USA > New York > St Lawrence County > Gazetteer and business directory of St. Lawrence County, N.Y. for 1873-4 > Part 8
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90. A contract negotiated by mail is formed when notice of acceptance of the of- fer is duly deposited in the post-office, pro- perly addressed. This rule applies, although the party making the offer expressly re- quires that if it is accepted, speedy notice of acceptance shall be given him.
91. The date of an instrument is so far a material part of it, that an alteration of the date by the holder after execution, makes the instrument void.
92. A corporation may maintain an action for libel, for words published of them and relating to its trade or business, by which it has incurred special damages.
93. It is unprofessional for a lawyer who has abandoned his case without trying it, a term or two before trial, to claim a fee conditional upon the success of his client, although his client was successful.
94. Although a party obtaining damages for injuries received through the default of another, was himself guilty of negligence, yet that will not defeat his recovery, unless his negligence contributed to cause the in- jury.
. 95. A person may contract to labor for an- other during life, in consideration of receiv- ing his support ; but his creditors have the right to inquire into the intention with which such arrangement is made, and it will be set aside if entered into to deprive them of his future earnings.
96. A grantor may by express terms ex- clude the bed of a river, or a highway, mentioned as boundary; but if without language of exclusion a line is described as 'along,' or ' upon,' or as 'running to' the highway or river, or as ' by,' or ' running to the bank of' the river; these expressions carry the grantee to the center of the high- way or river.
97. The court will take pains to construe the words used in a deed in such a way as to effect the intention of the parties, how- ever unskillfully the instrument may be drawn. But a court of law cannot exchange an intelligible word plainly employed in a deed for another, however evident it may be that the word used was used by mistake for another.
98. One who has lost his memory and understanding is entitled to legal protec- tion, whether such loss is occasioned by his own misconduct or by an act of Provi- dence.
-
50
LAW MAXIMS.
99. When a wife leaves her husband vol- untarily, it must be shown, in order to make him liable for necessaries furnished to her, that she could not stay with safety. Personal violence, either threatened or in- flicted, will be sufficient cause for such sep- aration.
100. Necessaries of dress furnished to a discarded wife must correspond with the pecuniary circumstances of the husband, and be such articles as the wife, if prudent, would expect, and the husband should furnish, if the parties lived harmoniously together.
101. A fugitive from justice from one of the United States to another, may be arrested and detained in order to his surrender by authority of the latter, without . a previous demand for his surrender by the executive of the State whence he fled.
102. A watch will not pass under a be- quest of "wearing . apparel," nor of "household furniture and articles for fami- ly use."
103. Money paid for the purpose of set- tling or compounding & prosecution for a supposed felony, cannot be recovered back by a party paying it.
104. An innkeeper is liable for the death of an animal in his possession, but may free himself from liability by showing that the death was not occasioned by negligence on his part.
105. Notice to the agent of a company is notice to the company.
106. An employer is not liable to one of his employes for an injury sustained by the latter in consequence of the neglect of oth- ers of his employes engaged in the same general business.
107. Where a purchaser at a Sheriff's sale has bid the full price of property under the erroneous belief that the sale would di- vest the property of all liens, it is the duty of the court to give relief by setting aside the sale.
108. When notice of protest is properly sent by mail, it may be sent by the mail of the day of the dishonor; if not, it must be mailed for the mail of the next day ; ex- cept that if there is none, or it closes at an unseasonably early hour, then notice must be mailed in season for the next possible mail.
109. A powder-house located in a populous part of a city, and containing large quanti- ties of gunpowder, is a nuisance.
110. When the seller of goods accepts at the time of the sale, the note of a third per- son, unindorsed by the purchaser, in pay- ment, the presumption is that the pay- ment was intended to be absolute ; and though the note should be dishonored, the purchaser will not be liable for the value of the goods.
111. A man charged with crime before a committing magistrate, but discharged on his own recognizance, is not privileged from arrest on civil process while returning from the magistrate's office.
112. When one has been induced to sell goods by means of false pretences, he can- not recover them from one who has bona fide purchased and obtained possession of them from the fraudulent vendor.
113. If the circumstances attendant upon a sale and delivery of personal property are such as usually and naturally accompany. such a transaction, it cannot be declared & legal fraud upon creditors.
