census of 1880 Mississippi was allowed an additional
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congressman, and the State was redistricted as follows: First, Al- corn, Itawamba, Lee, Lowndes, Monroe, Oktibbeha, Prentiss, and Tishomingo; Second, Benton, DeSoto, Lafayette, Marshall, Panola, Tallahatchie, Tate, Tippah, and Union; Third, Bolivar, Coahoma, Issaquena, Leflore, Quitman, Sharkey, Sunflower, Tunica, Warren, and Washington; Fourth, Calhoun, Carroll, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Clay, Grenada, Kemper, Montgomery, Noxubee, Pontotoc, Web- ster, Winston, and Yalobusha; Fifth, Attala, Clarke, Holmes, Jas- per. Lauderdale, Leake, Neshoba, Newton, Scott, Smith, Wayne, and Yazoo; Sixth, Adams, Amite, Covington, Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Jones, Lawrence, Marion, Perry, Pike, and Wilkinson, to which Pearl River was added on its organization in 1800; Seventh, Claiborne, Copiah, Franklin, Hinds, Jefferson, Lin- coln, Madison, Rankin, and Simpson. In 1882 a troublesome con- test arose in the Second district between Manning, Democrat, and Gen. Chalmers, who ran as an independent. The tally sheet of Tate county showed a vote for "J. R. Chambless," though the vote was certified for Chalmers. The secretary of state disregarded the "Chambless" vote and certified the election of Manning. As a re- sult of the contest in congress Chalmers was seated, June 25, 1884, in the 48th Congress. One of the delegation in this congress was a Republican, Elza Jeffords. The remaining five congressmen were Democrats: Ethelbert Barksdale, H. D. Money, H. L. Muldrow, O. R. Singleton, and H. S. Van Eaton. For the 49th Congress (1885-87), and continuously thereafter, a solid Democratic delega- tion was elected: John M. Allen, E. Barksdale, F. G. Barry, T. C. Catchings, J. B. Morgan, O. R. Singleton, and H. S. Van Eaton. The representation in the 50th Congress (1887-89) was John M. Allen, C. L. Anderson, F. G. Barry, T. C. Catchings, C. E. Hooker, J. B. Morgan, and T. R. Stockdale. There were the same represen- tatives in the 51st Congress (1889-1891), except that Clarke Lewis took the place of F. G. Barry. In the 52nd Congress (1891-93), J. C. Kyle and J. H. Beeman replaced C. L. Anderson and J. B. Morgan. The 53rd Congress (1893-95) stood: John M. Allen, J. C. Kyle, T. C. Catchings, H. D. Money, J. S. Williams, T. R. Stockdale and C. E. Hooker. In the 54th Congress (1895-97), W. M. Denny and J. G. Spencer took the places of T. R. Stockdale and C. E. Hooker. The 55th Congress (1897-99) had as representa- tives from Mississippi: John M. Allen, Thomas Spight (from December 5, 1898, in place of W. V. Sullivan appointed to U. S. Senate), T. C. Catchings, A. F. Fox, J. S. Williams, F. A. McLain, and Patrick Henry ; and the same gentlemen were elected for the
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56th Congress (1899-1901). In the 57th Congress (1901-03), E. S. Candler, Jr., and C. E. Hooker replaced John M. Allen and T. C. Catchings. By the census of 1900 Mississippi was allowed another congressman, and the districts now stand: First, Alcorn, Tishomingo, Prentiss, Lee, Itawamba, Monroe, Lowndes, Oktibbeha, and Noxubee ; Second, Tippah, Union, Benton, Marshall, Lafayette, DeSoto, Tate, Panola, and Tallahatchie; Third, Tunica, Quitman, Coahoma, Bolivar, Sunflower, Washington, Leflore, Holmes, Is- saquena, and Sharkey; Fourth, Pontotoc, Chickasaw, Calhoun, Yalobusha, Grenada, Carroll, Montgomery, Clay, Webster, Choc- taw, and Attala; Fifth, Winston, Leake. Neshoba, Kemper, Lauder- dale, Newton, Scott, Smith, Jasper, and Clarke; Sixth, Wayne, Jones, Covington, Simpson, Lawrence, Perry, Jackson, Harrison, Pearl River, Hancock, and Greene, to which Lamar was added on its organization in 1904; Seventh, Claiborne, Copiah, Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Lincoln, Pike, Amite, and Wilkinson; Eighth, Warren, Yazoo, Hinds, Rankin, and Madison. The representatives in the 58th Congress (1903-05) were : E. S. Candler, Jr., Thomas Spight, B. G. Humphreys, W. S. Hill, A. M. Byrd, E. J. Bowers, F. A. McLain, and J. S. Williams; the same gentlemen were re- elected for the 59th and 60th Congresses.
