USA > New Jersey > Salem County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 2 > Part 49
USA > New Jersey > Gloucester County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 2 > Part 49
USA > New Jersey > Cumberland County > History of the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland New Jersey, with biographical sketches of their prominent citizens, vol. 2 > Part 49
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In 1721 the Governor of the province, William Burnet, described Salem, the county-seat, as a very poor fishing village of about twenty houses, and not above seven or eight voters, and no other place was as large.
The means used for tilling the soil were crude and inefficient. The plow was made of wood throughout, the team was generally oxen, and plowing the ground was scarcely more than seratehing the surface. Little manure was made, no fertilizers were used, lime for agricultural purposes was unthought of, and marl was not discovered. The raising of hay on the uplands was considered impracticable, and supplies of that
kind were obtained from the salt marshes, a traet of which was considered a necessary adjunct of every farm, and was regularly bought and sold with it, and worth as much per acre as the farm itself. After the Revolution the demand for timber and fuel in the growing cities of Philadelphia and New York seri- ously checked the development of the agricultural resources of this section of the State. The cutting and hauling the timber to wharves along the various navigable streams occupied the main attention of al- most every farmer, interfering greatly with his farm- ing labors. From this source all his ready money, which was very little, and a large part of his supplies were obtained. For the want of manure and fertil- izers and a better system of farming a great deal of the land became poorer day by day. The portion tilled was cropped until it was exhausted, when it was abandoned, and new ground cleared, only to go through the same agricultural methods. In this county these abandoned commons constituted a con- siderable portion of the cleared land, and were quite common until within the last twenty-five or thirty years, and a few are still to be found. It was supposed that the fertility of these old commons never could be restored. Between 1815 and 1830 many of the inhab- itauts sold their worn-out lands and moved to Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, whose virgin soils, mneh of them without any trees to be cut, offered many in- ducements to those who saw their lands in this section becoming poorer with each succeeding year.
With the general improvement in other branches, a new era gradually developed in agriculture. The iron plowsbare was brought into use, oxen mostly gave place to horses, and new and improved implements of husbandry proved a great boon to the farmer. The four most potent factors in the later agricultural de- velopment of the county and of all South Jersey have been the raising of upland hay, especially clover, the rotation of crops, the application of lime to the soil, and the discovery and use of marl. The first not only furni-hed a larger and better supply of hay, making possible the keeping of more stock, and thereby giving a larger supply of manure, but the strong and vigorous growth of clover, with its im- mensc mass of roots, has caused it to become the great renovating crop, which, along with the use of lime and marl, bas converted those old commons and
574
HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
worn-out lands into as fertile and productive farms as are to be found in any State.
The deposits of marl along Stow Creek and its trib- utaries were discovered about the time the deercas- ing supply of timber turned the attention of farmers to the more thorough cultivation of their cleared lands. At first its value as a fertilizer was considered doubtful by many, but its practical use soon became more general, and the increasing fertility of the lands where it was Used proved the best argument in its favor. Its value to this county cannot be estimated. Lands which had become so poor that wheat could not be grown, and sometimes even rye could scarcely be rai-ed, have become wheat-growing soils. Farms which were sold for ten dollars per acre now bring from one hundred to one hundred and fifty dollars per acre. All the western end of the county, the most highly cultivated and richest portion of it, owes its great fertility to the use of marl. It was first dug and used by Isaac Elwell, on Bishop's Run, a branch of Stow Creek, in 1819, and about ten years later pits were opened on Horse Branch, a tributary of the same creek on the Salem side. Numerous pits are now open, and about twenty thousand tous are dug in this county each year.
The principal commodities raised in the county are whent, corn, oats, rye, Irish and sweet potatoes, hay, tomatoes, poultry, fruits, and truck or market pro: duce. The proximity to New York and Philadelphia and other eities, together with the excellent facilities for reaching them, is causing a steady change in the agriculture of the county. More attention is con- stantly given to the growing of market produce in place of whent, rye, corn, oats, and other standard farm crops. The growing of small fruits has also become a large interest in this county, hundreds of acres being devoted to the raising of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, pears, peaches, and other fruits. Numerous canning establishments have been erceted throughout the county, creating a demand for large supplies, mostly of peaches and tomatoes, which has been fully met by the farmers. The time is not far distant when the cultivation of wheat and the other standard crops will be mostly abandoned, and the county become almost one entire market-garden and fruit-farm.