114. A stamp impressed upon an instru ment by way of seal, is good as a seal, if it creates a durable impression in the texture of the paper.
115. If a party bound to make a payment use due diligence to make a tender, but through the payee's absence from home is unable to find him or any agent authorized to take payment for him, no forfeiture will be incurred through his failure to make a tender.
Government Land Measure.
A township, 36 sections, each a mile square.
A section, 640 acres.
A quarter section, half a mile square, 160 acres.
An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide, 80 acres.
A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square, 40 acres ..
The sections are numbered from one to thirty-six, commencing at the northeast corner, thus :
n wn e
6 .
5
4
3
2
swis e
7
8
9
10
11
12
.
18
17
16
15
14
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
30
29
28
27
26
25
31
32
33
34
35
36
The sections are all divided in quarters, which are named by the cardinal points, as in section one. The quarters are divi- ded in the same way. The description of a 40 acre lot would read: The south half of the west half of the southwest quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be ; and some- times will fall short, and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is supposed to con- tain.
51
DECIMAL SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
THE DECIMAL SYSTEM
OF
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
As Authorized by Act of Congress -- Approved July 28, 1866.
STANDARDS.
In every system of Weights and Measures it is necessary to have what are called " Standards," as the pound, yard, gallon, &c., to be divided and multiplied into smaller and larger parts and denominations. The definition and construction of these Standards involve philosophical and scien- tific principles of a somewhat abstruse character, and are made and procured by the legislative department of the govern- ment. The nominal Standards in the new system are the METER, the ARE, the LITER, and the GRAM. The only real Standard, the one by which all the other standards are measured, and from which the system de- rives its name of " Metric," is the METER.
THE METER
Is used for all measures of length, distance, breadth, depth, heighth, &c., and was in- tended to be, and is very nearly, one ten- millionth of the distance on the earth's surface from the equator to the pole. It is about 3938 inches, or 3 feet, 3 inches and 3 eighths, and is to be substituted for the yard.
THE ARE
Is a surface whose side is ten Meters, and is equal to 100 square Meters or about 4 square rods.
THE LITER
Is the unit for measuring solids and capa- city, and is equal to the contents of a cube whose edge is one-tenth of a meter. It is about equal to 1 quart, and is a standard in cubic, dry and liquid measures.
A cubic Meter (or Kiloliter) is called a stere, and is also usedas a standard in cer- tain cubic measures.
THE GRAM
Is the Unit of weight, and is the weight of a cube of pure water, each edge of the cube being one one-hundredth of a Meter. It is about equal to 15% grains. It is intended as the Standard in all weights, and with its divisions and multiples, to supersede the use of what are now called Avoirdupois, Apothecaries and Troy Weights.
Each of the foregoing Standards is divi- ded decimally, and larger units are also formed by multiples of 10, 100, &c. The successive subordinate parts are designa- ted by the prefixes Deci, Centi and Milli; the successive multiples by Deka, Hecto, Kilo and Myria; each having its own nu- merical signification, as will be more clear- ly seen in the tables hereinafter given.
The terms used may, at first sight, have a formidable appearance, seem difficult to pronounce, and to retain in memory, and to be, therefore, objectionable ; but with a lit- tle attention and use, the apprehended dif- ficulty will be found more apparent than real, as has been abundantly proved by ex- perience. The importance, also, of con- formity in the use of commercial terms, on the part of the United States, with the practice of the many nations in which the system, with its present nomenclature, has already been adopted, must greatly over- balance the comparatively slight objection alluded to.
52 DECIMAL SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
TABLES.
OLD.
MONEY.
NEW.
4 farthing make 1 penny.
10 mills make 1 cent.
12 pence 66 1 shilling.
10 cents 1 dime.
20 shillings " 1 pound.
10 dimes " 1 dollar.
LONG AND CLOTH MEASURE .- NEW.
10 millimeters make 1 centimeter.
10 centimeters 66
1 decimeter. 10 decimeters
1 METER.
10 meters 1 dekameter.
10 dekameters
1 hectometer.
10 hectometers
1 kilometer.
10 kilometers
1 myriameter.
SQUARE MEASURE .- NEW.
100 square millimeters make 1 square centimeter.
100 square centimeters 66
1 square decimeter.
