USA > Mississippi > The westward movement : the colonies and the republic west of the Alleghanies, 1763-1798 with full cartographical illustrations from contemporary sources > Part 43
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Indian,
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Grand Silver
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498 WAYNE'S TREATY AND THE NEW NORTHWEST.
citizen paid towards this greater sum, per capita, but one fifth of the burden imposed on every European subject.
It was not long before it became apparent that the tranquil- lity which Washington looked for was having its effect. The reign of civil content may have been irksome to a few, who, as one of them told Collot, sought the more distant West in order to escape " the plague of justice and law ; " but it gave allure- ment to others, and the immigration into the valley so increased that, during 1795-96, the population of the northwest was thought to have risen to about 15,000.
The first settlement of any extent which the voyager down the Ohio found on the north bank was still that at Marietta. Jedediah Morse, the preacher at Charlestown, Massachusetts, who at this time was finding sales for repeated editions of his Gazetteer, speaks of the town's spacious streets, running at right angles, and its thousand house-lots, each 100 by 90 feet. Collot speaks of the surrounding landscape as " the most agree- able imaginable," with its stately trees, the tulip-tree and the magnolia and the climbing honeysuckle. He says the popula- tion consists of five or six hundred New England families and a few French who had straggled from Gallipolis.
The same observer, going thence to this last-named " wretched abode " of his countrymen, found 140 people there, the " wreck of the Scioto Company." Congress, in some atonement of others' wrong-doing, had made them a grant of seven acres to cach family ; but the land was so bad and unhealthy that Collot ,says it did not support them. To make further amends, in 1796 Congress added 250 acres more to each family, and located the grants near the Little Scioto.
In the country bordering on the Miami River, Cincinnati had grown to have 300 families, and, beside its log cabins, there were some fifteen frame houses. Collot thought the future of New- port, the hamlet across the river, was better assured than that of Cincinnati. Symmes had collected some families at the North Bend, and parties had gone up the Great Miami fifty miles, and settled Dayton. In all his disquietudes, St. Clair had found nothing so perplexing as the issuing by the land companies of divers warrants covering the same territory, and he charged the doings principally upon the irregularities of Symmes and Putnam, as managers of their speculative associa-
.
Bradocks BBay
Rundigut Ber
Oswego
ROSEVELTS PURCHASE
I enesco River.
F. Niagara
Falls.
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Utica
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Lands Sold in) 1791
ERIE
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Susquehannah R,
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THE GENESEE COUNTRY.
[A section of a Map of the Middle States of North America, showing the Genesee Country. It gives the road to that country ; a proposed road farther south from Catskill to Lake Erie ; Morris's Purchase ; the interlacing of the waters of the Susquehanna and Lake Ontario.]
Seneca R. Salt Works
Salt Lake
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F Frie
Buffalo C.
CO.
RIO
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White Oak Run
by the State of New York. .
Granted to the
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500
WAYNE'S TREATY AND THE NEW NORTHWEST.
tion. It was a further disturbance of his sense of justice that, having been the occasion of these disputes, "these gentlemen are allowed to sit in judgment upon them " in their courts.
Upon the quieting of the country by the treaty of Greene- ville, the Scotch-Irish from the Pennsylvania counties along the New York line and from the west ranges had come into the valley in large mimbers. A colony of Swiss settled at the mouth of the Great Scioto. Associates from Kentucky and Virginia had gone farther up that river. One Farley, a Presbyterian minister from Bourbon County in Kentucky, had gone in 1795 up the stream with a party, and had a brush with some wander- ing Shawnees and Senecas, whom Wayne had not succeeded in drawing to Greeneville. Farley, finding the country to his liking, returned in 1796, and on April 1 built the first cabin at Chillicothe.
Wayne's treaty line had thrown all east of the Cayahoga into the hands of the whites for settlement. This opened the east- erly part of that northern section of the State of Ohio claimed by Connecticut, and known as the Western Reserve. West of the Cayahoga line, Connecticut, as early as November, 1792, had set aside a large tract, known as the Firelands, to be devoted in due time to recompense the 1,870 claimants who had suf- fered from the British raids in Connecticut during the Revolu- tion. Wayne's treaty, by throwing this tract into the Indian reservation, had put off the occupation of it.
A year later, Connecticut tried to sell the remaining parts of ,this property, but purchasers were not found till after Wayne's treaty had been made, when, in September, 1795, a number of Connectient people, associating themselves, but without legal incorporation, as the Connecticut Land Company, bought the entire area, paying for it by a return mortgage for $1,200,000, - a sum the basis of the school fund in that State to-day. The principal agent in the enterprise was Oliver Phelps, who eight years before had been engaged with Gorham in a similar speculation in Genesee lands, - selling them to Robert Morris in 1790, and Morris represented $168,000 of this new invest- ment. Six townships five miles square were at once sold to pay the cost of surveying, which was begun the same year. This plotting of townships was a departure from the plan of six miles square, which had already been established in the contiguous
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THE MOHAWK AND WOOD CREEK ROUTE.