The Cumberland County Agricultural and Hor- ticultural Society .- The increasing interest in agri- cultural pursuits which developed after 1829 led to the formation of a county agricultural society in 1823. In pursuance of a notice published in the two news- papers of Bridgeton, a number of those interested inet at the hotel of Smith Bowen, in Bridgeton, on January 23d of that year, and, after discussing the question, it was unanimously resolved to form ench a society, and committees were appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws. At the next meeting, held February 13th, the society was organized as "The Cumberland County Agricultural Society," and its !
objeet was " to promote agricultural improvement- and to encourage family manufactures." The fir -; officers were : President, Dr. William B. Ewing ; Vice- Presidents, John Laning, Jr., Lewis Paullin, Nortoa O. Lawrence, and Adrian Cluun; Secretary, Dr. Ephraim Buck ; Treasurer, Ebenezer Elmer ; Diree- tors, Philip Fithian, Stow Creek; John T. Davis and John Miller, Hopewell ; James Lummis and Ephraim MeQueen, Deerfield; Daniel Parvin and William McChesney, Fairfield; Peter Ladow and Charle- Brown, Downe.
The members of the society, comprising the most enterprising agriculturists of that day and many of the leading citizens of the county, were :
Ebenezer Elmer.
Smith Bowen.
W. B. Ewing.
George Adcock.
Norton O. Lawrenco. Robert S. Buck.
John Chirke.
John Bright.
Ephraim Buck.
Simon Siegfried.
Lucius Q. C. Elmer.
Ignatius Thomson.
Julin Compton.
lewis Paullin.
Jolin Laning, Jr.
Samuel B. Davis.
David Hu-tel. John T. Davis.
William McNichols.
John Johnstou.
Daniel l'arrin.
Philip Fithiso.
James Lummis.
William Ah .. Chesney.
Tiphraim Metloven.
James B. Putter.
Gabriel l'arvin.
11. R. Marseilles.
Zaccheus Joslin.
Daniel Elmer.
Charles Brown.
Isaac II. Hampton.
J. D. Westcott, Jr.
Robert Sheppard.
Adrian Clunn.
Jonathan Parvin.
John Miller.
David Reeves.
Jolin Swintiny.
Norton Harris.
Daniel Wells.
The entire schedule of premiums offered for the first exhibition was as follows : For the greatest quan- tity raised on one acre of each of the following crops, viz. : vegetables, sweet potatoes, millet, and corn ; fo! the best faun management, best bull, cow, and boar ; to the person manufacturing in the family the largest quantity of linen cloth, and of woolen cloth, and " to the female who shall present before the society the best Gown Pattern prepared for the loom by herself. $5." It is perhaps needless to remark that the pres- cnt society finds no demand for the offering of the last premium at this day. The first exhibition was held Nov. 18, 1823. A light fall of snow the night before interfered somewhat with its success, but the display of cattle and hogs was good, and a large num- ber of people attended. The second exhibition, in 1824, was much better, and Dr. W. B. Ewing delivered an address on an appropriate subject. The third ex- hibition, in 1825, was quite successful, and was held two days. A fieldl belonging to Ephraim Holmes was used for the display of stock and agricultural hapk- ments, while the domestic manufactures were ex- bibited in a room at the hotel of Jeremiah Buck.
Perhaps no better idea of the state of agricultural improvement in the county can be given than by tir following items from a written report of this exhibi- tion. It says,-
" The display of stock was far superior to that of
1
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--
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575
GENERAL HISTORY.
any former exhibition ; and from the vast collection of farmers and citizens from different parts of the county, and from the neighboring counties who at- tended to witness the scene, the society felt highly gratified."
