USA > Mississippi > Mississippi : comprising sketches of towns, events, institutions, and persons, arranged in cyclopedic form Vol. I > Part 98
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88 | Part 89 | Part 90 | Part 91 | Part 92 | Part 93 | Part 94 | Part 95 | Part 96 | Part 97 | Part 98 | Part 99 | Part 100 | Part 101 | Part 102 | Part 103 | Part 104 | Part 105 | Part 106 | Part 107 | Part 108 | Part 109
After the arrival of Governor Sargent Colonel Hutchins was in opposition to the latter, for the reason, it is stated, that Sargent sought the advice of Ellicott. In this conflict he was more suc- cessful, and the movement, in which he was the main power, re- sulted in the territory having a house of representatives several years before it otherwise could have been expected. He was then a candidate for election to the house, and made the following state- ment, July 10, 1800, at Natchez, before Judge Bruin : "Whereas many years past I bore a commission under His Britannic Majesty and afterward retired upon halfpay, and became a subject to His. Catholic Majesty, to whom I took an oath of allegiance; yet an- nually received my pension or allowance from the British pay office, although not a British subject; and this part of the country since having fallen within the jurisdiction of the United States by treaty of friendship, limits and navigation, I did, pursuant to. the proclamation of Governor Sargent, take the oath of allegiance to the United States and obtained a certificate thereof. And now be it known that on publication of the ordinance of Congress for the institution of an assembly in this Territory, having been so- licited by many of the most respectable inhabitants to offer myself a candidate at such election of representatives to sit and vote in the assembly for said Territory, and it being doubtful with some if such pension would not be against my eligibility, I did therefore, to satisfy the public (and of being useful to the community) agree to relinquish all right to such pension, and I do in virtue hereof exonerate, acquit and release the said British government from any further title or interest I have respecting such allowance or pen- sion or any other such claim whatsoever."
He received a majority of votes, but his election was contested by Governor Sargent.
Sept. 29, 1800, the speaker received this communication: "An- thony Hutchins being duly elected a member of the assembly for this county and being kept from his seat through malice and wan- tonness or other undue cause requests the consideration of the House whether he shall not take immediate possession of a seat in the assembly previous to the conclusion of a scrutiny now be- fore the House." He died about four years later.
One of Col. Hutchins' daughters married Abner Green ; another married William Vousdan, and a son married a daughter of Thomas M. Green, who was a kinsman of Cato West. Another daughter married Ferdinand L. Claiborne, father of the historian, J. F. H. Claiborne.
Hutchins, Thomas, geographer-born in Monmouth, N. J., 1730 -died at Pittsburg, April 28, 1789. ' Before he was 16 he entered the British army as ensign, and became captain and paymaster of the 60th Royal American Regiment. He was assistant engineer in the expedition of Gen. Henry Bouquet in 1764 in Ohio and took part
-
.915
MISSISSIPPI
in the campaign against the Florida Indians. He was associated as surveyor with the British province of West Florida, including the Natchez district, previous to the Revolution. There is now held by Mrs. Kate E. Hutchins, of Gulfport, a deed by "Thomas Hutchins, of the town of Pensacola and the province of West Florida, to Anthony Hutchins, of the District of the Natches, in the province aforesaid," for two thousand acres of land, about 16 miles from Fort Natchez, adjoining the lands of Jacob Winfree. This land was originally patented to Thomas Hutchins. The deed is dated at Pensacola, July 15, 1775, witnessed by Sam- uel Lewis and Elihu Hall Bay, and was recorded by Alexander Macullagh, deputy secretary of the province. The consideration was 1,000 Spanish milled dollars, of the value of 233 pounds, 6 shilling and 8 pence sterling. But while Anthony was loyal to the British interest, Thomas took the side of the revolutionists. His devotion to the cause of American independence caused his arrest and imprisonment for 6 weeks in London, in 1779, on the charge of maintaining correspondence with Benjamin Franklin, then in France. He soon went to Charleston, S. C., where he joined Gen. Nathaniel Greene and received the title of "Geographer-General." He held the title of geographer of the United States after the Rev- olution under the Confederation, and made the first survey of townships in the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, now east- ern Ohio, assisted by Winthrop Sargent. He was succeeded in eminence as a surveyor by Andrew Ellicott. In 1784, he published