100 square decimeters 66
1 square meter or CENTARE.
100 centares
1 ARE.
100 ares
66
1 hectare.
" The denominations less than the Are, including the Meter, are used in specifying the contents of surfaces of small extent ; the terms Centare, Are and Hectare, in expres- sing quantities of land surveyed or measured.
The above table may, however, be continued beyond the Meter, thus :
100 square meters make 1 square dekameter.
100 square dekameters
1 square hectometer.
100 square hectometers
1 square kilometer.
100 square kilometers
1 square myriameter.
CUBIC MEASURE .- NEW. For Solids.
1000 cubic millimeters
make 1 cubic centimeter.
1000 cubic centimeters
1 cubic decimeter or liter.
1000 cubic decimeters
66
1 cubic meter or stere.
1000 cubic meters
1 cubic dekameter.
1000 cubic dekameters
1 cubic hectometer.
1000 cubic hectometers
66
1 cubic kilometer.
1000 cubic kilometers
1 cubic myriameter.
For Dry and Liquid Measures.
10 milliliters make 1 centiliter.
10 centiliters
66
1 deciliter. 10 deciliters 66
1 LITER.
10 liters 66
1 dekaliter.
10 dekaliters
1 hectoliter.
10 hectoliters
1 kiloliter.
10 kiloliters
1 myrialiter.
[(" A LITER, the standard of Measures of Capacity, usually in a cylindrical form, is equivalent to a cubic Decimeter, or the one-thousandth part of a cubic Meter, the contents of which are about one quart.]
The Kiloliter, or STERE, is a cubic Meter, and is used as a unit in measuring firewood and lumber.
10 decisteres · make 1 stere.
10 steres 66
1 dekastere.
ALL WEIGHTS .- NEW.
10 milligrams
make 1 centigram.
10 centigrams
1 decigram.
1 GRAM. 10 decigrams
10 grams
1 dekagram.
10 dekagrams
1 hectogram.
10 hectograms
1 kilogram.
10 kilograms
66
1. myriagram.
10 myriagrams
1 quintal.
10
quintals
1 millier or tonnean.
·
53
DECIMAL SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
PRONUNCIATION OF TERMS.
TERMS.
ENGLISH. Mee-ter.
Stere,
Stare.
Millimeter.
Mill-e-mee-ter.
Are,
Are.
Centimeter,
Sent-e-mee-ter.
Centare,
Sent-are.
Decimeter,
Des-e-mee-ter.
Hectare,
Hect-are.
Dekameter,
Dek-a-mee-ter.
Gram,
Gram,
Hectometer,
Hec-to-mee-ter.
Milligram,
Mill-e-gram.
Kilometer,
Kill-o-mee-ter.
Centigram,
Sent-e-gram.
Myriameter,
Mir-e-a-mee-ter.
Decigram,
Des-e-gram.
Liter,
Li-ter.
Dekagram,
Dek-a-gram.
. Milliliter,
Mill-e-li-ter.
Hectogram,
Hec-to-gram.
Centiliter,
Sent-e-li-ter.
Kilogram,
Kill-o-gram.
Deciliter,
Des-e-li-ter.
Myriagram,
Mir-e-a-gram.
Dekaliter,
Dek-a-li-ter.
Quintal,
Quin-tal.
Kiloliter,
Kill-o-li-ter.
Tonneau,
Tun-no.
Myrialiter,
Acts and Resolutions of Congress. PUBLIC- No. 183.
AN ACT to authorize the use of the metric system of weights and measures.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of Ameri- ca in Congress assembled, That from and af- ter the passage of this act, it shall be law- ful throughout the United States of Ameri- ca to employ the weights and measures of the metric system ; and no contract or deal- ing, or pleading in any court, shall be deemed invalid or liable to objection, be-
cause the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights or measures of the metric system.
SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the tables in the schedule hereto annexed, shall be recognized in the construction of contracts, and in all legal proceedings, as establishing, in terms of the weights and measures now in use in the United States, the equivalents of the weights and meas- ures expressed therein in terms of the me- tric system ; and said tables may be lawful- ly used for computing, determining and ex- pressing, in customary weights and meas- ures, the weights and measures of the metric system.
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
-
METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES.
EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE.
