USA > New Jersey > Salem County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 2 > Part 48
USA > New Jersey > Gloucester County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 2 > Part 48
USA > New Jersey > Cumberland County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 2 > Part 48
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was Josiah, born Sept. 50, 1776. By a second mar- riage with Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Charles Beatty, he had children,-Charles Beatty, born Dec. 18, 1782; Samuel, born Feb. 26, 1755; Philip, who-e birth occurred Jan. 24, 1787 ; Erkuries, born Aug. 17, 1789; and Enoch, the only survivor. Mr. Fithian died Nov. 9, 1821. and his wife, Aug. 6, 1825. Their , son, Dr. Enoch Fithian, was born May 10, 1792, and began the study of medicine in April, 1813, at Roads- town, under the direction of his brother, Dr. Erkurics Fithian, who resided at Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J., and in November, 1814, attended his first course of lectures at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. In the spring of 1815 he received instruction from Dr. William B. Ewing. of Greenwich, and the same year continued his course of medieal leetures.
Having been licensed to practice. he began his pro- fessional career at Roadstown in the spring of 1816, and on the 1st of Jane, 1917, entered into partner-hip with Dr. Ewing, of Greenwich, which was continued until May, 1824, when the retirement of Dr. Ewing from practice caused a dissolution of their professional relations. Dr. Edward MI. Porter, on the 16th of April, 1849, entered into partnership with Dr. Fithian, and continued until 1551, and the same year Dr. Nathaniel R. Newkirk. of Pittsgrove, Salem Co., be- came associated with him. They continued in active practice until 1856, when Dr. Fithian retired from active professional labor, after a successful career of
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GENERAL HISTORY.
that State. Jonathan, the great-grandfather of the pant in local contests. He was for a term chosen as doctor, removed from theuce to New Jersey, and surrogate of the county, was collector of the port of Bridgeton, and an elector on the Presidential ticket in 1856. became a member of the Fenwick colony in Cumber- land County. Among his children was a son Jona- than, who became the father of Smith Bowen. The Hle was actively interested in the cause of educa- tion, a director of the State Normal School, and a member of the School Board of Bridgeton. Dr. Bowen was an enthusiastic Mason, in which order he attained high rank, having been Past Grand Master of the State. His religious belief was in har- mony with the ereed of the Presbyterian Church, of which he was an active member. latter was thrice married. By his union with Miss Jane Potter he had a daughter Jane, who became Mrs. John Buck, and a son, William S., the subject of this biographical sketch. Mr. Bowen's tastes led him to agricultural employments. He was an extensive land-owner and a citizen of much influence in Bridgeton, where his death occurred. His son, Wil- liam S., was born Feb. 21, 1802, in Bridgeton, Ilis death occurred in Bridgeton, May 7, 1872, in his seventy-first year. where the early years of his life were passed. His predilection for study having pointed in the direction EDMUND LEVI BULL WALES, M. D .- Deacon Na- thaniel Wales and his brothers, John and Elkanah, fled from England to escape religious persecution, and settled in Plymouth, Mass., where they were among the earliest settlers in America. From the first two are descended all the branches of the family now in New Jersey. of a professional career, he received a preparatory training at the academy of the village, and having entered Nassau Hall, Princeton College, graduated in 1822. He decided upou medicine as a profession, and began his studie- with Dr. William Elmer, of Bridgeton, receiving in 1824 his diploma from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- vania in Philadelphia. lle became resident physi- cian of the Pine Street Hospital of the latter city. and subsequently settled in his native village, where he continued in uninterrupted practice for a period of half a century.
Dr. Bowen was married to Miss Ellen, daughter of Hon. Thomas Lee, of Cumberland County, to whom were born children, -- William S. and Jane B., who became Mrs. Joseph C. Kirby, of Bridgeton. By a second marriage to Miss Martha II., daughter of John Buck, of Bridgeton, were three children,-John B., Charles MI., and Mary B. The only survivor of these is John B., who chose his father's profession, and graduated from the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of l'ennsylvania in 1861, choosing Bridgeton as a field of labor. In 1862 he was assigned to duty as associate to Professor S. D. Gross in the U'nited States Army Hospital in Philadelphia. IIe Inter re- ceived promotion to the Army of the Cumberland as surgeon of the Thirty-fourth New Jersey Volunteers, and was assigned to duty as division surgeon on the staff of Gen. Brayman. He was subsequently trans- ferred to the staff of Gen. Prince, of the Sixteenth Corps, Army of the Tennessee.