an "Historical Narrative and Topographical Description of Louis- iana and West Florida." He wrote of the region about Natchez : "The soil at this place is superior to any of the lands on the bor- ders of the river Mississippi, for the production of many articles. The climate is healthy and temperate; the country delight- ful and well watered; and the prospect is beautiful and extensive, variegated by many inequalities and fine meadows, separated by innumerable copses, the trees of which are of different kinds, but mostly of walnut and oak. The district of the Natchez, as well as all along the eastern bank of the Mississippi to the river Ibberville, was settling very fast by daily emigrations from the northern states, but the capture of the British troops on the Mis- sissippi, 1779, put an entire stop to it." And again "Though the quantity of good land on the Mississippi and its branches, from the Bay of Mexico to the river Ohio, a distance of nearly one thou- sand miles, is vastly great, with many conveniences attending it; so likewise we may esteem that in the neighborhood of the Natchez and of the river Yazou the flower of it all." Speaking of the Choc- taw and Chickasaw towns he says "The former is situated on the eastern branch of the Yazou, an hundred miles from the mouth of that river, and consists of nearly 140 warriors: the towns of the latter are about 15 miles west of the northwest branch 150 miles from the Mississippi. They can raise upward of 500 warriors.
The country in which the Choctaw and Chickasaw towns
· are situated, is said to be as healthy as any part of this continent,
916
MISSISSIPPI
the natives scarcely ever being sick. Such of them as frequent the Mississippi, leave its banks as the summer approaches, lest they might partake of the fevers that sometimes visit the low swampy lands bordering on that river." Again he says "twelve miles from the mouth of the Yazou, on the south side, are the Yazou hills. Four miles further up is the place called the Ball Ground, near which a church, fort St. Peter, and a French settlement for- merly stood. They were destroyed by the Yazou Indians in 1729. That nation is now entirely extinct." Of Biloxi, he says "Just opposite to Ship island, on the main land, is situated old Biloxi, in a small bay of the same name, behind L'Isle au Cheveruil, or Buck or Deer island. There are still a few inhabitants at Biloxi, some of whom are the offspring of the original settlers. Their chief employment is raising of cattle and stock, and making pitch and tar; but the natives are very troublesome to them." Describing the country watered by the Pascagoula river, he says "The soil on this river, like all other rivers on the coast of West Florida, grows better the higher up you go; but even near the en-
trance it is far from being bad. There are some good plantations on the east side, but here as well as all the way to the westward, the inhabitants are much molested by the natives, especially by the Choctaws who killed their cattle, etc." Of the harbor of Ship Island he says "it is a very convenient place for shipping the pro- duce of the rivers Pearl, Ibberville and Amit, and the lakes Maure- pas and Ponchartrain." Of the "Tombecbe" he says "The river is navigable for sloops and schooners about 35 leagues above the town of Mobille. Several people have settled on this river, who find the soil to answer beyond their expectation."
Hutchinson, Anderson, was a native of Greenbrier county, Va., where he was educated, becoming familiar with legal procedure while assisting his father who was clerk of the courts. On at- taining manhood he removed to Knoxville, Tenn., read law and gained admission to the bar, after which he practiced for some time as a partner of the celebrated William Kelly, at Huntsville, Ala. Moving, later, to Raymond, Mississippi, he became a partner of Henry S. Foote, who wrote of him that he did not excel as a speak- er, but was deeply read, possessed a sound and vigorous intellect, and was one of the most painstaking, persevering and industrious of office lawyers. Personally, he was a man of the greatest sim- plicity of manner, with unshaken faith in his fellow men, and hon- est in all his affairs. In 1840, in association with Volney E. How- ard, he published a digest of the laws, of which the legislature pur- chased 1,500 copies, and in 1848 he published his Mississippi code, which was received with general approval. About 1850 he re- moved to Texas, where he was honored with a seat on the supreme bench, but had not long held this under the early government when a body of Mexican raiders captured him and others while they were holding court, and confined him several months in the castle of Perote. On being released through the interposition of the American minister at the city of Mexico, Hutchinson returned
917
MISSISSIPPI
to Mississippi and resumed his partnership with Foote. He died in the year 1853.