Myriametre, . .
10,000 metres,
Kilometre,.
1,000 metres,
Hectometre,
100 metres,
Dekametre,
10 metres,
Metre,
1 metre,
Decimetre,
1-10th of a metre,
3.937 inches. 0.3937 inch.
Millimetre,
1-1000th of a metre,
0.0394 inch.
MEASURES OF SURFACE.
.
METRIO DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES.
EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE,
Hectare,
Are, .
Centare,
10,000 square metres, 100 square metres, 1 square metre,
2.471 acres. 119.6 square yards. 1.550 square inches.
D
6.2137 miles.
0.62137 mile, or 2,280 feet and 10 inches. 328 feet and one inch. 393.7 inches. 39.37 inches.
Centimetre,
1-100th of a metre,
Millier,
Mill-i-er.
Hectoliter,
Hec-to-li-ter.
Mir-e-a-li-ter.
. TERMS.
ENGLISH.
Meter,
1
MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES.
EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE.
Names.
No. of liters.
Cubic Measure.
Dry Measure.
Liquid or Wine Measure.
Kilolitre or stere,
1000
1 cubic metre,
1.308 cubic yard,
264.17 gallons.
Hectolitre, ...
100
.1 of a cubic metre, ..
2 bus. and 3.35 pecks,
26.417 gallons.
Dekalitre, ..
10
10 cubic decimetres,
9.08 quarts,
2.6417 gallons.
Litre,
1
1 cubic decimetre,
0.908 quart,
1,0567 quart.
Decilitre, .
0.1
.1 of a cubic decimetre, .
6.1022 cubic inches, .
0.845 gill.
Centilitre, .
0.01
10 cubic centimetres,
0.6102 cubic inch,.
0.338 fluid ounce.
Millilitre,
0.001
1 cubic centimetre,
0.061 cubic inch, .
0.27 fluid drachm.
54
DECIMAL SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
55
INTEREST TABLE.
- WEIGHTS.
METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES.
EQUIVALENTS IN DE- NOMINATIONS IN USE.
Names.
No. of grams.
Weight of what quantity of water at maximum density.
Avoirdupois weight.
Millier or tonneau,.
1000000
1 cubic metre,
2204.6 pounds.
Quintal,
100000
1 hectolitre,
220.46 pounds.
Myriagram,
10000
10 litres,
22.046 pounds.
Kilogram, or kilo,.
1000
1 litre.
2.2046 pounds.
Hectogram,
100
1 decilitre,
3.5274 ounces.
Dekagram,
10
10 cubic centimetres,
0.3527 ounce.
Gram,
1
1 cubic centimetre,
15.432 grains.
Decigram,
1-10
.1 of a cubic centimetre.
0.5432 grain.
Centigram,.
1-100
10 cubic millimetres,
0.1543 grain.
Milligram,
1-1000
1 cubic millimetre,
0.0154 grain.
INTEREST TABLE
At Seven per Cent. in Dollars and Cents, from $1 to $10,000.
AM'NT.
1 day.
7 days.
15 days.
1 mo.
3 mos.
6 mos.
12 mos.
$
$ C.
$ C.
$ C.
$ C.
$ C.
$ C.
$ C.
1
00
00
001%
01%
03%
07
2
00
0014
007%
013
03%
07
14
3
-00
0016
00%
0134
0514
10%
21
4
00
00%
01
021%
07
: 14
28
5
00
003%
01%
03
08%
1716
35
6
00
00%
013%
03x
10%
21
42
7
00
01
02
04
1216
24%
49
8
00
01
0234
04%
14
28
56
9
.00
0114
02%
0514
15%
31%
63
10
00%
01%
03
053%
171%
35
770
20
00%
0234
06
11%
35
70
1 40
30
001%
04
09
17%
1 05
2 10
40
00%
05%
12
231
70
1 40
2 80
50
01
063%
15
2914
871%
1 75
3 50
100
02
13%
29
58%
1 75
3 50
7 00
200
04
2714
58
1 16%
3 50
7 00
14 00
300
06
40%
87%
1 75
5 25
10 50
21 00
400
08
54%
1 17.