Among the premiums given were Smith Bowen. for best breeding mare with colt by her side, five dollars; Dr. William Elmer, for the best bull, not more than four years old nor less than one year old, five dollars. This was an imported "improved Durham short- horn." Lemuel Lawrence received a premium of three dollars for a half-blood Durham short-horn. The same premium was allowed for calves of good blood, and Durhams, short-horns, and Holsteins are mentioned as being among the best. Gen. Daniel Eliner exhibited a cow of " Bakewell stock," remark- able as a milker, having given one hundred and thirty- three quarts of milk in one week, from which ten pounds of butter were made.
Sheep of the Dishley blood were on exhibition, the best receiving a premium of two dollars, also hogs of A notice of this exhibition in one of the newspaper, of that date says, " It was manifest to every one pres- extraordinary size and fatness, " far surpassing any animals of the kind ever exhibited ;" six of them, if | ent that the increasing agricultural spirit would very killed during the winter, were estimated to weigh he- speedily supersede the toil-ome and unprofitable labor tween four and five thousand pounds. John John- ' of eutting timber."
ston exhibited eleven pigs from his " imported Eng- lish boar," which were pronounced fine specimens.
Favorable mention is made of other horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep exhibited by different individuals.
Peter Ladow raised upon one-half acre of ground for which he received a premium of three dollars.
ninety-two bushels and three pecks of sweet potatoes, I five years. But its influence was not lost, and it did
The greatest quantity of clover-hay on three acres was raised by Daniel Parvin, six and one-half tons; premium, three dollars.
A number of agricultural implements were on ex- hibition, such as patent chaff-cutter, root-catter, stalk- cutter, cultivator, substratum plow, improved harrow, revolving horse-rake, improved roller, and James Lummis' patent hill or corn-planter, a very ingenious and useful machine.
"The society dined together at the hotel on the last day of the exhibition, after which they proceeded to the election of officers and then adjourned."
Nearly all the sturk was owned by persons living in Bridgeton. Great interest was felt in improved stock at that time. From a letter dated March 22, 1825, it appears that the writer of that date gave two hundred dollars for a bull-calf of imported improved Durham short-horn stock, twenty-two months old. The same winter he sold two calves of mixed bloodl for one hun- dred and twenty-five dollars. The same letter states that "another breed, from the Isle of France, called the Alderney, are celebrated for making large quan- tities of butter from a small quantity of milk."
The fourth exhibition, on Nov. 20, 1826, passed off with good success, but the fifth, in 1827, was a failure. The burden of keeping up the society rested upon a few men, and as the interest in it did not seem to be kept up, it was allowed to go down, after existing for I much towards fostering that spirit of enterprise from which the later agricultural prosperity has arisen.
Twenty-four years later, on Dec. 8, 1851, the friends of agricultural progress again met, at the hotel of E. "In consequenceof the excessive drought which pre- vailed during the last season, the crops in this part of the country were much injured, and in many instances completely destroyed, therefore no certificates were offered for premiums on any other erops." Davis & Son, in Bridgeton, to form a society devoted to this interest. Committees were appointed, and at the second meeting, on Jan. 19, 1852, " The Cumber- land County Agricultural and Horticultural Society" was formed. The first officers were : President, Lewis Among the domestic manufactures premiums were awarded for the best linen diaper, for cotton, woolen, ! and worsted stockings, blankets, bed-quilts, and car- - petings, ranging from one dollar to three dollars, and discretionary premiums were awarded for ele- gant goose-down bedspread, tastefully ornamented by painting, imitation Leghorn hat, and a pair of knit McBride; Vice-Presidents. Dr. J. W. Ladlam, James Stiles, Samuel C. Fithian, and Isaac West ; Corre- sponding Secretary, Dr. Ephraim Buck; Recording Secretary, Franklin Devereux ; Treasurer, Charles E. Elmer. A constitution and by-laws were adopted, modeled in large part from those of the former so- ciety. Quarterly meetings were held through 1852, stockings and vest complete, made by Mrs. Robert : attended by but few persons. No exhibition was Harris, a blind woman. Mention is made of other bed-quilts, domestic cloth from Bridgeton and Cedar- ville factories, and a sample of balls and silk spun by silk-worms raised by Hannah ilowell, of Fairfield. beld, and the society lay dormant until Jan. 25, 1854. New interest having been aroused, on that date a large meeting was held, and it was resolved to hold an exhibition in the ensuing fall. An extensive The first plowing match was held at this exhibi- tion. Only two teams of horses entered, and the pre- mium was awarded to James Lummis. Two yoke of ! 1854, and was very succesful. The annual exhibi- oxen also contended for the prize, which was given to Mr. Hoff. There contests excited much interest, and it was hoped that at the next annual mnecting more teams would be in readiness. schedule of premiums was arranged, and the first exhibition of the present society was held Sept. 23, tiuns were held on the lot now bounded by Commerce, the south side of Oak, Giles, and Lawrence Streets, now mostly covered with handsome residences, which , was leased for the purpose until 1860, when a lot of
576
HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.
