USA > New Jersey > Essex County > Newark > A History of the city of Newark, New Jersey : embracing practically two and a half centuries, 1666-1913, Volume II > Part 30
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72,675,782
46,848
26,857,170
93,476,652
1880
1,319
25,679,885
30,046
13,171,339
69,252,705
1870
1,131
21,771,145
22,126
11,537,270
48,133,303
1860
765
13,819,605
21,613
6,588,408
27,854,214
COMPARATIVE CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRY-1870 TO 1910.
There is one great metropolis, one great Lake City, one city of brotherly love, so also there is only one Newark, a city of destiny with a future entitling it to be known as a city of opportunity, because of what it has to offer to all who may wish to enter its gates to share in the rich possibilities with which it is surrounded.
Of the great centres of population, only three during the past thirty years can show a more rapid rate of growth-New York, Chicago and Cleve- land; and even the latter, if restricted to a like area of territory, would be lacking; while other centres, like Philadelphia, St. Louis and Boston, show an increased percentage of but 66.19, 65.6 and 68, as against 109.7-the per cent. of growth in Newark covering the period from 1880 to 1910.
In the most recent bulletins in which the percentage of increase in the yearly value of the aggregate product of manufactures is given, the district of Newark is credited with showing an increase of 57.3 per cent., as against 48 per cent. for Buffalo and 40.2 per cent. for St. Louis, while in all other industrial districts into which the whole country is divided, of which there were eleven, the percentages of increase were less than 40 per cent .- the average being 23.8 per cent.
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In the search to ascertain contributory causes for the progress of Newark as a centre of industry, the returns of the Census Bureau reveal the period at which certain new processes were established or new concerns having commenced, and from this source may also be ascertained the disappearance of an industry.
Within the decades between 1860 and 1880 are to be noted many changes. The Newark Silk Mills, the Peters Hosiery Company, the making of soap and tallow candles, the Peter Neninger Company, manufacturers of table oil cloth; the wood-working plant of Turner & Brown and the flour mill of the Fagins having suspended operation.
Between 1880 and 1900 a long list of concerns suspended operation without apparently disturbing the life of the city, among others the Domestic Sewing Machine Company, in which hundreds of men had been employed; the S. Halsey & Sons' Leather Plant, Vail's Hat Factory, the tanneries of J. H. & I. W. Dawson, the New Jersey Chemical Company, the T. B. Peddie Company and J. Lagowitz trunk factories, McAndrews' and Forbes' Licorice Works, the New Jersey Zinc Works, each considered in their day to be among the foremost concerns engaged in the industrial life of Newark.
With the close of the decade ending in 1880, a great many new con- cerns had engaged in manufacturing and several new industries had become elements of the industrial life of Newark. The manufacturing of women's corsets had become a source of profitable employ, James Bowers, Ferris Bros., Benjamin Brothers, Delsarte Corset Company, T. W. Jackson & Co. and Weingarten Brothers having built up a large business in which over 1,400 workers were employed, whose labors were represented by a product valued at over $1,000,000 annually. This industry is to-day one of the leading sources of employ to the women among the workers in the city. paying wages that average as high, if not higher, than those received in any other occupation in which women are engaged.
Each year witnessed the commencement of from fifty to one hundred new plants, many of which within the past fifteen years have developed into extensive concerns in their various lines.
INDUSTRY IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE.
According to the Census returns for the decade ending 1870, the first industry in point of value of output and in the number engaged in the trade, was that of leather, the value being appraised by divisions showing that the tanned leather aggregated $2,736,471; the enameled or patent, $2,731,941; the curried, $2,602,820; while the value of morocco was $525,949, making a total of $8,605,181.
The second in importance was the manufacturing of fur hats, with fifty concerns employing 2,753 men, the annual output reaching the sum of $4,970,570. This was followed by the makers of trunks and valises, in which 1,350 operatives were employed, with an output of $3,993,000. The thirty- two establishments engaged in jewelry manufacture and 1,182 employees represented a combined output of $2,822,820; and the twenty-six breweries $2,587,795.