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[Section of a "Carte des Troubles de l'Amerique," based on Sauthier and Ratzer, published at Paris by Le Rouge, 1778, showing the Mohawk, Wood Creek, and Lake Oneida route to Oswego and Lake Ontario. It shows the position of Fort Stanwix on the Portage. The streams running south from near Springfield are the sources of the eastern branch of the Susquehanna. The residence of Sir William Johnson near Johnstown is also shown. ]
502 WAYNE'S TREATY AND THE NEW NORTHWEST.
Seven Ranges, and which became the rule. The proprietors are stated in some accounts to have been 35, and in others 48 in number, representing in the aggregate 400 shares at $3,000 each. Each member of the company drew his proportion by lot and held in severalty. The survey, when completed, showed less than 3.000.000 aeres, when earlier, depending on an imperfect knowledge of the shore line of the lake, they had supposed they were bargaining for a third more, so that what they reckoned as costing 30 cents an acre was really purchased at 40 cents.
The question of jurisdiction was still in abeyance. It was for a while uncertain if the company could not in due time make their territory a State of the Union. Congress took the matter under consideration in January, 1796, but suspended action to 1798, the region in the mean while being included by St. Clair in the counties laid out to the south of it. Movements now proceeded which were ended in 1800 by the United States giving a title of the territory to Connecticut, reserving the juris- diction, and that State transferred the title to the company.
A party of fifty pioneers, representing the company, left Connecticut in May, 1796. Their leader was Moses Cleave- land, a militia general of good repute, who was black enough in visage and sturdy enough in figure to seem of a different stock from his Yankee followers. He led them by way of Fort Stanwix and Wood Creek to Lake Ontario, and avoided the fort at Oswego, still held by the British. Reaching Buffalo, the party bargained with Brant and Red Jacket for the Indian title to the land beyond for $2,500 in merchandise. On July 4, they were at Conneaut Creek, which, in recognition of the day, they named Port Independence, and made merry "with several pails of grog." From this point they sent out surveyors to determine the 41° of latitude, their southern line, and to establish the meridian which was the western bound of Penn- sylvania, from which their township ranges were to count. Next, passing on by the lake, the party'kept on the lookout for the mouth of the Cayahoga, on the eastern side of which, and within Wayne's treaty limits, they were intending to found a town. One day they discovered a sharp opening into the land, with a sand-bar and spreading water beyond. They passed the obstruction and, rowing along some marshes, found a spot where the Indians had evidently been accustomed to beach their canoes,
503
THE OHIO ROUTE.
LAKE ONTARIOA
et Toronto
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[This is a section of a " New and Correct Map of the Provinces of New York, New England and Canada," in The American Gazetteer, vol. ii., London, 1762. It shows the route from the Ohio through Cayahoga [Canahogue] to Sandusky, thence by water to Detroit [Fort Pontchartrain]. The curved dotted line, crossing Lake Erie, is the western boundary of Pennsylvania, as claimed and running parallel to the course of the Delaware, its eastern boundary. ]
beneath a sandbank eight feet high. Ascending this declivity, they found a plain, more or less wooded, stretching away inland for two or three miles, to what had been, in geologic times, the
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504 WAYNE'S TREATY AND THE NEW NORTHWEST.
shelving edge of the lake. There had been in the neighbor- hood at some earlier day a few temporary huts, erected by white travelers, for the spot had formed one of the stations in the route between Pittsburg and Detroit. It was now, as was reck- oned, the twelfth township, counting from the Pennsylvania line, and in the seventh range above the 41°, - the site of the future Cleveland. Here, about the 1st of October, 1796, the new settlement took shape under the surveyor's stakes, with homestead lots on the lake, ten-acre lots farther back, and farms of a hundred acres still more distant, - the latter on the line in part of what is now the world-famous Euclid Avenue. The town grew slowly, for the sand-blocked river had proved mala- rious, and we may mark the stages of future development in the abandonment, in 1805, of the other bank of the river by the Indians, and the opening of the Ohio Canal in 1827.
There is little doubt that the delay in determining the ques- tion of jurisdiction had much to do with discouraging settle- ment. While the matter was still pending, Winthrop Sar- gent, who supposed that St. Clair was absent, and that he was acting-governor, had, in August, 1796, set up Wayne County, to include that portion of the Reserve west of the Cayahoga, together with the Michigan peninsula, but the right to federal supervision was denied. Again, in July, 1797, St. Clair him- self included the eastern section in Jefferson County, with similar protests from the occupants to such an assumption of territorial jurisdiction. The title of the United States was assured, as we have seen, in 1800.
