USA > New York > Chautauqua County > Gazetteer and business directory of Chautauqua County, N.Y., for 1873-4 > Part 6
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A notice from landlord to tenant to quit possession of premises requires no stamp.
A stamp tax is imposed upon every "manifest for custom-house entry or clear ance of the cargo of any ship. vessel, or steamer for a foreign port." The amount of this tax in each case depends upon the registered tonnage of the vessel.
If a vessel clears in ballast and has no cargo whatever, no stamp is necessary ; but if she has any, however emall the amount -a stamp should be used.
all the estate and effects, real, personal, and mixed, undiminished by the debts of the estate for or in respect of which such probate or letters are applied for.
When the property belonging to the es- tate of a person deceased, lies under dif- ferent jurisdictions and it becomes neces- sary to take out letters in two or more places, the letters should be stamped ac- cording to the value of all the property, real. personal, and mixed, for or in respect of which the particular letters in each case are issued.
Letters de bonis non should be stamped according to the amount of property re- maining to be administered upon thereun- der, regardless of the stamps upon the orig- inal letters.
A mere copy of an instrument is not sub- ject to stamp duty unless it is a certified one, in which case a five-cent stamp should be affixed to the certificate of the person attesting it; but when the instrument is executed and issued in duplicate, triplicate, &c., as in the case of a lease of two or more parts, each part has the same legal effect as the other, and each should be stamped as au original.
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POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS.
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POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS.
LETTERS .- The law requires postage on all letters (including those to foreign coun- tries when prepaid), excepting those writ- ten to the President or Vice President, or members of Congress, or (on official busi- ness) to the chiefs of the executive depart- menta of the Government, and the heads of bureaux and chief clerks, and others invest- ed with the franking privilege, to be pre- paid by stamps or stamped envelopes, pre- payment in money being prohibited.
All drop-letters must be prepaid. The rate of postage on drop-letters, at offices where free delivery by carrier is establish- ed, is two cents per half ounce or fraction of a half ounce ; at offices where such free delivery is NOT established the rate is one cent.
The single rate of postage on all domes- tic mail letters throughout the United States, is three cents per half ounce, with an additional rate of three cents for each additional half ounce or fraction of a half ounce. The ten cent (Pacific) rate isjabol- ished.
NEWSPAPERS, ETC .- Letter postage is to be charged on all handbills, circulars, or other printed matter which shall contain Any manuscript writing whatever.
Daguerreotypes, when sent in the mail, ste to be charged with letter postage by weight.
Photographs on cards, paper, and other fusible material, (not in cases), can be sent at the saine rate as miscellaneous printed Inatter. viz., two cents for each four ounces or fraction thereof.
Photograph Albums are chargeable with book postage-four cents for each four ounces or fraction thereof.'
NEWSPAPER POSTAGE .- Postage on daily papers to subscribers when prepaid quar- teriy or yearly in advance, either at the mailing office or office of delivery, per quarter (three months), 35 cts. ; six times per werk, per quarter 30 cts. ; for tri-week- y, per quarter 15 cts. ; for semi-weekly, per ;" irter 10 cts. ; for weekly, per quarter 5
Wwwkly newspapers (one copy only) sent by the publisher to actual sub-cribers with- In the county where printed and published, FREE.
Postage per quarter (to be paid quarterly or yearly in advance) on newspapers and periodicale issued less frequently than once a week, sent to actual subscribers in any part of the United States : Semi-monthly, not over 4 oz., 6 cts. ; over 4 oz. and not over 8 oz., 12 cts. ; over 8 oz. and not over 12 oz., 18 cts. ; monthly, not over 4 oz., 3 cts : over 4 oz. and not over 8 oz., 6 cts. ; over 8 oz. and not over 12 oz., 9 cts. ; quarterly, not over 4 oz., 1 cent; over 4 oz. and not over S oz., 2 cts. ; over 8 oz. and not over 12 oz., 3 cts.
TRANSIENT MATTER .- Books not over 4 oz. in weight, to one address, 4 cts. ; over 4 oz. and not over 8 oz., S cts. ; over S oz. and not over 12 oz., 12 cts. ; over 12 oz. and not over 16 oz., 16 cts.