The output of boots and shoes in which thirty concerns employed 1,248 persons, amounted to $1,946,584. Clothing in which thirty-five plants were engaged produced a total of $1,648,388. Cotton thread, with four concerns manufacturing, made up a total value of $1,113,960. Hardware and sad- dlery, with sixty-seven concerns employing 1,573 persons, turned out $1,946,- 770; and harness, with thirty-five firms and individuals employing 849 operatives, produced $1,324,778.
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HISTORY OF NEWARK
In each of the following industries the output annually amounted to between $500,000 and $1,000,000: Carriages, copper, enamelling, flour mill products, iron foundry, machinery, engines and boilers, paints and colors, sash, doors and blinds, varnish and woolen goods.
Other lines of industry producing to a value between $100,000 and $200,000 were: Bagging, packing boxes, brass foundries, bakeries, buttons, oil cloth, cotton goods, edge tools, fertilizers, furniture, gas, hat materials, hubs and wheels, rubber goods, lumber products, malt, marble work, stone- cutting, musical instruments, paints, paper, plated ware, cloth-printing, silk twist, silverware, soap and candles, springs and axles, cast steel, tobacco, wire and wire work.
There were forty or more industries producing between $25,000 and $100,000 of finished wares yearly, and many other lines whose output was less than $25,000 yearly.
As a city of industry, at this period Newark occupied the rank of twelfth city in point of valne of finished product of manufacture, preceding Buffalo and Milwaukee. A survey of the returns of the year 1890 indicates that there were 201 distant branches of industry within the city, in which 2,490 concerns and individuals were engaged, and in these workshops there were employed 46,848 operatives.
Leather tanned, curried and enameled continued to be the first in Importance in the number of employees, as well as in the aggregate value of output, which amounted to $7,706,877. Second in line came jewelry, with seventy concerns employing 1,967 operatives, producing a value of $4,631,500 yearly.
With a value of product of $6,901,297, the brewing of malt beverages exceeded the aggregate of value of jewelry produced, but as an industry furnishing employment it employed but 927 men, or 50 per cent. of the number engaged in the other industry.
In carpentry and joining the output placed this industry fourth in Importance, the whole number operating being 175, and giving work to 2,339 employees, the aggregate annual value of product being $4,602,297.
Other industries in the order of importance may be enumerated as follows, with aggregate value of products: Hats and caps, $3,506,976; foundry and machine shop products, $3,213,848; clothing, $3,341,037; cot- ton goods, $2,439,602; fertilizers, $2,292,000; chemicals, $2,236,117; boots and shoes, $2,471,018; meat packing, $2,325,396; and the following with an annual product of over $1,000,000 yearly: Bakery products, celluloid, corsets, saddlery hardware, iron and steel, planing mill poducts, stone cutting, plumbing, harness, smelting and refining, stamped tin ware, trunks and valises, varnish, watch cases, thread, electrical apparatus. Added to these there could be enumerated over fifty industries in each of which the product was valued at from $100,000 to over $900,000 yearly; while even a greater number of concerns were producing goods to a value of less than $100,000 and more than $25,000 yearly. A greater growth is indicated in the figures for 1900-a time at which many notable changes in the char- acter of the city and its industrial establishments were taking place.
It is to be noted that with the introduction of electric appliances and machinery, large additional sums of capital were required. The average capital to the whole number of establishments increasing from less than $20,000 in 1880 to over $30,000 in 1900; while between that year and 1910, the amount jumped to the large average of $83,000, indicating the changed conditions and the great strides being made.
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HISTORY OF NEWARK
To further summarize the returns of industry from the figures of the year 1900 would be reciting practically present-day conditions, the whole number reporting being 3,339 establishments, which number included hand trades and concerns of all kinds in which workers were engaged, a fact to be noted when comparison is made with the returns for the decade ending 1910. The total capital invested was reported as $103,191,403. The employees numbered 37,094 men, 11,133 women and 1,323 children, among whom was divided a pay roll yearly of $23,999,442, and whose combined labor turned out a product valued at $126,954,049.
The principal industries noted, in order of importance, were as follows: Leather, $10,887,192; jewelry, $7,364,247; foundry and machine, $5,536,- 893; chemicals, $3,113,095; malt beverages, $8,236,468; hats and caps, $3,453,619; smelting and refining, brass goods, $2,540,245; carpentry, $3,596,388; gold and silver refining, $2,251,298.