2 33%
7 00
14 00
28 00
500
10
68
2 913%
8 75
17 50
35 00
1000
19%
1 36
2 92
5 83%
17 50
35 00
70 00
2000
39
2 7214
5 83
11 66%
35 00
70 00
140 00
3000
58
4 08%
8 75
17 50
52 50
105 00
210 00
4000
78
5 44%
11 67
23 33%
70 00
140 00
280 00
5000
97
6 80%
14 58
29 16%
87 50
175 00
350 00
10000
1 94
13 61
29 17
58 33
175 00
350 00
700 00
1 46
56
MISCELLANEOUS.
Discount and Premium.
When a person buys an article for $1,00- 20 per cent off, (or discount,) and sells it again for $1,00, he makes a profit of 25 per cent. on his investment. Thus: He pays 80 cents and sells for $1,00-a gain of 20 cents, or 25 per cent of 80 cents. And for any transaction where the sale or purchase of gold, silver, or currency is concerned, the following rules will apply in all cases.
RULE 1st .- To find premium when dis- count is given : Multiply 100 by rate of discount and divide by 100, less rate of dis- count.
RULE 2d .- To find discount when pre- mium is given. Multiply the rate of interest by 100, and divide by 100, plus the rate of premium.
Suppose A has $140 in currency, which he wishes to exchange for gold, when gold is 27 percent. premium, how much gold should he receive ? In this case the pre- mium is given, consequently we must find the discount on A's currency and subtract it from the $140, as per rule 2d, showing the discount to be a trifle more than 21 per cent. and that he should receive $110.60 in gold.
5 pr ct. Dis. allows +54 pr ct. Pre. or profit 10 " 66 66 66 66
15“
66
66 +17% 66
66
20 " 66 25 66 66
25 4
66 30 4 66 *43
40€
66
66 69% 66 66
50 “ 66 100 66 66 A dagger (+) denotes the profits to be a fraction more than specified. A (*) denotes profits to be a fraction less than specified.
Table of Weights of Grain, Seeds, &c.
ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF NEW YORK.
Barley weighs 48 1b. per bushel.
Beans
. 62
Buckwheat“ .48
66
Clover Seed
.60
Corn weighs .58
66 66
Flax Seed* '
55
66
66
Peas
60
66
Potatoes
60
Rye
56
Timothy Seed
44
Wheat
60
66
*Flax Seed by cust'm weighs 56 lb. per bush.
Facts on Advertising.
The advertisements in an ordinary num- ber of the London Times exceed 2,500. The annual advertising bills of one London firm are said to amount to $200,000; and three others are mentioned who each annually expend for the purpose $50,000. The ex- pense for advertising the eight editions of the "Encyclopedia Britannia " is said to have been $15,000.
In large cities nothing is more common than to see large business establishments, which seem to have an immense advantage over all competitors, by the wealth, expe- rience, and prestige they have acquired, drop gradually out of public view, and be succeeded by firms' of a smaller capital, more energy, and more determined to have the fact that they sell such and such com- modities known from one end of the land to the other. In other words, the establish- ments advertise ; the old die of dignity .- The former are ravenous to pass out of ob- scurity into publicity ; the latter believe that their publicity is so obvious that it cannot be obscured. The first understand that they must thrust themselves upon public attention, or be disregarded; the second, having once obtained public atten- tion, suppose they have arrested it perma- nently; while, in fact, nothing is more char- acteristic of the world than the ease with which it forgets.
Stephen Girard, than whom n'o shrewder business man ever lived, used to say: I have always considered advertising liber- ally and long to be the great medium of success in business, and the prelude to wealth. And I have made it - an invariable rule too, to advertise in the dullest times as well as the busiest ; long experience having taught me that money thus spent is well laid out; as by keeping my business continually before the public it has secured me many sales that I would otherwise have lost.
Capacity of Cisterns or Wells.
Tabular view of the number of gallons contained in the clear, between the brick work for each ten inches of depth :
Diameter
Gallons.
2 feet equals
19
21%
30
3
66
44
316
60
4
6.6
78
41%
97
5
122
516
148
6
.176
207
66
240
275
8 8%
66
353
9
66
396
916
66
461
10
66
489
11
592
12
705
13
827
14
66
959
15
66
1101
20
1958
25
3059
.
+11
: 331% 66 66
60 66
66
Oats
.32
313
57
MISCELLANEOUS.