Hutson, a hamlet of Pike county, 8 miles east of Magnolia, the county seat. The postoffice here was discontinued in 1905 and mail now goes to Magnolia.
Huxford, a postoffice of Hancock county.
Iberville, Pierre le Moyne de, first Royal Governor of Louis- iana, was the third of eleven sons of the brave Charles le Moyne, Seigneur of Longueil, Lower Canada, all of whom were dis- tinguished soldiers of France. He was born at Montreal, July 20, 1662, and entered the service of France at an early age. After a brilliant career in the wars with England and Holland, he re- turned to France in 1697 and was created a Knight of St. Louis in recognition of his eminent services. He took this occasion to urge upon the Court the necessity of prompt action in sending a fleet to the Gulf of Mexico to take possession and plant a colony in Louisiana, which had been neglected since the death of La Salle in 1687. Accordingly, orders were issued in 1698 by Louis XIV for the dispatch of an expedition of colonists to the Mississippi, of which D'Iberville was given the command with the title of Governor-General. France was now to play her part in the great game of strategy with Spain and England for the control of the Mississippi basin. Forts and settlements on the lower Mississippi and the Gulf would provide Canada with a double outlet to the sea, and secure to France the free navigation of these waters, and the English colonies on the Atlantic would be hemmed in between the great French possessions of Canada and Louisiana. Spain, after two centuries of opportunity, had failed to seize the control of the lower Mississippi and had fastened her grasp on the islands and mainland farther to the south. France in actual possession could ignore her title based on early discoveries. The need of haste, however, was apparent; Spain was already in possession of the bay of Pensacola and engaged in establishing a colony there.
The squadron under D'Iberville set sail from Brest on the 24th of October, 1698. It was composed of two frigates, the Marin and Badine, each carrying 30 guns, the former commanded by Compte de Surgeres and the latter by D'Iberville himself, and two smaller vessels, bearing nearly 200 colonists and a company of marines. Among the colonists were many women and children, the families of soldiers, who had been offered liberal inducements to join the expedition. There were also agriculturists and me- chanics, and a full supply of clothing and provisions and necessary implements had been provided. When they arrived in the bay called by the Spaniards Santa Maria de Galvez de Pensacola on January 28, 1699, they did not deem it prudent to remain in the harbor, as two Spanish frigates were already there, and the Span- iards had been engaged for the space of four months in planting their colony. D'Iberville writes "This is certainly a most beauti- ful port equal at least to that of Brest, and has been lost to us by delay." After exploring the Bay of Mobile, and Dauphin, Horn
918
MISSISSIPPI
and Dog islands, they finally anchored on Tuesday, February 10, in the harbor north of Ship island, first called Surgeres, in honor of its discovery by that commander. Here D'Iberville learned from the Biloxi Indians of a large river to the westward, which they called the Malabouchia, and inferring that it was the Mississippi, he resolved to leave his vessels where they were safe and go in search of it. Meanwhile, on February 26, he had dispatched two feluccas in command of D'Sauvol to explore the Pascagoula ten leagues to the northeast. On Friday, the 27th, D'Iberville and his brother Bienville and a force of 51 men, part of whom were French Canadians embarked in two long boats for the purpose of explor- ing the coast to the west, and also to search out the entrance to the Mississippi with a view of ascending that stream and finding a favorable location for a settlement. He thus describes his discov- ery of the mouth of the Mississippi March 2: "At this moment we perceived a pass between two banks, which appeared like is- lands. We saw that the water had changed; tasted and found it fresh, a circumstance that gave us great consolation in that mo- ment of consternation. Soon after we beheld the thick, muddy water. As we advanced, we saw the passes of the river, three in number, and the current of the stream was such that we could not ascend it without difficulty, although the wind was fair and favor- able. The coast consists of nothing more than two narrow strips of land, about a musket shot in width, having the sea on both sides of the river, which flows