Under the primary election law of 1902, congressmen are chosen at the primaries of the Democratic party. The only opposition at the election in 1904 was in the Seventh or coast district, where 449 votes were cast for a socialist candidate.
Before the amendments to the United States constitution grow- ing out of the war of 1861-65, the representation in the lower house of Congress of any State was based partly upon the number of slaves. The constitution provided then, and remains unchanged : "Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- fifths of all other persons." The Thirteenth amendment trans- ferred the "other persons" to the class of "free persons," and con- sequently enlarged the representation of those States in which the "other persons" were found; the Fourteenth amendment provided that where, in any State, the suffrage was denied any race or color of people, the representation should be correspondingly reduced ; and the Fifteenth amendment absolutely required that there should be no such denial of suffrage to any race or color of people. In
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Congress from time to time the project has been broached of legis- lation to reduce the representation of any State in which there may be restriction of suffrage on account of race or color, and the pos- sibility of such legislation was canvassed in the State constitutional convention of 1890; but the proposed legislation has not so far met with encouragement in any part of the Union.
Conn, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Copiah county, about 20 miles northwest of Hazlehurst, the county seat. Myles Station, on the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley R. R., is the nearest railroad point.
Constitutional Convention of 1817. The act of Congress, ap- proved March 1, 1817, "to enable the people of the western part of the Mississippi territory to form a Constitution and State govern- ment, and for the admission of such State into the Union, on an equal footing with the original States," authorized the inhabitants to "form for themselves a constitution and State government, and to assume such name as they shall deem proper; and the said State when formed shall be admitted into the Union," etc. "All. free white male citizens of the United States," of twenty-one years: of age, residents of the territory one year, who had paid a county or territorial tax, and all persons in other respects qualified to vote for representatives in the assembly, were authorized to choose "representatives to form a convention." The act of congress ap- portioned the representatives among the counties, fixed the day of election on the first Monday and Tuesday in June, 1817, and pro- vided that the convention should meet at the town of Washington, on the first Monday of July. The first business of the convention was stated to be the decision "whether it be or be not expedient, at that time, to form a constitution and State government for the people within the said Territory ; and if it be determined to be ex- pedient, the convention shall be, and hereby are, authorized to form a constitution and State government." The provisos were, (1) that "the State, when formed, shall be republican, and not repug- nant to the principles" of the ordinance of July 13, 1787, between the people and States of the territory northwest of the river Ohio, so far as they had been extended to the Mississippi territory (which was, altogether, except in regard to the prohibition of slavery) ; (2) the convention must by "ordinance irrevocable without the consent of the United States," forever disclaim all right or title to the waste or unappropriated lands, which should remain "at the sole and entire disposition of the United States ;" (3) every tract of land sold by congress should be exempt from State and local taxes
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for five years from the day of sale; (4) lands belonging to non- resident citizens of the United States not resident in the State should never be taxcd higher than the lands of residents; (5) no taxes shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States ; (6) "the river Mississippi, and the navigable rivers and waters leading into the same, or into the gulf of Mexico, shall be common highways, and forcver frec, as well to the inhabitants of the said State; as to other citizens of the United States, without any tax, duty, impost or toll, therefor, imposed by the said State." In aid of the State, Congress provided, by the same act, that after Georgia and the Yazoo "fraud" claimants had been paid from the proceeds of sale of lands, five per cent of the net proceeds of the land offices should be reserved for public roads or canals, three- fifths to be expended inside the State and two-fifths upon roads leading to the State.