about thirteen acres of ground, fronting on the south side of Vine Street above Giles, was purchased, and the exhibitions have been held there annually ever since.
In 1852 and 1983 three additional lots of land ad- joining the former purchase were bought, which en- larged the grounds to nineteen and a half acres, and large aud convenient permaneot buildings were erected during the summer of 1883, at a contract price of two thousand eight hundred and twenty- seven dollars. Previous to that a large tent had been used in which to display the exhibits. The main build- ing is one hundred and five by fifty-eight feet, built in three sections, the centre one being about twenty feet in height, and a wing on each side sixteen feet high, sloping down to ten feet at the eaves. The whole floor is on a level, and the whole building con- stitntes a large and convenient hall, well adapted to the uses of the society. Four other buildings were also built for stock, two of them twenty-two by fifty feet, and two twenty by fifty feet, divided into roomy stalls.
The following have been the presidents of the society since its organization :
1852-53. Lewis Mcbride. 1571-72. Mlorris Bacon.
1834-56. Janes H. l'Inoagio.
1857-58. Charies 2. F.thist.
1659-60. l'rovilence Ludlam.
1676. Jacob Mi. Harris.1
1861-62. Theophilus P. Davis.
1$77-78. Lorenzo Sharp. 1870-80. Jolin S. Holmes.
1863-64. Ebenezer Hall.
1865-66. Lewis M. Hires.
' Tast. Isaac M. Smalley.
1867-68. Harris (g.len, Jr.
1882-83. David MeBride.
1800-Tu. K. tert More.
Its present officers are : President, David McBride; Vice-Presidents, George W. Sheppard, Frank R. Fithian, Joseph C. Bowen, and Robert More ; Sec- retary, Eli E. Rogers ; Treasurer, Charles H. Mfulford.
The society has had a very successful career, and its annual fairs are the great attraction throughout the county. For the last few years it has been held two days, and its thirtieth exhibition, held September 5th and Cth last, was the most successful one since its existence. The society has been of great benefit to the agricultural interests of the county and a potent factor in its improved agricultural condition. Under a similar wise management as in the past, it cannot fail to be a continued stimulus to more improved methods of husbandry, and its annual fair will con- tinue to be the great autumnal gathering of the peo- ple of this and surrounding counties.
CHAPTER XC.
CIVIL LIST AND STATISTICS.
Civil List .- In this list are given the names of those residents of the county who have held impor-
tant offices under the national and State .gover :. ments and those who have hell county offices.
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Jonathan Mmer, March 4, 17:3, t , March 3. 1721.
Fibraim Bateman, Nov. 19, 1-24, to Jan. 30, 1820.
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.
Dr. Jonathan Elmer. 1776-77. 1751-83, 1767, 1782.
Ebenezer Elmier, Isot to I-7.
Dr. Ephraim Batecian, 1915 to 1823.
Thomas 1.ve, 1855 to 13 ..
Lucius 12. C. Elmer, 1543 to 1845.
James G. Hampton, 1-45 to 1842."
John T. Nixou, 1. 79 to 1:50.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.
Jobin T. Nixon, 1870 to present time.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT ATTORNEY.
Lucius Q. C. Elmer, 1823 10 1820.
GOVERNOR.
Elias P. Secicy, Feb. 27, IS33, to Oct. 25, 1833.
SECRETARY OF STATE.
James D. Westcott, appointed Oct. 20, ISCO; rearpoiuteil Oct. 30, 1505; served w Oct. 30, life.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL.