Circulars not exceeding three in number to one address, 2 cts. ; over 3 and not over 6, 4 cts. ; over 6 and not over 9, 6 cts. ; over 9 and not exceeding 12, 8 cts.
On miscellaneous mailable matter, (em- bracing all pamphlets, occasional publica- tions, transient newspapers, hand-bills and postere, book manuscriptsand proof-sheets. whether corrected or not, maps. prints, en- gravings, sheet music, blanks, flexible pat- terns, samples, and sample cards, phono- graphic paper, letter envelopes, postal en- velopes or wrappers, cards, paper, plain or ornamental, photographic representations of different types, seeds, cuttings. bulbs. roots and ecions,) the postage to be pre-paid by stamps, is on one package, to one ad- dress, not over 4 oz. in weight, 2 cts. ; over 4 oz. and not over 8 oz., 4 cts. ; over 8 oz. and not over 12 oz., 6 cts. ; over 12 oz. and not over 16 oz., 8 cts. The weight of pack- ages of seeds, cuttings, roots and ecions. to be franked, is limited to thirty-two. ounces.
Any word or communication, whether by printing, writing, mark- or signs, upon the cover or wrapper of a newspaper, pamphlet. magazine, or other printed matter, other than she name or address of the person to whom it is to be sent, and the date when the subscription expires, subjects the pack- age to letter postage.
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RULES FOR DETECTING COUNTERFEIT BANK NOTES.
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Infallible Rules for Detecting Counterfeit or Spurious Bank Notes.
RULE 1st .- Examine the shading of the | fine letters. Counterfeits never bear the letters in title of Bank called LATHEWORK, imprint perfect. This rule should be strict- ly observed, as it is infallible in detecting counterfeits. which in genuine notes presents an even, straight, light and silky appearance, gen- erally so fine and smooth as to appear to be all in one solid, pale body. In the counter- feit the lines are coarse and irregular, and in many of the longer lines breaks will be perceived, thus presenting a very inferior finish in comparison to genuine work.
2d .- Observe the dies, circles and ovals in the genuine; they are composed of a network of lines, which, by crossing each other at certain angles, produce an endless variety of figures ; SEE THE ONE CENT STAMP ATTACHED. The fine line alone is the unit which enables you to detect spurious work. In the counterfeit, the BEPRESENTED white lines are coarse, irregular, and cross each other in a confused, irregular manner, thus producing blurred and imperfect figures.
3d .- Examine the form and features of all human figures on the note. In the gen- uine, the texture of the skin is represented by fine dots and lines intermixed. In the eyes, the pupil is distinctly visible, and the white clearly seen ; the nose, month and chin, Well formed, natural and expressive ; the lips are slightly pouring, and the chin well thrown out; and the delicate shading of the neck perfectly harmonizes with the rest of the figure. Observe the fingers and toes ; they should be clearly and accurately defined. The hair of the head should show the fine strands and present a natural ap- pearance. The folds of the drapery of hn- man figures should lay natural and present a fine, finished appearance. In the counter- feit the female figure does not bear the natural prominence in outlines; observe. the eyes and shading surrounding does not present the lifelike appearance it should. The Enders an Lton: are not properly and proportionately den ied : the bair does not beur that soft and finished appearance as in the genuine.
5th .- In the genuine note the landscapes are well finished ; trees and shrubs are neatly drawn ; the limbs well proportioned. and the foliage presenting a fine natural appearance ; clear sky is formed of fine parallel lines, and when clouds or heavy skies appear, they cross each other. and bear a soft, smooth aud natural appear- ance. The perspective, showing a view of the surrounding country. is always clear and distinct. The small figures in the background are always plainly seen, and their outlines and general character re- cognized. Ships are well defined and the canvass has & clear texture ; railroad cars are very accurately delineated ; in examin- ing a train observe carefully the car most distant. In the counterfeit the landscape is usually poorly executed ; the leaves of trees poorly and unnaturally defined .- The lines representing still water are scratchy rather than parallel, the sky is represented generally in like manner, and where rolling clouds are to be seen, the unnatural effect is obvious. Domestic animals are generally poorly executed, particularly the head and limbs ; the eyes are seldom clearly defined. Ships are poorly drawn, the texture of the canvass coarse and inferior in style of workman- ship, thus giving an artificial appearance. Railroad cars are also poorly executed ; the car farthest from the eye is usually the most imperfect. The perspective is always imperfect, the figures ir the background can seldom be recognized.