An election was accordingly held in each of the fourteen counties, and the following delegates chosen :
Warren county: Henry D. Downs, Andrew Glass. Claiborne county : Daniel Burnet, Walter Leake, Joshua G. Clarke, Thomas Barnes. Amite county: Henry Hanna, Thomas Batchelor, John Burton, Thomas Torrance, Angus Wilkinson, William Lattimore. Lawrence county : Harmon Runnels, George W. King. Hancock county : Noel Jourdan, Amos Burnet. Greene county: Laughlin Mckay, John McRae. Marion county: John Ford, Dougal M'Laughlin. Adams county: David Holmes, Josiah Simpson, James C. Wilkins, John Taylor, Christopher Rankin, Edward Turner, Joseph Sessions, John Steele. Wilkinson county: George Poindexter, Daniel Williams, Abram M. Scott, John Joor, Gerard C. Brandon, Joseph Johnson. Franklin county: John Shaw, James Knox. Jackson county: John McLeod, Thomas Bilbo. Wayne county : James Patton, Clinch Gray. Pike county : David Dickson, William J. Minton, James Y. McNabb. Jefferson county : Cowles Mead, Cato West, Hezekiah J. Balch, Joseph E. Davis.
This "convention of the western part of the Mississippi terri- tory" met at the town of Washington, on July 7, 1817, the 42d year of the independence of the United States of America. The hall used was the Methodist meeting house, an outgrowth of Lorenzo Dow's camp-meeting in 1805. On motion of Daniel Bur- net a ballot was taken for president of the convention, and Gov. David Holmes was duly elected. For secretary Louis Winston was the choice. John Lowrey was made doorkeeper, and Latti-
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more, Burnet, Patton, Turner and Ford were appointed a com- mittee on rules.
Next day Cato West offered a resolution that "it is not expedient at this time to form a constitution and State government." The chair ruled it out of order, and Edward Turner offered a resolution that "it is expedient." Cowles Mead moved to take it up in com- mittee of the whole next day, but the vote was against him, and the convention went at once into committee of the whole on the ques- tion. Next day, the committee reported the Turner resolution, and Poindexter moved to postpone consideration until March 15 next. The president ruled this motion in order, an appeal was taken to the whole house, yeas and nays were demanded by Run- nels and Lattimore, and only five voted against the chair. On the question of postponement, which was then put, the affirmative vote was Balch, Brandon, Batchelor, Burton, Davis, Dickson, Joor, Johnson, Mead, Mclaughlin, Poindexter, Scott, Williams, West -- 14; while the vote against postponement was 33.
Mr. Poindexter dropped out of the opposition now and gave notice of a resolution asking Congress for an extension of the eastern limits, doomed to be futile, but serving a temporary pur- pose to reconcile the advocates of one State. On the final vote upon the Turner resolution, however, there were eleven who stood out against the division-all of the above fourteen but Dickson, McLaughlin and Poindexter.
July 10 a committee of twenty was appointed to prepare a draft of a constitution-Poindexter, chairman, Simpson, Leake, Shaw, Rankin, Wilkins, Downs, West, Lattimore, Hanna, Minton, Run- nels, Ford, Mead, Jourdan, Daniel Burnet, Patton, Mckay, Bilbo and Brandon, to which McNabb was added next day.
Poindexter and others were appointed a committee on memorial for extension of boundary, and on the 11th an adjournment was taken to the 17th to give the committee of twenty-one time to report.
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