Ebenezer Elmer, July 16-23, 1804, to Nov. 29, 1501.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT.
Daniel Eimer, March 0, 1:41, to January, 1845.
Lucius Q. C. Eliner, Feb. 5, 1932, to Feb. 3, 1850 ; Aug. 22, 1861, to Marchi 15, 1$50.
JUDGES OF THE COURT OF ERRORS AND APPEALS.
Jusbua Brick, Feb. 5, 1845, to January -June, 1516. Joualban S. Whitaker, Muich 18, 1ss1, tu present time.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Lucius Q. C. Elmer, Fel mary, 180, to February, 1632.
In addition to these, Richard Howell, clerk of the Supreme Court from 1788 to 1722, and Governor from 1792 to 1801; Jo-eph Bloomfield, attorney-general from 1783 to 1792, and Governor from 1501 to 1802 and from 1803 to 1$12; Benjamin F. Lee, clerk of the Supreme Court from 1872 to the present time ; Charles Ewing, chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1824 . to 1832; John Moore White, attorney-general from 1833 to 1838, and an associate justice of the Supreme Court from 1838 to 1845, were all natives of this county, except Bloomfield and Howell, and they began their professional careers in Bridgeton.
Officers of Salem County before Cumberland was set off' who resided within the limits of Cumberland:
SHERIFF.
William Dare, Dec. 9, 1704, to Sept. 13, 1705.
STATE NAVAL OFFICERS.
Previous to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States the power to regulate commerce rested in the respective State governments. The State of New Jersey passed au act " for regulating navigation and trade in this State" Dec. 21, 1781, which pro- vided for the appointment by joint meeting of a naval officer residing in each of the counties of Mid- dlesex, Burlington, and Cumberland, to hold office for three years, and established custom-houses under
1 Diel Juring the year.
1573. Samuel G. Cattell, M. D. 1574-15. Charles Windnutt.
577
GENERAL HISTORY.
charge of the naval officers. With the adoption of the . Dr. Auch Piers in, ar intel Nov. 1, 18 4: feappointed Oct. 25, 1500: Unite ! States Constitution this act ceased to have any Jonathan Holmes, appr inted by Governor May, 1813. force, and was repealed. Under this act Eli Elmer. of Dr. Ella polen, spr inted Oct. 29, 1:15: db i Dec. 6. 1813. JiNl May. 1-13. Bridgeton, was appointed naval officer for the Western Dr. Benezer Elm-1. app inted by Governor December, 1813. District Dec. 20, 1781; and reappointed Dec. 21, 1784, Elenezer Seeley. ipa inted Feb. 9, 1-14 : real.poiuti 1 Feb. 5. 1510, Der. and Oct. 81, 1787. 0, 182, and Nov. 2. 1828.
County Officers. SHERIFFS.
Before the Revolution sheriils were appointed by the Governors, to hold office for three years or during his pleasure. Under the Constitutions of 1776 and 1844 they were elected by the people annually, and could holl the office ouly three successive years, and the custom was to re-eleet, without opposition, until each had occupied the office for three years. The amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1875 made the term of office three years. The following persons have held the office :
1747. Ananias Sayre. 1822. John Laning, Jr.
17Ff. Samnel Fithan, Jr.
1823. Robert S. Bock.
1:54. Ananias Sayre.
1218 Josiah Shaw.
1555. Maskell Ewing.
1831. Daniel M. Wordrunt.
1:00. SHas Newcomb.
1×4. Cornelins Lupton.
1763. Howell Powell.
1837. David Campbell.
1766. Theophilus Eliner.
1:09. Theanas Maskell.
1,72. Jonathan Elmer.
1.75, David Bowen.
1776. Joel Fithian.
1779. William Keleny.
1781. Daniel Maskell.
Is1. bli Elmer.
1787. Joseph Buck.
1851. James Stile4.
1:30. bavid Potter.
INH. Nathaniel Stratton.
1723. lienben Burgin.
145%. Jonathan lithian.
1700. George Burgin.
1800. 1.ewia 11. Dowaney.