Over thirty lines of industry producing from $1,000,000 to $10,000,000 of value yearly, and above seventy-five others adding from $100,000 to $900,000 of value in yearly product to the aggregate.
THE CITY OF INDUSTRY OF TO-DAY.
The forces at work within the city of to-day, with its 1,858 distinctively manufacturing establishments, each employing not less than ten workers, all engaged in pursuits requiring the use of steam or electric power, with several hundred smaller concerns employing less than ten employees, and upwards of 1,500 other concerns or individuals engaged in various hand trades, future possibilities are beyond reckoning, especially if the potential possibilities of the industrial district of the city within a zone of six miles square, which will undoubtedly be included within the municipal limits of the city in the not distant future, is considered.
In the present municipal limits, an army of 75,000 operatives are en- gaged in productive industry, in which a total of 78,263 horse-power is used daily, while the hand trades and kindred occupations give employ to 50,000 additional workers, the combined pay roll equalling the sum of $1,000,000 weekly. Of this great army there are employed in the production of enameled, patent, fancy, high-grade leathers, in sixty-three establishments, 4,149 workers, who divide a pay roll of $2,525,000 yearly, and out of whose labor a finished product is made valued at $18,858,000. There are 4,777 others whose skill in design in the fashioning of artistic articles of gold jewelry returns them a reward each year of $3,763,000, while the owners of the 145 establishments marketed the product for the sum of $13,152,000.
In the machine shops and foundries of this hive of industry, of which there are 168, a total of 7,585 found occupation receiving $5,604,000 yearly, the value of the product being $15,482,000. There are fourteen concerns engaged in the production of light beers and ales and porters, of which there was brewed in 1909 a total of 2,150,000 barrels, by the labor of 1,229 workmen, whose pay roll amounted to $1,041,000, the value of the produc- tion being $12,361,000.
In the manufacture of paints and varnishes, a great increase in pro- duction is to be noted-the value of the product increasing 100 per cent. within the decade since 1900. The industry is carried on by twenty-five con- cerns, who give employment to a total of 1,033 persons, paying annually in salaries and wages $1,150,000, the product having a value of $6,733,000.
Remarkable gains are also shown within recent decades in the manu- facture of chemicals. It will be noted in a preceding table for 1860 that the
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HISTORY OF NEWARK
capital engaged in the industry was but a trifle less than three times the value of production, the latter being $476,000, which during the decade ending 1909 was increased to $4,808,000; while the capital engaged was $6,629,000; the number of workers employed in 1860 was 181, who received $71,700, or an average of $385; while in 1909 those employed, numbering 1,564, were paid $823,000, an average of $525; and adding salaried employees to the number of workers, with salary added to pay roll, as was done with the returns for 1860, the average pay would be $675 per individual.
In the direction and management of the industrial plants of the city, a force of 10,031 are engaged as owners, partners and managers.
In the manufacture of cutlery and edge tools, there were five concerns in 1860; now there are thirty-nine, and from forty-six workers at that period, there are now 1,576, the annual value of goods produced increasing from $61,000 to $2,081,000. Included in these occupations are the manufacturers of high-grade, delicately constructed implements and tools used in modern surgical practice, for which the manufacturers of Newark have been noted from the days when Heinisch established the industry in the city.
With the change from steam to electric power the manufacture of electric appliances and supplies has assumed a proportion second to no other industry in the city since the building of the first dynamo by Edward Weston. The Census returns for the year 1880 include as a reference in the returns for "all other industries," electrical apparatus and supplies, indi- cating one or two concerns being engaged therein, while the returns for the year 1900 show reports of twelve concerns, with an annual output valued at $1,169,056, employing $1,465,000 capital, and furnishing work for 475 employees whose annual pay roll amounted to $263,818, to be increased within the ten years ending 1909 to twenty-one concerns, employing $3,346,- 000 for capital, giving employment to 2,820 workmen and 520 salaried employees, with a pay roll of $2,174,000 yearly, the value of the product amounting to $5,617,000 annually.