between these two strips of land, and frequently overflows them. On Tuesday the 3rd, mass was performed, and a Te Deum sung in gratitude for our dis- covery of the entrance of the Mississippi river." Of this first voy- age up the river D'Iberville ascended more than 100 leagues to the village of the Houmas. Strange to say he was constantly assailed with doubts as to whether he was really on the Mississippi, and writes that "he is very much vexed at the Recollet (Narrative of Father Hennepin), whose false narratives (q. v.) had deceived every one and caused our sufferings and total failure of our enter- prise by the time consumed in search of things which alone existed in his imagination." All doubts, however, were finally settled when he found among the Bayagoulas Indians (the Quinipissas of La Salle and Tonty) a letter left by Tonty for La Salle, dated at the village of the Quinipissas April 20, 1686. An old suit of Spanish armour, a relic of De Soto's army, still further identified the river. On the return trip, Bienville, sent his brother down to the mouth to sound the passes, while he himself with a few com- panions returned to Ship Island by way of pass Manchac and lakes Maurepas and Ponchartrain. It had been the intention of D'Iberville to find a suitable place on the Mississippi to establish his colony, but, having failed to find one he proceeded to thorough- ly explore the shores in the vicinity of Ship island in search of a location. He selected an elevated site on the northeast shore of the Bay of Biloxi and there erected a fort, with log cabins for the colonies, which were finished by May 1st. D'Iberville having now
919
MISSISSIPPI
built a fort and founded a colony at the Bay of Biloxi, as the most convenient place to establish commercial relations with the In- dian tribes, the West India Islands, Mexico and Europe, returned to France. He returned the following year and built another fort on the banks of the Mississippi, on learning from Sauvolle that two English armed ships had entered the Mississippi to establish a colony on its banks. These ships sailed back to the Gulf on being informed that they were on the Mississippi, on which the French had established themselves, and therefore they were trespassers. On his return in January, 1700, D'Iberville brought with him sixty Canadian immigrants and a large supply of provisions and stores. He only remained a few days at the fort, and then proceeded to the Mississippi on another voyage of exploration. On his way up the river he selected the site for the new fort twenty-eight leagues from the mouth, and a short distance below the English Turn. After passing the Ellis cliffs he landed at the village of the Natchez, "the most civilized of all the nations," and concluded a treaty of peace with them on the 5th of March. He ascended the river above Grand Gulf and on his return superintended the completion of the fort near the mouth of the river. Bienville was placed in command with a force of 25 men. In May D'Iberville once more returned to France and did not come again to Biloxi until Decem- ber, 1701, when he once more brought a large amount of supplies, arms, etc., and a number of colonists. During his absence, Gover- nor D'Sauvolle had died of yellow fever, leaving. Bienville to suc- ceed him as governor, and the colonists had been reduced by sick- ness to 150 in numbers. In 1702 war was declared by England against France and Spain, and the King of France ordered the headquarters of the governor to be removed to Mobile. Dauphin Island was used as a convenient station for the fleet and for many years it was an important point. In June, 1702, D'Iberville again returned to France, and when about to sail a fourth time for the Mississippi at the close of the year 1704, he was taken seriously ill at Rochelle, and was unable to leave France until the spring of 1706. On reaching the West Indies, he attacked and captured the island of Nevis, and on arriving before Havana, the same year, he died of yellow fever after a short illness. The death of M D'Iberville was severely felt by the colonists, and the more so, as during his long absence from the colony until his death, dissen- sions had arisen among the several colonial authorities which re- tarded its growth.
Ibetoupas. See Indians.
Ida, a postoffice of Prentiss county.
Ideal, a postoffice of Perry county, 6 miles northeast of Hatties- burg, and about 12 miles north of New Augusta, the county seat.
Igo, a postoffice in Lamar county, on the New Orleans & North Eastern R. R., 5 miles northeast of Purvis, the county seat.