The report which Hamilton had made on July 20, 1790, on a plan for disposing of the western lands, was little considered at the time, but now that the treaty of Greeneville had quieted the west, it was again brought up in Congress. There was at first some contention upon the provisions of the new bill, and, as one of the members of Congress wrote, its fate depended on the reconciling " ernde schemes and local views." By the exertions of Gallatin and others. an aet was finally passed, on May 18, 1796, providing for the surveying of townships six miles square, and the selling of lands in sections. It was largely based on the act of 1785. Hamilton had advised putting the price at a dollar an acre ; but the act put the price at two dollars, and
SALES OF PUBLIC LANDS.
sought to make some recompense to poorer people by allowing a system of credit. The sales, however, were small, and within a year less than $5,000 was received into the public treasury,
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[The annexed map is from Joseph Scott's United States Gazetteer, Philadelphia, 1795, - the earliest of such books. ]
and for forty years the expenses of maintaining the system exceeded the returns. The same act of 1796 created the office of Surveyor-General, and the appointment fell, in October, to Rufus Putnam. There had been a tract set aside for paying the bounties for military service in the Revolution. This lay between the Scioto and the Seven Ranges, south of Wayne's
505
506 WAYNE'S TREATY AND THE NEW NORTHWEST.
treaty line and north of a line running in about the latitude of the city of Columbus. This was one of the regions now surveyed.
The preparing of these western lands for sale and settle- ment had kept alive the project of connecting the coast with the Ohio valley, which, under Washington's influence, had taken their earlier shape in the years following the close of the Revo- Intionary War. Rufus King wrote to Gouverneur Morris, in September, 1792: " You hear of companies formed and forming in all the States for the improvement of our inland navigation, and thus the most distant lands will become almost as valuable as those nearest to our markets." Hamilton said, in 1795, that "to maintain connection between the Atlantic and the western country is the knotty point in our affairs, as well as a primary object of our policy."
For some years, a project of conneeting the Hudson and the lakes had been the subject of discussion, and had elieited sundry pamphlets. In March, 1792, a canal company had been incor- porated with this in view. The retention of the posts had kept the project in abeyance, and when Cleaveland, in 1795, had taken the route by Fort Stanwix to reach Ontario, he had fol- lowed what promised, it was then thought, to be the course of such a connection. The route this way was from New York by boat to Albany, by road to Schenectady, by boat to Utiea and Oswego (except the portage at Fort Stanwix) ; then three days on Lake Ontario, a portage at Niagara, two days on Lake Erie to Presqu'Isle, portage to Le Bœuf, and the boat to Pittsburg. The distance thus computed was eight hundred and ninety-one miles, and more than twenty-two days were taken ; while land carriage from Philadelphia, three hundred miles, took eighteen or twenty days ; but a hundredweight of merchandise could be carried a little cheaper from New York. The Hudson route, however, had the disadvantage of being somewhat obstructed from July to October, when the streams were low.
Nearly all the travel so far, however, had been by the over- mountain route from Philadelphia and Baltimore. It took forty days, sometimes increased to sixty days, for a wagon to go from either of these places to Pittsburg and return. Pitts- burg was now a town of about one hundred and fifty houses, brick and wood, and after Wayne's treaty had opened the way
HECKEWELDER'S MAP.
507
Presqueisle
Have a Late Purchase has been made of the state of Connectivity by a number of Gorille man of that State. among whoom is br: Phelps.
Careought C.
front of 2500 has odland to the Moscowves
La Beauf.
Fail Purchase made
of Congress or h. Efort Stata by Pensylvania, for the benefit . if & Communication by Water to Lake Erie. ahorafor
Alle 0,5
Fort Franklin.
Depreciation Lands of Pensylvania
ring ,
Franti
DD Cinetico
Big Beaver Creek
the Fall Pensylvania
Fonction Lands
. Pak from Bimb
T . . .
Pitsburg
Thonongahalle River
[The above map is from a MS. map by Heckewelder (1796), reproduced in the Western Reserve Historical Society's Tract, No. 64 (1884). It shows the region north of Pittsburg and the paths. ]
to an increased population down the Ohio valley, it began to lose the characteristics of a frontier town, as the edge of the wilderness was pushed forward.