Of the growth of industry, instances could be cited in almost all lines that, like the manufacture of varnish, commenced in a small way by Moses Bigelow, that with the advent of other workers, like Franklin Murphy, and the building up of the Murphy Varnish Company, also the success of the Flood & Conklin Company, what at one period was of minor importance, expanded and developed into industries of the first magnitude.
NEWARK MAKES AND THE WORLD TAKES.
The development of the color industry for the manufacturing of paints by the Heller & Merz Company, now known as the "Ultra-Marine Blue Works," may have influenced the location of the Cawley Clark Company, which in turn may have caused the location of the Patton Paint Company and the Sherwin Williams Company, all concerns of importance.
With the building of the immense plant of the Lidgerwood Manufactur- ing Company, the industry for the building of hoisting engines and apparatus for mining operations-commenced and successfully carried on in Newark by Joseph S. Mundy and by the Lambert Hoisting Machine Company-has been made one of the substantial forces for progress.
In the manufacture of machinery and foundry work, the tide of progress is being continued through the expansion of such concerns as the Gould & Eberhardt Company, George A. Ohl & Company, Watts Campbell Company. Maher & Flockhart, Arthur E. Barlow Company, Edward Maher's Sons, the
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HISTORY OF NEWARK
Hay Foundry Company, Hewes & Phillips, and the Public Service Car Shops. In the production of novelties of all description, the name of Newark has been made a household word, wherever a badge or button is worn, or seen through the product turned out by the Whitehead & Hoag Company, which aggregate hundreds of millions of pieces annually; this concern fur- nishing more badges and buttons for advertising purposes, and for use at more conventions, than any other concern in the world, each piece bearing the name of the city as well as that of the maker, and, in the production of novelties for advertising purposes for the use of business men, a similar claim may be entered.
Wherever metal novelties are used, the name of the R. C. Jenkinson Company, Riley-Klotz Company and August Goertz & Company, are known. if the name of the maker and the name of the city were stamped on umbrella frames, Newark, and the Newark Rivet Works, would be on fifty per cent. of all the rain protectors used in the world. So also it would appear on practically every automobile on the American continent if the parts supplied by Newark manufacturers were marked "Made in Newark"; and if the same imprint was stamped on the watch cases produced by the Crescent Watch Case Company, fifty per cent. of the owners of American-made watches would be carrying on their persons an evidence of the skill of Newark workers.
As a conclusion to this record of the industrial progress of the city of Newark, there is appended a summary of the returns of all industries, with a list of the principal lines giving a table of comparative totals including the years 1899, 1904 and 1909.
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NEWARK MANUFACTURES. Comparative Summary for 1909, 1904, and 1899-All Industries Combined and Selected Industries.
INDUSTRY
Census
No. of Establish- ments
No. of Persons Engaged
Capital
Salaries
Wages
Cost of Materials
Value of Products
All industries
1909
1,858
69,986
$154.233,000 119.026,000 97,182,000
$11,777,000 6,685,000 5,256,000
$33,076,000 25,622,000 20,365,000
$114,679,000 80,689,000
150,055,000 112,728,000
Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings.
1909
12
1,585
1.505,000
174,000
704,000
1,673,000
2,901,000
1904
*
15
1,656
1,172,000
119,000
698,000
1,470,000
2,732,000
1899
23
1,225,000
167,000
710,000
1,546,000
2,990,000
Boxes, fancy and paper
1909
13
661
291,000
35,000
187,000
261,000
618,000
1904
11
410
148,000
12,000
123,000
159,000
342,000
1899
9
376
132,000
9,000
90,000
142,000
301,000
1909
22
304
313,000
47,000
139,000
321,000
611,000
1904
21
203
215,000
15,000
95,000
150,000
347,000
1899
16
493,000
5,000
88,000
246,000
421,000
Bread and other bakery prod-
1909
205
1,357
1.646.000
163,000
738,000
2,711.000
4,627,000
ucts
1904
163
1,130
1,347,000
107,000
560,000
1,903,000
3,115,000
1899
179
1,134
1,340,000
107,000
433,000
1,498.000
2,540,000
Buttons
1909
30
1,608
1,018,000
122,000
625,000
856,000
1,907,000
1904
27
1,174
654,000
81,000
445,000
511,000
1,282,000
1899
23
1,113
432,000
46,000
367,000
362.000
912,000
Carriages and wagons and ma- terials
1909
39
394
688,000
27,000
204,000
214,000
599,000
1904
44
737
967,000
54,000
369,000
431,000
1,144,000
1899
50
1,165,000
58,000
364,000
537,000
1,243,000
1904
1,600
57,463
1899
1,573
60,772,000
$202.512,000
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HISTORY OF NEWARK
Brass and bronze products
NEWARK MANUFACTURES .- Continued. Comparative Summary for 1909, 1904, and 1899-All Industries Combined and Selected Industries.