Ihrie, a postoffice of Jefferson county, on Coles creek, 12 miles northwest of Fayette, the county seat, and nearest railroad and banking town.
920
MISSISSIPPI
Immigration and Agriculture. A State commissioner of immi- gration and agriculture was required by the constitution of 1869 and by act of legislature in 1820, upon the urgent request of Gov. Alcorn, who said: "When we shall have taught our property own- ers more respect for the laborer's person and the laborer's rights; when we shall have made wages recoverable by summary process ; when we shall have made the obtaining of small holdings more easy of accomplishment, and shall have secured the laborer, under equality before the law, in his enjoyment of personal independence, the sturdy workman of the North and of Europe will consider earnestly the question of coming to Mississippi. . Let us create the attractions for the emigration, and all the rest will fol- low spontaneously. Everything practicable in the promotion of immigration may be accomplished in that way; nothing worth at- tention in any other way."
The commissioner of agriculture was of little value until after 1876. (See Ames Adm.) The office was held by negroes and appropriations for its support were bitterly opposed.
The work was revived after the organization in April, 1878, of the State board of immigration and agriculture. E. G. Wall, com- missioner, was president of the board, which included W. L. Hem- ingway, state treasurer, and H. C. Myers, secretary of state. Wall compiled a pamphlet, "The Resources, Conditions and Wants of the State of Mississippi," which was widely circulated through the railroads and the agents which the board secured in Western States. The railroads ran excursion trains bringing land seekers by the thousand. This effort was sadly embarrassed by the yellow fever in 1878. Wall acted as secretary of the Howard association at Jackson, and used his organization for the purpose of collecting and bringing from the Northwest fifteen car loads of provisions for the stricken population.
The legislature in 1882 appropriated $25,000 for the department, for the ensuing two years, and re-organized the Board, which met in April, 1882, Gov. Robert Lowry, president. A handbook of Mis- sissippi had been published in several languages and given a wide distribution, in the West and in Europe, greatly to the benefit of the State. The board doubtless contributed to the good times of 1880-83, when 1,000,000 acres of levee lands were sold, another 1,- 000,000 of State lands, and 1,200,000 acres of swamp lands and United States lands. Besides, there were homestead entries of 450.000 acres. The Commissioner arranged an exhibit at the Lou- isville exposition in 1883. The State took half the cotton premium money.
Commissioner Wall resigned in 1886, and the bureau of immi- gration was abolished. George W. Carlisle, who succeeded as com- missioner, was the last to hold the office. A revival of the office was urged by Gov. Vardaman in 1906.
The legislature responded by the creation of a Department of Agriculture and Commerce, and H. E. Blakeslee was appointed Commissioner by the Governor.
·
921
MISSISSIPPI
Important Laws. See various administrations, Banking, Levees, Internal Improvements, Finances, Briscoe Bill, Agriculture, Reve- nue Agent, Liquor Laws, Money, Women, Penitentiary, Repudia- tion, etc., etc.
Improve, a post-hamlet of Marion county, 8 miles northeast of Columbia, the county seat, and nearest railroad and banking town. Population in 1900, 48.
Ina, a post-hamlet of Simpson county, 12 miles southwest of Men- denhall. Population in 1900, 57.
Increase, a post-hamlet of Lauderdale county, 12 miles southeast of Meridian. It has a money order postoffice. Population in 1900, 53.
Inda, a post-village in the northern part of Harrison county, on the Gulf & Ship Island R. R., 33 miles north of Gulfport, the county seat. McHenry station, 8 miles south by rail, is the nearest banking town. There is a large lumbering plant located here. Population in 1900, 186.
Independence, a post-village in the northeastern part of Tate county, on Bear Tail creek, an affluent of Coldwater river, 10 miles east of Coldwater, the nearest railroad town, and 40 miles south- east of Memphis. It has two churches, a money order postoffice, several stores, and a good school. Population in 1900, 100.