Dr. Bowen, on returning to civil life, resumed his practice in Bridgeton, where he has since re-ided. Hle was married to Miss Hannah, daughter of Jona- than Elmer, of the same .place, and has three chil- dren,-Sidney E., William Courtland, and Martha II. Dr. William S. Bowen, the subject of this sketch, eu- joyed an extended reputation as a successful practi- tioner. He was thoroughly at home in the field of surgery, while his progressive ideas and energetic character enabled him to keep pace with the advance in medical science. He was a member of both County and State Medical Societies.
In politics he was a Democrat, and an active partici-
Timothy, the great-grandfather of Dr. Wales, was one of twenty children of Ebenezer Wales. He mar- ried Sarah Loomis, and had five children, -- Eliza- beth, Timothy, Roger, Sarah, and Roxanna. Tim- othy, of this number, resided for a number of years in New York City, where he was engaged in the government service. His son, Dr. Roger Wales, was born July 19, 1768, and married in 1798 Har- riet Bentley, of Maryland. He was for years a phy- sician of great skill in Cape May County, N. J., and died Sept. 30, 1835. Their four surviving children of the eight born to them were Judge Eli B. Wales, born July 10, 1798, and still living, in his eighty . fifth year, who was thrice married, and had by his first wife, Miss Sarah 11., daughter of Hou. Thomas Hughes, nine children, of whom four are living,-Harriet, who married Capt. Joseph Young : Thomas, who married Miss Martha Tomlin; Dr. Eli B., residing with his father; Mary (Mrs. Walter Barrows); Dr. E. L. B. Wales, the subject of this sketch ; Harriet Ann, wife of Capt. Westley Rogers, a native of Manricetown, N. J., and later of Bridgeton, whose sons, Bentley W. and Eli E., are the contributors of this portrait of their uncle; and Mary Hunter, who became MIrs. Benjamin Hughes, and has two children, Henry and William Hughes, of Cape Island.
Dr. Edmund Levi Bull Wales was born March 15, 1805, and after graduating at Yale College, deter- mined upon the study of medicine. He graduated with honor in 1823 from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, and at once chose Tuckahoe, Cape May Co., N. J., where for a period of fifty-two years he continued in uninterrupted practice. Ilis thorough knowledge of medical science and great skill in sur- gery early made him one of the leading physicians of the county, and secured him a high rank in his pro- fession and a proportionably extended field of labor, with a fortune as the result.
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HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
" Well schooled in classic literature and in the study of his profession, with a nature that lends sympathy in its efforts to relieve suffering, he not only gained the confidence and esteem of the community in all the departments of medicine, but from his philosoph- ical contributions to medical journals became ac- knowledged by the members of his profession to be one of the most cultured physicians of New Jersey. From his celebrity he enjoyed the privilege for more than a quarter of a century of being the instructor of inore medical students than any physician in South Jersey. Deeply absorbed in the studies of his pro- fession, the practice of which embraced an area of twenty-five miles, he, however, in his library and on
vietions, and a supporter of the Presbyterian faith. The church of that denomination at Cold Spring, N. J., was made the recipient of a one-thou-and- dollar legacy on his death, while the Tuckahoe Church received five hundred dollars, and Rev. Allen J. Brown the same amount. His death oc- eurred Aug. 19, 1882, in bis seventy-eighth year.
THOMAS STURDIVANT, M.D .- The Sturdivants are of English ancestry, and were originally residents of Staffordshire, England, from whence, on their emigra- tion to America, they settled in New England. Jo- seph, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Great Britain, and educated in Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, from whence he graduated with
Thomas Sturman toni
the roadway, kept abreast with the polite literature of the day, and in the departments of science, phil- osophy, thenlogy, and politics loved to engage the attention of the young. By his choice and fitty- spoken words the knowledge he wished to convey was made doubly impressive from the innate dignity of his manner while imparting it."