6th .- Bills altered from a smaller to a higher denomination, can readily be de- terted by a clore observer, in consequence of the striking difference between the parts which have been extracted and the rest of the hote. This difference is readily per- ceived in the lack of color, body and finish of the dye; we have seen bills where the
4th .- Examine the imprint or engraver's names in the evenness and shape of the | surrounding shading in altered dies was
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HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
the title or name of the bank, third the town or location.
too dark, but from the back or finish of the | tected by observing first the state, second white lines you have a sure test. Again (h-erve particularly the words " Five " or " Teu Dollars " as the case may be, denot. GENERAL REMARKS IN REFERENCE TO COUNTERFEITS .- The paper on which they are printed is generally of a very inferior quality, with less body, finish and tough- Dess than bank note paper has. The ink generally lacks the rich luster of the gen- uine : the red letters and figures are gen- erally imperfect, and the ink does not pre- sent the vermillion hue as it should. The printing is generally inferior, usually ex- hibiting specks of white in the most promi- nent letters. The date and filling up, and the President's and Cashier's names are generally written by the same person, although in many instances they present & different appearance. There are bills in circulation bearing either genuine dies or vignettes; but upon close examination you will be enabled to detect any spurious bill, whether counterfeit or altered, by the instructions here given, if persevered in for a short time. We beg to suggest, it time will admit, the learner should examine minutely every bill he receives. A pow- erful pocket magnifying glass, which can be purchased for from fifty cents to one dol- lar at any of the opticians, will greatly en- able you to see and comprehend the differ- ence between genuine and spurious work. Ing the denomination of the note; the inmallel outlines and shading (if any) are coarse and imperfect. Alterations are fre- quently made by pasting a greater denomi- nation over & smaller, but by holding the bill up to the light, the fraud will be per- celved. Another method resorted to is to cut out the figures in the dies as well as the worde one dollar, or the words two of three as the case may be, and with a sharp eraser, scrape down the ends and also the edges of the pieces to be inserted ; when the pieces thus prepared are affixed they are hardly perceivable : but by passing the note through the hand. so as to feel the die both with the finger and thumb at the same time, the fraud will be de- tected by the stiffness of the outer edges, "occasioned by the gum or method adopted" in affixing the parts. The letter S should always be examined, as in many alterations it is pasted or stamped at the end of the word " dollar;" and even when stamped there, the carrying out of the ont- linee for its shading will readily show the fraud. Bills of broken banks are frequent- ly altered by extracting the name of bank, state and town; they may readily be de-
HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
What will my readers give to know how to get rich? Now, I will not vouch that the following rules will enable every per- ron who may read them to acquire wealth ; but this I will answer for, that if ever a man does grow rich by honest means, and retains his wealth for any length of time, he must practice upon the principles laid down in the following essay. The re- marks are not original with me, but I strongly commend them to the attention of every young man, at least as affordiug the true secret of success in attaining wealth. A single perusal of such an essay st an impre-sible moment, has sometimes A Very wonderful effect upon the disposi- tion and character.
her shrine. Now, all this is a vile slander upon the dear blind lady.
Although wealth often appears the result of mere accident, or a fortunate coneur- rence of favorable circumstances without any exertion of skill or foresight. vet any man of sound health and unimpaired mind may become wealthy, if he takes the prop- er steps.
Foremost in the list of requisitos are honesty and strict integrity in every trans- action of life. Let a man have the reputa- tion of being fair and upright in his deal- ings, and he will possess the confidence of all who know him. Without these qualities every other merit will prove unavailing. Ask concerning a man, " Is he active and capable ?" Yes. "Industrious, temper- ate and regular in his habits ?"-Oh yes. "I. he honest ? Is he trustworthy ?" Why, as to that. I am sorry to say that he is not to be trusted ; he needs watching ; he is a little tricky, and will take an undue advantage, if he can. "Then I will have
Fortune, they say, is & fickle dame-full of her freaky and caprices; who blindly d -tributes her favors withoat the slightest distinpuntion. So inconstant, so waver- In ; is she represented, that ber most Mith- ful voturies can place no reliance on her promises. Disappointment, they tell us, Is the lot of those who munke offerings at | nothing to do with him," will be the in-
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HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS.
variable reply. Why, then, is honesty the | Argus beforehand, and the hundred hands best policy ? Because, without it, you will of Briarins afterwards. get a bad name, and everybody will shun you.