Indians. The primitive possessors of the greater part of the . present domain of Mississippi were the three historic and powerful tribes of the Choctaws, Chickasaws and Natchez. In addition to these three important tribes, a number of smaller Indian tribes originally held considerable portions of the soil of Mississippi. According to the enumeration given by the eminent authority H. S. Halbert, there lived in the southern part of the State the Biloxis, the Pascagoulas, the Chozettas, the Mactobys and the Chatos ; along the Yazoo river dwelt the tribes of the Chocchumas, the Tunicas, the Yazoos, the Ofogoulas, the Coroas, the Tapouchas, and the Ibetoupas. The great central expanse of the State was the home of the Choctaws; to their north lay the country of the Chickasaws, reaching far up and into western Tennessee; the Natchez Indians occupied a territory of moderate extent, on the Mississippi river, in the vicinity of the old town which has pre- served their name.
Scholars assign the Choctaws and the Chickasaws to the Maskokian (also termed the Muskhogean, or Choctaw-Muskhogean) family of tribes, while the Natchez are assigned to a distinct linguistic family-the Natchesan-in which many of the best authorities such as Powell includes the Taensas ; some of the author- ities also unite with the Natchesan family, the tribes of the Pasca- goulas, Colapissas, and Biloxis. Halbert, however, argues that the Biloxis, and probably the Pascagoulas, are properly assigned to the Northwestern family known as the Siouan, or Dakotan, and Powell takes the same view. Speaking in general terms of the Musk- hogean, or Choctaw-Muskhogean family, it may be said to have occupied for many centuries prior to the coming of the white races
922
MISSISSIPPI
all that vast area of land extending from the Savannah river and the Atlantic west to the Mississippi river, and from the Gulf of Mexico north to the Tennessee river, with the exception of certain small areas in the possession of the Yuchi, Natchez, and some small settlements of Shawni. (Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Eth- nology, p. 94, J. W. Powell.) On page 119, Archeologia Ameri- cana, Gallatin terms this linguistic family, Choctaw-Muskhogee, and makes it include the Muskhogees proper, or the Creeks, who lived on the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers; the Hitchittees, living on the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers; the Seminoles of the Peninsula of Florida; and the Choctaws and Chickasaws of Mississippi and Tennessee. As given by Powell, the principal tribes of the family were the Alibamu, Apalachi, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek or Maskoki proper, Koasati, Seminole, Yamacraw, and Yamasi. Gatschet has thus described the Maskokian family: "Among the various nationalities of the Gulf territories the Maskoki Family of tribes occupied a central and commanding position. Not only the large extent of territory held by them, but also their numbers, their prowess in war, and a certain degree of mental culture and self esteem, made of the Maskoki one of the most important groups in Indian history. From their ethnologic condition of later times, we infer that these tribes have extended for many centuries back in time from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and beyond that river, and from the Appalachian ridge to the Gulf of Mexico." (A. S. Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend, 1, 50, 1884.) He further asserts that they caused much trouble to the English and French colonies, and some of the tribes constantly wavered in their adhesion be- tween the English and French cause. The American Government, after the Revolution, overcame their opposition easily, when neces- sary (Seminoles excepted), as the various tribes were never able to successfully unite. The two main branches of the stock, the Creek and Choctaw Indians, were constantly at war, the circum- stantial proof of which is embodied in their folk lore. From the main people the Choctaws settled in the middle portions of the present State of Mississippi, and by process of segmentation, the Chickasaws, and several smaller tribes, became separated from the parent tribe. The strongest evidence for a community of origin of the Maskoki tribes is furnished by the fact that their dialects belong to one linguistic family. The English spoke of them as Creeks be- cause the English traders, in entering their country from Charleston or Savannah, were compelled to cross a large number of creeks and streams. Gatschet further says, "In the southern part of the Choctaw territory several tribes represented to be of Choctaw lineage appear as distinct from the main branch, and are always mentioned separately. The French colonists called them Mobilians, Tohomes, Pascagoulas, Biloxis, Mougoulachas, Bayagoulas, and Houmas (Oumas). All have disappeared except the Biloxis, of whom scattered remnants live in the forests of Louisiana, south of Red river." (Halbert locates both the Biloxis and the Pasca- goulas as living tribes.)
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.