JIe was married to Miss Mary Brick, of Port Eliz- abeth, N. J., and had two children, who died in in- fancy. The mother did not long survive the death of her little ones. The doctor was early a Whig, but later became a Democrat. He was for eighteen years one of the judge- of the Court of Pardons, and wielded an extended influence in the public affairs of the county. He was a man of deep religious con-
honor. Having studied navigation and developed a taste for a seafaring life, he accepted a position a- purser on an East Indian merchantman, and sailed for China. He later became first officer of a similar vessel, and having arrived in New York, determined to settle in Philadelphia. He continued to follow the sea. and eventually becane captain of a vessel sailing to Southern ports. He was married to Miss Eliza- beth Chad Morrison, daughter of William and Sarah Morrison. The great-grandfather of Dr. Stordivan! was a soldier of the Revolution, and killed at the battle of Chadd's Ford. His great-grandmother waa a Harvey, and descended from the famous Harvey family, of Brandywine and Chadd's Ford, his grand- mother having been Sarah Sharp. Mr. and Mrs.
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GENERAL HISTORY.
Sturdivant had two sons and two daughters. the eldest of whom, Thomas, was born on the 4th of March, 1$38, in Philadelphia. He was educated at one of the grammar school- of the city, and after arquitting himself with credit, while preparing to enter the High School, he had the misfortune to lose his father, who died on the west coast of Africa of yellow fever. At the age of fourteen his son Thomas was forced to abandon his studies and seek self-sustaining em- ployment. During a period of five years when thus occupied he devoted three nights of the week to the study of medicine with the family physician, after which he attended three sessions of lectures, and graduated at the l'enn Medical University of Phila- delphia in March, 1860. During the interim of col- lege sessions he became clerk in a drug-store, thus obtaining a knowledge of pharmacy and chemistry. Ile began the practice of medicine in the southern section of Philadelphia in the fall of 1800, and in October, 1861. was appointed out-door physician of the First Poor District of the city, which po-ition he held for three years. In November, 1864, he removed to Greenwich, Cumberland Co., and remained until April, 1866, meanwhile studying the homeopathic system of medicine. Having decided to adopt this school of practice, he sought a new field of labor in Millville. The patronage he obtained was at first limited, but by skill and assiduous attention to the interests of his patients the doctor has made his dis- tinctive method of treatment popular and established a successful and Inerative practice. He was married on the 10th of April, 1862, to Miss Anu Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Moses L. Likens, a well-known commission merchant of Philadelphia. They have had seven children, three of whom are living. The doctor is a Republican in polities, and in his relig- ious preferences a Presbyterian and member of that church at Millville.
He is l'ast Grand and Past District Deputy Grand Master of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, Past Sachem of Manumuskin Tribe of Improved Order of Red Men, a member of Ivanhoe Lodge of Knights of Pythias, a Past Sir Knight Commander of Ivanhoe Division, U. R., No. 3, Knights of Pythins. and was captain for four years and six months of Company A, Fourth Battalion of National Guard of the State of New Jersey. He was for four years cor- oner under Governor Joel Parker, city physician for four years in Millville, and nearly three years physi- cian to the Board of Health. He has always taken an active interest in the cause of education, has been a member of the school board for three years, and is serving in that capacity at the present time (1883).
The Organization of the Cumberland County Medieal Society .- In IS18, the year following the decease of Dr. Jonathan Elmer, a medical society was organized in the county of Cumberland. The State Matical Society was organized in the city of New Brunswick as early as 1766. A new act of incorpora-
tion was passed by the Legislature of New Jersey, Feb. 16, 1816, at the close of the first half-eentmy.
Pursuant to authority given by the Medical Society of the State of New Jersey, a number of licensed practitioners of medicine of the county of Cumber- land met at Bridgeton on the Sth day of December, 1818. for the purpose of organizing a district medical society in said county. Drs. Ebenezer Elmer, Wm. B. Ewing, James B. Parvin, Charles Clark, Lawrence Van Hook, Edmund Sheppard, Daniel C. Pierson, Isaac HI. Hampton, and Enoch Fithian were present at this meeting. Of the number who were interested in the organization of this society, fifty years ago, but one survives, Dr. Enoch Fithian, who is a remarkably well-preserved ohl gentleman, having celebrated at his home in Greenwich, May 10, 1883, his ninety-first birthday.