The only turnpike in the country was a macadam road that left Philadelphia and extended to Lancaster, a distance of sixty- six miles, and once a week a stage passed over this and on to Harrisburg on the Susquehanna, as the main route in Pennsyl-
Allegheny Quer
dus . MY7A
Pensylvania Line
(Mahony ow) Jour, gajaha
Shenango Branch
508 WAYNE'S TREATY AND THE NEW NORTHWEST.
vania to the mountain passes. While the distance from Phila- delphia to Pittsburg in an air line was two hundred and seventy miles, the road extended it to three hundred and fourteen.
For some years the route west by the Potomac had been improved by progressive canalizing of that river. The land carriage from Fort Cumberland, which had been for some time about fifty miles, on to Redstone, was likely soon to be reduced to twenty miles. Further up the Potomac, from the mouth of Savage River, there was a trail to Cheat River, which people talked of reducing to seventeen miles. "Produce from the Ohio," said Wansey, an English traveler at this time, " can be sent cheaper to Alexandria than English goods can be delivered in London from Northampton." The fur dealers said that Alexandria was four hundred miles nearer the Indian wilds than any other shipping port on the Atlantic. The route from Baltimore to the Ohio was increased from two hundred and twenty-four miles as the bird flies to two hundred and seventy- five by the course followed. In 1796, Collot made some com- putations of the cost of carrying European products up the Mississippi as compared with the Potomac and other over- mountain routes. He found that it cost 36 per cent. more in charges and thirty-five days more in time by the land route to the middle west ; and if St. Louis was the objective port, the excess was 43 per cent. in cost. From New Orleans to the month of the Ohio was one thousand two hundred miles, and boats carrying twenty-five tons and managed by twenty men ,consumed ninety days in the round trip. It required ten days more, if St. Louis was the goal. Putting it another way, Collot says that goods can be conveyed from Philadelphia to Kentucky at a cost of 33 per cent. on the value of the goods, and from New Orleans to Illinois at a charge of only 4 to 43 per cent.
On the Ohio there was an almost incessant procession of flat- boats passing down with merchandise. In 1796, a thousand such craft passed Marietta. Every month a passenger boat left Pittsburg for Cincinnati. Its cabins were bullet proof, and six single-pounder guns were trailed over its gunwales.
In 1794, while Pickering was acting as Postmaster-General, Rufus Putnam arranged with him for a regular mail service on the Ohio. The post-bags were carried by horsemen every
NOTE. - The opposite map of routes west from Alexandria and Lancaster (Philadelphia) is from a map in La Rochefoucault-Liancourt's Travels, London, 1799.
ite
Fort
COUNTY
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WESTMORELAND
Lewistown
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Montgomery
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510 WAYNE'S TREATY AND THE NEW NORTHWEST.
fortnight, from Pittsburg to Wheeling, which was now a town of twelve or fifteen frame and log houses, protected by a small stockaded fort. Here the mail was transferred to a boat, and, after stopping at Marietta and Gallipolis, the craft passed on to Limestone. This river port, which had long been used, was a hamlet built on a high and uneven bank at the foot of a con- siderable hill. Its harbor was the mouth of a small creek, where a few Kentucky boats were usually lying, and were occa- sionally broken up to furnish the plank for more houses. From Limestone the pouches were carried inland to the Kentucky settlements. In 1797, an overland route to Limestone was opened from Wheeling by Ebenezer Zane, in payment for six hundred and forty acres of land which Congress had granted him north of the Ohio.
The mail boat, which was a vessel twenty-four feet long, manned by a steersman and four oarsmen, next passed on to Cincinnati. These boats, like the passenger ones, were armed against Indian attacks, but there was little or no interruption by savage marauders after 1794. It took six days to run from Wheeling to Cincinnati, being an average of sixty miles a day ; twice as much time was consumed in returning.
The western country was at this time entered at three dif- ferent points, for the Niagara route had hardly become a commercial one, and since Pickering pacificd the Six Nations at Canandaigua, in November, 1794, there had been obstacles to its occupancy. These three portals were the sources respec- tively of the Ohio (Alleghany and Monongahela), Kanawha, and Tennessee. The routes converging upon these springs were seven in number. Two of them united at Pittsburg. One of these, starting from Philadelphia, struck by different portages the Alleghany River, which was a stream clearer and a little more rapid than the Monongahela, and its current in- creased from two and a half miles an hour to four or five, according to the state of the water. The other route, which ended at Pittsburg, left Baltimore or Alexandria and passed from the Potomac to the Monongahela. It was an attractive route. The river had firm banks, and was topped with a variety of trees, - buttonwood, hickory, oak, walnut, sugar-maple, and beech, - all growing to large sizes for their kind. Wherever
511
THE WESTERN ROUTES.
the hills fell back from the stream, it was fringed by fertile bottoms. From Fort Cumberland by wagon to Brownsville was eighty miles, and the carrying distance was much less by
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