INDUSTRY
Census
No. of Establish- ments
No. of Persons Engaged
Capital
Salaries
Wages
Cost of Materials
Value of Products
Chemicals
.909
9
1,795
6,629,000
386,000 269,000
823,000 630,000 503,000
1,795,000
3,965,000
1899
9
1,231
7,212,000
252,000
1,461,000
3,113,000
Clocks and watches, including cases and materials.
1909
6
586
1,763,000
70,000
276,000
19,000
65,000
170,000
1899
8
1,601,000
59,000
793,000
1,389,000
Clothing, men's, including shirts
1909
73
2,177
1,131,000
95,000
998,000
802,000 672,000
1,850,000
1899
49
359,000
44,000
455,000
319,000
1,143,000
Clothing, women's.
1909
30
2,615
1,739,000
212,000
767,000
1,569,000
3,349,000
1904
20
2.044
936,000
121,000
488,000
1,348,000
2,374,000
1899
24
1,460
932,000
88,000
410,000
716,000
1,643,000
Confectionery
1909
16
471
1,328,000
70,000
131,000
837,000 387,000
932,000
1899
6
87,000
8,000
20,000
85,000
154,000
Copper, tin, and sheet-iron prod-
1909
43
2,883
3,612,000
281,000
1,424,000
1,800,000
4,166,000
ucts
1904
48
2,646
2,759,000
235,000
1,067,000
1,522,000
3,324,000
1899
27
1,018,000
60,000
410,000
526,000
1,245,000
Cutlery and tools, not elsewhere specified
1909
39
1,759
2,162,000
192,000
756,000
646,000
2,081,000
1904
32
1,407
1,677,000
121,000
671,000
546,000
1,722,000
1899
30
...
1,239,000
147,000
628,000
615,000
1,686,000
1904
48
1,771
665,000
57,000
716,000
324,000 61,000 341,000
593,000
1,179,000
1904
3
110
1904
9
1,557
7,512,000
2,404,000
4,805,000
HISTORY OF NEWARK
920
1,635,000
1904
11
307
409,000
18,000
96,000
2,473,000
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NEWARK MANUFACTURES .- Continued. Comparative Summary for 1909, 1904, and 1899-All Industries Combined and Selected Industries.
INDUSTRY
Census
No. of Establish- ments
No. of Persons Engaged
Capital
Salaries
Wages
Cost of Materials
Value of Products
Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies.