Dr. Ebenezer Elmer was chosen president of the newly organized society ; Dr. Wm. B. Ewing, vice- president : Dr. Enoch Fithian, secretary; and Drs. Elmer, Ewing, and Pierson were appointed a com- mittee to frame by-laws and regulations, and to report to an adjourned meeting which was ordered to be held at Brewster's Hotel, in Bridgeton, on the second Wednesday of Jannary, 1$19. At this adjourned meet- ing Drs. Thomas W. Peek, William Elmer (1), Francis G. Brewster, Helmes Parvin, William Steeling, John L. Smith, and Benjamin Fisler wore admitted to membership, and the organization completed by the election of Dr. Win. Elmer, Sr., a- treasurer.
The by-laws, rules, and regulations as presented by the committee appointed to draft. the same, and adopted by the society at its mecting in January, 1819, are both comprehensive and well-defined.
The District Medical Society of Cumberland County, thus duly organized, was in successful operation uniil April 27, 1830, at which time it is said that there were so few who attended its meeting, or manifested any interest in its proceedings, that it became extinct.
Upon Thursday, the 9th of November, 1848, the District Medical Society of Cumberland County, after a slumber of eighteen years, was again revived. Drs. Enoch Fithian, Ephraim Buck, William S. Bowen, Jacob W. Ludlam, William Elmer (2), George Tom- linson, and J. Barron Potter met and resolved to make application to the Medical Society of New Jersey to reorganize the District Medical Society of the county of Cumberland.
The request was granted, and by the appointment of the State Society a meeting of medical men was held at the hotel of Edmund Davis, Bridgeton, Nov. 28, 1848. At this meeting there were present, in ad- dition to the gentlemen already named, Drs. Eli E. Bateman, B. Rush Bateman, Willets, Parker, and Charles Butcher, and three weeks later : December 19th), when the " Laws, Rules, and Regulations" were adopted, Dr-, Hampton, Ewing, Joseph Butcher, and Holines were reported as among the number in at- tendance. The constitution of the reorganized society
572
HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
in 1843 has a striking resemblance in the spirit and letter to the constitution adopted in 1-1s. Under these laws and regulations the society has been in successful operation for the la -: twenty years, and its stated meetings have been faithfully aud regularly observed.
The following gentlemen have successively filled the office of president :
1818-20. F .. Elmer. Eritget ..
JS21-22. Willistu 1:, Ewing, Green- « ich.
1821-25. Ephraim Biteman (1), Co- derville.
1528-30). F .. Elmer, Bridgeton. 1544-19. E. Fithian. Greenwich.
ISSU. R. Ruch Bateman. Ce Jarville.
1851. Ephraim Buck, Bridgeton. 185 !. W'm. Elmer (2), Bridgeton. 1853. W'm. S. Bowen. B:ilgeton. 1834. Jacob Lnliam, Deerdell. 1855. I. H. Hampton, Bridgeton. 1556. Eli E. Pats min, Cedarville. 1857. Gen. Toriiton, Roadstown. 1854. N. E. Newkirk, Greenwich. 1859. J. Darren Putter, Bridgeton. 18co. E. Datenin 2, CrJarville. 1861. Joseph Sheppard. Bridgeton. 1862. Charles C. Phillipe, Deerfieldl. 1503. Robert W. Elmer, Bridgetvo.
1504. Thos. IT. Tom'in-on, Shiloh. 1.5. Samuel G. Cati: ! 1, Deerfield. ING6. K. M. Dateninn, Cedarville. Is07. Win. Elmer ;. l., Bridgeton. 1.0s. T. E. Statheins, Greenwich. 1.69. Stetson 1., Bacon, Newport. 1:50. George E. Dutcher, Dividing Creek.
15.1. B. Ensh Bateman, Cedarville. 1ST2. Ges. Tomlinson, Roadstown. 1.1. Eli I. Citomao. Cedarville. Is;+. W'm. Clanr ist, Brllgeton. 1875. Win. L. Newell, Millville. 1:56. J. Birron l'utter, Brolgeton. 1 .::. Jona. S. Whittaker, Milville. IS:S. George M. Pantin, Shlinh. Ist9. J. Barron Fotter, Bridgeton. I-20. B. Rush Esteman, Cedarville. 15.1. John Lugram, Vineland.
IS:2. E. Ademain :1. Cedarville.