A character for knavery will prove an in- surmountable obstacle to success in al- most every undertaking. It will be found that the straight line is, in business, as in geometry, the shortest. In a word, it is almost impossible for a dishonest man to acquire wealth by a regular process of bus- iness, because he is shunned as a depreda- tor upon society.
Needy men are apt to deviate from the rule of integrity, under the plea that ne- cessity knows no law : they might as well add that it knows no shame. The course is suicidal, and by destroying all confidence, ever keeps them immured in poverty, although they may possess every other quality for success in the world.
Punctuality, which is said to be the soul of business, is another important element in the art of money getting. The man known to be scrupulously exact in the ful- fillment of his engagements, gains the confidence of all, and may cominand all the means he can use with advantage ; whereas, a man careless and regardless of his promises in money matters will have every purse closed against him. Therefore be prompt in your payments.
Next. let us consider the advantages of a cautious circumspection in our inter- course with the world. Slowness of be- lief and a proper distrust are essential to success. The credulous and confiding are ever the dupes of knaves and impostors. Ask those who have lost their property how it happened, and you will find in most cases that it has been owing to mis- placed confidence. One has lost by en- dorsing, another by crediting, another by false representations; all of which a little more foresight and a little more dis- trust would have prevented. In the af- fairs of this world men are not saved by faith. but by the want of it. .
Order and system in the management of business must not be neglected. Nothing contributes more to dispatch. Have a place for everything and everything in its place ; a time for everything, and every- thing in its time. Do first what presses most, and having determined what is to be done, and how it is to be done, lose no time in doing it. Withont this method all is hurry and confusion, little or nothing is accomplished, and business is attended to with neither pleasure nor profit.
A polite, affable deportment is recom- mended. Agreeable manners contribute powerfully to a man's success. Take two men, possessing equal advantages in every other respect, but let one be gentlemanly, kind, obliging and conciliating in his man- ners; the other harsh, rude and disobliging; and the one will become rich, while the other will starve.
We are now to consider a very important principle in the business of money-getting, namely-Industry - persevering, indefati- gable attention to business. Persevering diligence is the Philosopher's stone, which turns everything to gold. Constant, regu- lar, habitual and systematic application to business, must in time. if properly directed, produce great results. It inust lead to wealth, with the game certainty that por- erty follows in the train of idleness and inattention. It has been truly remarked that he who follows his amusements in- stead of his business, will, in a short time, have no business to follow.
The art of money-saving is an important part of the art of money-getting. Without frugality no one can become rich ; with it, few would be poor. Those who consume as fast as they produce, are on the road to rain. As most of the poverty we meet with grows out of idleness and extrava- gance, so most large fortunes have been the result of habitual industry and frngali- ty. The practice of economy is as neces- sary in the expenditure of time as of money. They say if " we take care of the pence the pounds will take care of them- selves." So, if we take care of the minutes, the days will take care of them- selves.
Judge of men by what they do, not by what they say. Believe in looks rather than words. Observe all their movements. Ascertain their motives and their ends. Notice what they say or do in their un- guarded moments, when under the influ- ence of excitement. The passions have The acquisition of wealth demands as much self-denial, and as many sacrifices of present gratification, as the practice of virtue itself. Vice and poverty proceed, in some degree, from the same sources, namely-the disposition to sacrifice the future to the present ; the inability to fore- go a small present pleasure for great future advantages. Men fail of fortune in this world, as they fail of happiness in the world to come, simply because they are un. willing to deny themselves momentary en- joyments for the sake of permanent future happiness. been compared to tortures which force men to reveal their secrets. Before trusting a man, before putting it in his power to cause you a loss, possess yourself of every available information relative to him. Learn bis history, his habits, inclinations and propensities ; his reputation for honor, industry, frnga.ity and punctuality; his prospects. resources, supports, advantages and disadvantages ; bis intentions and ino- tives of action ; who are his friends and enemies, and what are his good or bad qual- ities. You may learn a man's good qualities and advantages from his friend -- his had Every large city is filled with persons. who, in order to support the appearance of wealth, constantly live beyond their in- come, and make up the deficiency by contracting debts which are never paid. coalitie- and disadvantages from his che- Inies. Makedue Mow ince for exa zeration in both. Finally. examine carefully before engaging in anything, and act with energy afterwards. Have the hundred eyes of | Others, there are, the mere drones of so-
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HOW TO SECURE THE PUBLIC LANDS.