1909
21
3,346
7,433,000
658,000
1,516,000
1,482,000
5,617,000
1904
15
1,538
5,177,000
170,000
670,000
845,000
2,549,000
1899
12
574
1,463,000
90,000
264,000
422,000
1,169,000
Fancy articles, not elsewhere specified
1909
14
372
369,000
52,000
137,000
155,000
439,000
1904
11
1,084
1,022,000 842,000
175,000
321,000
468,000
1,160,000
Foundry and machine-shop prod-
1909
168
7,585
13,136,000
1,376,000
4,228,000
6,661,000
15,482,000
1904
*
159
6,528
9,780,000
883,000
3,124,000
3,871,000
10,637,000
1899
*
149
4,992
7,083,000
519,000
2,216,000
3,166,000
7,717,000
Hats, fur-felt
1909
35
2,384
2,176,000
196,000
1,419,000
2,074,000
4,433,000
1904
37
2,795
2,334,000
167,000
1,502,000
2,204,000
4,586,000
1899
31
2,395
1,272,000
111,000
1,155,000
1,741,000
3,454,000
Jewelry
1909
145
4,777
11,937,000
1,252,000
2,511,000
6,240,000
13,152,000
1904
110
3,532
7,133,000
522,000
1,833,000
4,62S,000
9,258,000
1899
98
3,254
5,513,000
395,000
1,556,000
3,823,000
7,364,000
Leather goods
1909
46
865
1,304,000
134,000
382,000
859,000
1,666,000
1904
48
906
911,000
96,000
379,000
907,000
1,811,000
1899
36
1,128,000
82,000
578,000
988,000
2,050,000
Leather, tanned, curried and fin- ished
1909
63
4,149
12,837,000
566,000
2,504,000
13,416,000
18,858,000
1904
52
3,799
9,796,000
347,000
2,108,000
8,610,000
13,578,000
1899
61
3,562
8,087,000
338,000
1,661,000
7,392,000
10,857,000
1899
19
171,000
409,000
552,000
1,583,000
ucts
HISTORY OF NEWARK
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NEWARK MANUFACTURES .- Continued. Comparative Summary for 1909, 1904, and 1899-All Industries Combined and Selected Industries.
INDUSTRY
Census
No. of Establish- ments
No. of Persons Engaged
Capital
Salaries
Wages
Cost of Materials
Value of Products
Liquors, malt
1909
14
1.540
19,928,000
714,000
2,799,000
12,361,000
1904
17
1,461
15,824,000
607,000 490,000
1,041,000 958,000 775,000
1,654,000
8,236,000
Lumber and timber products
1909
26
8:29
1,329,000
86,000
346,000
1,076,000
1,916,000
1904
27
774
665,000
53,000
393,000
693,000
1,253,000
1899
20
479
459,000
43,000
183,000
450,000
793,000
Marble and stone work.
1909
23
333
713,000
47,000
250,000
322,000
834,000
1904
13
412
486,000
47,000
325,000
288,000
886,000
1899
16
436,000
34,000
247,000
325,000
723,000
Mattresses and spring beds
1909
7
323
379,000
44,000
131,000
437,000
664,000
1904
6
83
86,000
13,000
35,000
152,000
240,000
1899
6
32,000
4,000
17,000
72,000
110,000
Millinery and lace goods
1909
9
269
215,000
12,000
201,000
404,000
1904
4
327
217,000
4,000
104,000 94,000
181,000
367,000
# 1899
Oil. not elsewhere specified.
1909
217
1,087,000
133,000
76,000
1,215,000
1,614,000
1904
4
92
434,000
61,000
43,000
753,000
994,000
1899
5
79
322,000
62,000
24,000
424,000
588,000
Paint and Varnish
1909
25
1,033
6,028,000
770,000
385,000
4,268,000
6,733,000
1904
20
790
4,122,000
475,000
284,000
2,522,000
4,706,000
1899
23
709
4,561,000
416,000
277,000
1,945,000
3,644,000
922
HISTORY OF NEWARK
.
1899
16
1,180
12,176,000
2,337,000
10,917,000
٢
-
L
ר
NEWARK MANUFACTURES .- Continued. Comparative Summary for 1909, 1904, and 1899-All Industries Combined and Selected Industries.
-
INDUSTRY
No. of No. of Census Establish- Persons ments
Capital
Salaries
Wages
Cost of Materials
Value of Products
Patent
medicines and
com-
1909
33
244
700,000 404,000 40,000
189,000 37,000 16.000
63,000 39,000
372,000 183,000
959,000
rations
1899
11
77
173,000
Printing and publishing
1909
118
2,180
4,273.000 2,638,000
352.000
743,000 580,000
626,000
2,045,000
Rubber goods, not elsewhere specified
1909
4
169
617,000
34,000
75,000
477,000
691,000
1904
1
119
428.000
16,000
49,000
270,000
134,000
1899
5
108
213,000
11,000
39,000
242,000
361,000
Slaughtering and meat packing
1909
13
355
886,000
55,000
188.000
3,760,000
4,297,000
1904
10
232
122,000
12.000
126,000
2,520,000
2,934,000
1899
12
377,000
33,000
96,000
3,292,000
3,559,000
1909
101
1,735
2,298,000
146,000
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