1:83. Thomas J. Snulth, Bridgeton.
There have been but five secretaries since the or- ganization of the society. Un ler the old constitution. Dr. Enoch Fithian was elected secretary in 1818. and held the office three years. He was succeeded by Dr. Ephraim Buck, who served in the same capacity two years. Dr. William S. Bowen, who was elected in 1824, continued in office until the society became ex- tinet, in 1830. Since the reorganization, in 1843. D) :. J. Barron Potter, William Elmer (2), and the pre-en: secretary, Henry W. Elmer, have discharged the duties of the secretaryship with fidelity and acceptance.
The names of the treasurers are as follows, viz. : D ... William Elmer (1), Ebenezer Elmer, Ephraim Buck. Holmes Parvin, B. Rush Bateman, William S. Bowen. Eli E. Bateman, Nath. R. Newkirk, and the present incumbent, Joseph Sheppard.
Dr. N. R. Newkirk was elected treasurer in IS00. and continued in office until his death, in 180G.
The annual and semi-annual meetings have always been held in Bridgeton, the county-scat.
The following is a list of all the physicians in this county who have filed copies of their diplomas in the county clerk's office, in accordance with the act passed in 1880, and their places of residence :
Name.
Residence.
Where Graduated.
Graduated.
William S. Applegate.
Faliton
Jefferson College ...
El E. Tteman.
l'elirville.
Malical Society New Jersey ..
Charles brewer ..
M.nyland University, Baltinture,
Iowie W. Brown.
Elwin C. Bidwell
Vinel end
Medical The artment Tale College
Samnel Butcher.
Mauricetuw n
Geur~ } .. ]intelier
Mauricetown
L'unebrity of Pennsylvania
Ephraim Bat-140 ...
Celarsillc.
Cedarville ..
Joseph Butcher
Stet-in L. Ricon.
Port Nerii4.
J. "woon Colle ...
Jacob L' Brunett
Millville ..
Vineland.
Sulloh.
L'olvetsity of Pennsylvania
Curtem J Docker.
Brldzeton.
Medical Swiety of New Jersey.
April 3, IS-4.
Ilobe:t P. Ewing
Greenwich
L'unversity of Pran-yivini .....
L'niversity . f Pent-stranis ...
Heury W. Elmer ..
Brilzetvo.
University of Pennsylvania ..
Henry F .- tou ...
Vinelan.1.
L'utversity of Pennsylvania ...
Theudure Foote.
Vineland
Amfew P. Gardner ...
Vou port.
Ephraim HI lars
Greenwich
University of Pong-ylvania.
Charles T. II :1 ...
Divhling Creek
Jetterv.n C.l. : +
} Geor c. P. Haley Juhn Ilv'tr ......
Despuit
Eclectic Medical College, Pennsylvania.
Geurze A. IL .. riis
American L'aiversity of Phla britain.
Anna M. Ilsie
Vineland
J-Terson C' .lece ...
Sept. 12, 1440.
Jours Jennings.
Heforni-d! )+ sical Society, New York ..
Mary Lucas. ..
Brach': 1:+f . man! Medical College. Now Y .k.
Franklin Lane
Vin-land
Mi!viile.
Shit .. h
L'uiver -::: of Pennsylvania
Match 14. 1-C1. June 20, 1 -1 ?. March 3. 1:4. F-6. 40, 1 ...
Charl-au. Phillips ...
Jiri : zeton
thereity of T'en: . yhvan.3 ..
March 15, 1 .. . March 1 .. ! . . . March 14, 1 - %
Thomas J. Smi:4
Bril rtou.
University of Fran-Droit. Pean M-heal U'iversity ..
Ciarch 1, 2 .... . March 11. 1-2%.
('Jarville ..
L'uive: - ity of louisrivas!s
March. 1 -"1. March 14, :. ..
W'in. Il I'lny stor:h ..
M liville
L'hiver .. ty of l'eun -sivasin ....
Frb. 7. 1 ..:
Emu-ry ) :. Tu! :
Matsolin D. Tall-r
Millville
Jeller-vu C.11.2 ....
University .. [ F-nnsylvania .....
John II. Joure
Bnilceton
Vinelan I
Rovat L'tuve ?- ity of luria.
Chri-l ffier Mastella.
William L. Neweil.