1500. Jeremiah Bennett, Jr.
1865. Charica L. Watson.
1.02. Ľuoch Burgio.
1506. Samuel Peacock.
1.05. Tinuthy Eliner 12d .
14. Foul !unthorn.
1502. John Buck.
1.72. JADI+ 1 .. Wilson.
1-10. Willam Bose.
1845. Charles G. Hampton.
1513. John Sibley.
18:8. David Mcbride.
1-16. Dan sınıkins.
1881. Setlı }, Ilusted.
1519. Williamu R. Fithian.
COUNTY CLERKS.
County clerks were appointed by the Governor to hold at his pleasure, or during good behavior. until 1776. From 1776 to the new Constitution, in 1844, they were appointed by joint meeting of the Legis- lature for the term of five years. All vacancies were filled by the Governor until the next joint meeting. Under the Constitution of 1814 they are elected by the people, and vacancies filled as before until the next election. The following have held the office :
Hlas Cotting, appointed May, 1848, to hold dating pleasure of Gor-
+ r:or; reappointed Deceniber, 1755, in bull during good behavior : died 1737.
Daniel LImer (20), appointed Dec. 1, 1777 ; diel May 2, Not.
Mark+ 1 Ewing, appointed May, 170) ; reappointed Feb. 15, 1762. 1o huld during pleasure of the Governor ; declined to serve ouder the State
Jonathan Limer, appointed by julet meeting Sept. 6, 176 ; realpointed Se14. 29, 17-1 ; resigned March IT, 1/6; reajjminted pame date ; resigned Nov. 2, 17:7.
James Gilen, ajawinted Nov. 2, 1789 ; reapywanted 1794 and 1792.
Sunnel Seeley, apr inted Feb. 27, 18. 3.
Josiah Fithian, Afqq- intel Feb. 28, 1838 : died Inty 11, 1812.
Eno- Sveley, appointed by Governor July, 1.12.
Daniel M. Woodruff, appointed Ort. 28, 1842 : reappointed by Goverhur stration O1. 17, 11 : clected by pe plo Nov. 2, 1847.
. Ephraim C. Sheppard. Elected Nov. 2. 1852.
Providence Endlam elected Nov. 3, 1857.
Theoldulus G. Compte n, elected Nov. 4, 15+2; re-elected Nov. 5. 1867. Daniel Sharp, dected Nov. 5, 1,72 : re-elected Nov. 6, 1877.
Francis L. Godfrey, theted Nov. 1, 12.2.
SURROGATES.
Surrogates were appointed by the Governor, to hold at bis pleasure, until Nov. 28, 1822, when a law was passed for their appointment by the joint meeting of the Legislature, to hold for five years; vacancies to be filled by the Governor until the Legislature met. This continued the law until the Constitution of 1844, by which the office was made elective by the people.
Elias Cotting, appointed May, 171 ; died 1757.
Daniel Etmier (20), or, anteil Dec. 1, 1757 : died May 2, 1761.
Maskell Ewing, uff ited May, Hot; remppointed Much 22, 1762, and also 1:67 ; declined lo serve under new Constitution
Thenphitu- Eliner, appdusted September, 1776.
Jonathan Elmer, apr Inted 1784.
George Burgin, npt inted March 2, 1801 ; resigned October, 1810.
Dłeurzer Elmer, aj : vinted October. Is10.
Jonathan Elmer, af t Inted Derendor, 1912.
Saurel Moore Shute, af pointed July. 1:13.
Tunothy Khmer 24 . appointed by Governor April, 1813; reappointed by joint meeting Nov. 20, 1:22, 0-1. 26, 1827, and Oct. 31, 1832; died March 11, Is'.
Dr. William S. Bowen, appointed by Governor March, 1836, and the Legislature failing to elect, he was renppofuted by the Governor in April, 1537 ; restghel Muy 23, le ;.
Jamies 21. Newell, a1,. inted by Guvern & June, 1837.
Itugh B. Merevilles, appointed Out. 27. 1837 ; reappointed Oct. 28, 1842 ; appointed by G. veruor Stratton: Oct. 27, 1×47; elected by the , cople Nov. 2. 1-15.
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