Arty. who pass their days in idleness, and Habe-t by pirating on the hives of the in- dustrious. Many who run a short-lived carver of splendid beggary, could they be but perenaded to adopt a system of rigid rrunomy for a few years, might pass the remainder of their days in affluence. But tv! They must keep up appearances, [Livy must live like other folks.
Their debts accumulate: their credit fall" ; they are harassed by duns, and be- meged by constables and sheriff. In this extremity, as a last resort, they submit to a wireful dependence, or engage in crim- inai practices which entail hopeless wretch- oluers and infamy on themselves and families.
Stick to the business in which you are regularly employed. Let speculators make thousands in a year or a day ; mind your own regular trade, never turning from it to the right hand or to the left. If you are a merchant, a professional man, or a me- chanic, never buy lots or stocks, unless you have surplus money which you wish to invest. Your own business you under- stand as well as other men ; but other peo- ple's business you do not understand. Let your business be some one which is useful to the community. All such occu- pations possess the elements of profit in themselves.
How to Secure the Public Lands,
OR THE ENTRY OF THE SAME UNDER THE PRE-EMPTION AND HOMESTEAD LAWS.
The following circular gives all necessary | tract, with its area ; the Register will then Information as to the procedure necessary in purchasing and securing the public land4:
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEN'L LAND OFFICE, July 19, 1865. 5
Numerous questions having arisen as to the mode of procedure to purchase public land-, or acquire title to the same by bounty ! un locations, by pre-emptions or by boire- ** ,.11. this circular is communicated for the itformation of all concerned.
In order to acquire title to public lands the following steps must be taken :
1. Application inust be made to the Reg- Iter of the district land office in which the Maand desired may be situated.
A list of all the land offices in the United M'miles is furnished by the Department, with the seats of the different offices. where it is the duty of the Register and Kecriver to be in attendance, and give Coper facilities and information to persons dotrou- of obtaining lands.
The minimum price of ordinary public land- i- $1.25 per acre. The even or re- Freved sections falling within railroad ": Pit- are increased to double the minimum price. being2 50 per acre.
Land- once offered at public sale, and not sherwards kunt out of market by reserva- too, or otherwise, so as to prevent free Competition, may be entered or located.
2. By the applicant filing with the Rezis- tor his written application describing the
certify to the receiver whether the land is vacant, with its price ; and when found to be so, the applicant must pay that price per acre, or may locate the same with land warrant, and thereafter the Receiver will give him a "duplicate receipt." which he is required to surrender previous to the delivery to him of the patent, which may be had either by application for it to the Register or to the General Land Office.
3. If the tract has not been offered at public sale it is not liable to ordinary pri- vate entry, but may be secured by a party legally qualified, upon his compliance with the requirements of the pre-emption laws of 4th September, 1811, and 31 March, 1:43; and after such party shall have made ac- tual settlement for such a length of time as will show he designs it for his perina- nent home, and is acting in good faith, building a house and residing therein, he may proceed to the district hind office, es- tablish his pre-emption claim according to law, by proving his actual residence and cultivation, and showing that he is other- wise within the purview of these acts .- Then he can enter the land at $1,25, either in cash or with bounty land warrant. unless the premises should be 22.50 acre lands. .In that case the whole purchase-money can be paid in cash, or one-lauf in cash, the residue with a bounty land warrant.
4. But if parties legally qualified desire to obtain title under the Homestead Act of 20th May, 1562, they can do so on com-
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LAW MAXIMS.
plying with the Department Circular, dated [ that the claimant has made the land his 30th October, 1862.
5. The law confines Homestead entries to surveyed lande; and although, in cer- tain States and Territories noted in the sub- joined list, pre-emptors may go on land be- fore survey, yet they can only establish their claim after return of survey, but must file their. pre-emption declaration within three months after receipt of official plat, at the local land-office where the settlement was made before survey. Where, however, it was made after survey, the claimant must file within three months after date of set- tlement ; and where actual residence and cultivation have been long enough to show
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