George 3. l':l'in.
J. Barton Potier.
Lidxcton
New Jersey Malical Society ..
Dellesue Voltez- of M- Irvine, N. Y.
Joseph H. Puturm
Bridgetoll.
Bridging
University of Poun -ylvania.
March, 1:5 :. Mar lı 13. 1 -63. June I2. 1:45. Much 12. 1 .... !... 90. 1.7 .. March 3. 1 :: 4. March 10, 1:55. April 4. 1~44. . April 15. 1-1. March 1.2. 1-73. Jan. : 3, 1.4. Dec. 20. 1-2. Feb. 14. 1-7 -. Feb. 25, 1 :***
Henry C. Fichian
Yurt Norris
Eleazer D. Farr.
C'eJarville
Eclectic M- licit.1-se ..
Hoth vy athie Medical College, New York
Jefferson Cull, ge ...
Peno Medical I'niveteity ..
L'hiver-ity of Medicine and surgery, Puil. Jelphia ..
Jolin lugratıl
sterling Medical college, Colunit.uy, Ohio ..
March 12. 1 ;;.
William S. Jones
Millville
April 2, 18:3. J-Ly 6. 1:32. Much 6, 1x55. 1.65.
Jan. 20. 1844.
March 10, 1-14. March 9. 1.3 :. March 14, 1:cl. July 1. 1-61.
Julın B. Powen ....
Erilavton
letters in College ..
April 2, 15da. March 9, le. March 15, 1 :- 2. March 12. 15:1. 4.2. 5. 1 .*:. March 10. 1 -... March 144. 1 ....
C. A. Baker ..
Jetter-on Coilrce ..
Charles If. I'd1e.
Robert W. Elmer ..
William Elmer.
Mauricetown
Codaisille
University of liansylvaula
Icleet e Medical College, New York.
Eritreton
Josefdi ! Die ...
Nov. 1. If. March C, 1-72. March 15. 1 .: "1. Ang. e. Isth. March 15. 1:33.
Thyinn. E. Math 4
March 10. 1 ::.
Havingathe Medical t allege, New York.
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GENERAL HISTORY.
Namo.
Residence.
Whero Gra luated.
Graduated.
George Tomlinson ...
loadstown
New Jersey Medical & ciety.
June 14, 1831.
Joun. S. Whittaker ...
Millville
Jefferson College .
March, 1845.
Maximilian West ..
Millville
Jeder-on College ...
March 20, 1845.
I.ucretia Minerva Wright-l'utuam .....
Bridgetou.
New England Female College
March 5, 1873.
I. Howard Willette ...
Port Elizabeth
Jefferson College.
March 9, 1458.
Stacy M. Wilson ..
I.cesinirg
Luiversity of l'ennsylvania
March 13, 1869.
Theodore Wheaton.
Millville
University of Pennsylvania
March 14, 1879.
Charles Wiley.
Vineland.
Jefferson College
March 10, 1864.
John W. Wade, Jr.
Millville
Philadelphia I'niversity of Medicine ..
Jun. 1, 1876.
CHAPTER LXXXIX.
AGRICULTURE.
THE first settlers found an unbroken forest covering the land in all this portion of the State, except the Indian clearings, which were few and of no large ex- tent. The timber consisted mainly of white, black, and red oak, hickory, chestnut, and pine, and the swampy lands along the banks of the streams were covered with cedar. The first settlers, unlike their Dutch predecessors along the banks of the Delaware, whose main object was to establish posts for trading with the Indians, sought a place for a permanent home, where they might have that religious freedom which had been denied them in their formser abodes. The first and principal business of the settlers, as in all permanent settlements of new countries, was the clearing of the land and the raising of food for them- selves and their horses, cattle, and other stock. They built their houses mostly along the navigable streams, which then constituted the main avenues of travel. The timber had little value to them for many years. When their home wants for buildings, fences, and firewood were supplied the remainder was only an encumbrance to be gotten rid of in the least expen- sive and most expeditions way. The trees were in many cases girdled and left standing, and the crops planted among them. The people lived each upon his own tract of land, and were occupied in agricul- tural pursuits. The villages could hardly be called_ by that name, the houses comprised in them being, as a rule, no nearer to one another than can be found at this day along any of our thickly-settled farming neighborhoods.
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