Brilliant Whitewash.
Many have heard of the brilliant stucco whitewash on the east end of the Presi- dent's house at Washington. The follow- ing is a recipe for it ; it is gleaned from the National Intelligencer, with some addi- tional improvements learned by experi- ments : Take half a bushel of nice un- slacked lime, slack it with boiling water, cover it during the process to keep in the steam. Strain the liquid through & fine sieve or strainer, and add to it a peck of salt, previously well dissolved in warm wa- ter ; three pounds of ground rice, boiled to a thin paste, and stirred in boiling hot ; half a pound of. powdered Spanish whiting, and a pound of clean glue, which has been pre- viously dissolved by soaking it well, and then hanging it over a slow fire, in a small kettle within a large one filled with water. Add five gallons of hot water to the mixture, stir it well, and let it stand a few days cov- ered from the dirt.
It should be put on right hot; for this purpose it can be kept in a kettle on a portable furnace. It is said that about a pint of this mixture will cover a square yard upon the outside of a house if proper- ly applied. Brushes more or less small may be used according to the neatness of the job required. It answers as well as oil paint for wood, brick or stone, and is cheaper. It retains its brilliancy for many years. There is nothing of the kind that will compare with it, either for inside or outside walls.
Coloring matter may be put in and made of any shade you like. Spanish brown stirred in will make red pink, more or less deep according to the quantity. A delicate tinge of this is very pretty, for inside walls. Finely pulverized common clay, well mixed with Spanish brown, makes a reddish stone color. Yellow-ochre stirred in makes yel- low wash, but chrome goes further, and makes a color generally esteemed prettier. In all these cases the darkness of the shades of course is determined by the quantity of coloring used. It is difficult to make rules, because tastes are different. It would be best to try experiments on a shingle and let it dry. We have been told that green must not be mixed with lime. The lime de- stroys the color, and the color has an effect on the whitewash, which makes it crack and peel. When walls have been badly smoked, and you wish to have them a clean white, it is well to squeeze indigo plenti- fully through a bag into the water you use, before it is stirred in the whole mixture. If a larger quantity than five gallons be wanted, the same proportion should be ob- served.
How to get a Horse out of a Fire.
The great difficulty of getting horses from a stable where surrounding buildings are in a state of conflagation, is well known, --- The plan of covering their eyes with a blan- ket will not always succeed.
A gentleman whose horses have been in great peril from such a cause, having tried
in vain to save them, hit upon the expedi- ent of having them harnessed as though go- ing to their usual work, when, to his aston- ishment, they were led from the stable without difficulty.
The Chemical Barometer.
Take a long narrow bottle, such as an old- fashioned Eau-de-Cologne bottle, and put into it two and a half drachms of camphor, and eleven drachms of spirits of wine; when the camphor is dissolved, which it will readily do by slight agitation, add the following mixture: Take water, nine drachms; nitrate of potash (saltpetre) thirty-eight grains; and muriate of am- monia (sal ammoniac) thirty-eight grains. Dissolve these salts in the water prior to mixing with the camphorated spirit ; then shake the whole well together. Cork the bottle well, and wax the top, but after- wards make a very small aperture in the cork with a red-hot needle. The bottle may then be hung up, or placed in any stationa- ry position. By observing the different appearances which the materials assume, as the weather changes. it becomes an ex- cellent prognosticator of a coming storm or of a sunny sky.
Leech Barometer.
Take an eight ounce phial, and put in it three gills of water, and place in it a healthy leech, changing the water in summer once a week, and in winter-once in a fortnight, and it will most accurately prognosticate the weather. If the weather is to be fine, the leech lies motionless at the bottom of the glass and coiled together in a spiral form ; if rain may be expected, it will creep up to the top of its lodgings and remain there till the weather is settled ; if we are to have wind, it will move through its habi- tation with amazing swiftness, and seldom goes to rest till it begins to blow hard ; if a remarkable storm of thunder and rain is to succeed, it will lodge for some days before almost continually out of the water, and discover great uneasiness in violent throes and convulsive-like motions ; in frost as in clear summer-like weather it lies constantly at the bottom; and in snow as in rainy weather it pitches its dwelling in the very mouth of the phial. The top should be cov- ered over with a piece of muslin.
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