The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I, Part 17

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co.
Number of Pages: 1114

USA > New York > Kings County > Brooklyn > The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I > Part 17

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Says ANDROS, another survivor of the " Old Jersey : "

"There were probably four hundred on board who had never had the small-pox. Some perhaps might have been saved by inoculation, but humanity was wanting to try even this experiment. Let our disease be what it would, we were abandoned to our fate. Now and then an American physi- cian was brought in as a captive, but if he could obtain his parole he left the ship ; nor could we blame him for this, for his own death was next to certain and his success in saving others by medicine in our situation was small. I remember only two American physicians who tarried on board a few days. No English physician, or any one from the city, ever, to my knowledge, came near us. There were thirteen of the crew to which I belonged, but in a short time all died but three or four. The most healthy and vigorous were first seized with the fever and died in a few hours. For them there seemed to be no mercy. My constitution was less mus- cular and plethoric, and I escaped the fever longer than any of the thirteen except one, and the first onset was less violent."

A very serious conflict occurred with the guard on the 4th of July, 1782, in consequence of the prisoners attempting to celebrate the day with such observances and amusements as their condition permitted. Upon going on deck in the morning they displayed thirteen little national flags, which were immediately torn down and trampled under the feet of the guard, which on that day happened to consist of Scotehmen. Taking no notice of them, the prisoners proceeded to amuse them- selves with patriotie songs, speeches and cheers, avoid- ing whatever could be construed into an intentional insult to the guards, who, however, at an unusually carly hour in the afternoon, drove them below at the point of the bayonet, and closed the liatehes. Between decks, the prisoners continued their singing, etc., till about 9 o'clock in the evening. An order to desist not having been promptly complicd with, the hatehes were suddenly removed, and the guards descended among them, with lanterns and eutlasses in their hands. Then ensued a scene of horror. The helpless prisoners, re- treating from thic hatchways as fast as their crowded condition would permit, were followed by the guards, who mercilessly hacked, eut and wounded every one within their reach; then, returning to the upper deck, fastened down the hatehes upon the victims of their cruel rage, leaving them to languish through the long, sultry summer night, without water to cool their parched throats, and without lights by which they might have dressed their wounds; and, to add to their torments, it was not until the middle of the next fore- noon that the prisoners were allowed to go on deck and slake their thirst, or to receive their rations of food, which that day they were obliged to eat uncooked.

Ten corpses were found below on the morning of the day that succeeded that memorable 4th of July, and many of the survivors were badly wounded.

Equal to this in fiendish barbarity is the incident re- lated by SILAS TALBOT, as occurring on the "Stromboli," where he was a prisoner. The prisoners, irritated by their ill treatment,rose one night on their guard.

"The commander, being on shore, and several in attempt- ing to escape, were either killed or wounded. The captain got on board just as the fray was quelled, when a poor fellow, lying on deck, bleeding, and almost exhausted by a mortal wound, called him by name, and beggged of him, for God's sake, a little water, for he was dying. The captain applied a light to his face and directly exclaimed : 'What ! is it you, d-n you ? I'm glad you're shot. If I knew the man that shot you, I'd give him a guinea. Take that you d-d rebel rascal!' and instantly dashed his foot in the face of the dying man."

SHERBURNE mentions the sad case of two brothers, John and Abraham Fall, who lay sick upon a cot near his own. One night, when thus left to suffer in the darkness of this foul and miserable ship, Abraham Fall plead with his brother John to get off from him, and the sick around swore at John for his cruelty in lying on his brother; but John made no reply-he was deaf to the cries of his brother, and beyond the curses of the suffering crowd. In the morning he was found dead; and his brother Abraham, whose exhausted strength had given way under the pressure of the corpse, was in a dying state. The sick were unable to relieve them and the nurses were not there.

Captain DRING thus describes the last of a poor boy, only twelve years old, confined with him on the old " Jersey," and who had been inoculated for small-pox:

" He was a member of the same mess with myself, and had always looked upon me as a protector, and particularly so during his sickness. The night of his death was a pretty wretched one to me ; for I spent almost the whole of it in perfect darkness, holding him during his con- vulsions ; and it was heart-rending to hear the screams of the dying boy, while calling and imploring in his delirium for the assistance of his mother and other persons of his family. For a long time all persuasion or argument was useless to silence his groans and supplications. But exhausted nature at length sunk under its agonies; his screams became less piercing, and his struggles less violent. In the midnight gloom of our dungeon, I could not see him die, but knew, by placing my hand over his mouth, that his breathings were becoming shorter; and thus felt the last breath as it quitted his frame. The first glimmer of morning light through the iron grate fell upon his pallid and lifeless corpse."

ALEXANDER COFFIN, Jr., who was twice a prisoner on the old " Jersey," has related some of his experiences there. Of the firmness and patriotism of the American prisoners, even under these circumstances, he said:

" Although there were seldom lessthan 1,000 prisoners con- stantly on board the 'Jersey'-new ones coming about as fast as others died, or were exchanged (which, by-the-bye, was sel- dom)-I never, in the two different times that I was on board, knew of but one prisoner entering on a British ship of war, though the boats from the fleet were frequently there and the English officers were endeavoring to persuade them to

HISTORY OF KINGS COUNTY.

enter: but their persuasions and offerings were invariably treated with contempt, and even by men who pretty well knew they should die where they were. These were the men whose bones have been so long bleaching on the shores of the Wallabout; these were the patriots who preferred death in its most horrible shape to the disgrace and infamy of fighting the battles of a base and barbarous enemy against the liberties of their country; these were the patriots whose names suffer no diminution by a comparison with the heroes and patriots of antiquity."

The bodies of those who died on these ships were buried in the sand along the shore, on the slope of a hill, in a ravine and in several other localities. The bones of many were washed out of the sand and were seen lying along the shore. In 1803 some societies began to agitate the subject of awarding funeral honors to the remains of these martyrs, but nothing was accom- plished till 1808. The Tammany Society, which then embraced many Revolutionary patriots, took the lead in the work, and the corner stone of a monument to these herocs was laid April 13th of that year, on land donated by John Jackson, Esq., adjoining the Brooklyn navy-yard. Their bones, to the amount of about twenty hogsheads, were collected, placed in thirteen capacious coffins, and on the 26th of May, 1808, each coffin, in charge of one of the Tammanial tribes and escorted by eight Revolutionary soldiers as pall bearers, was born to the place of sepulture, and all were, with solemn and imposing ceremonies, deposited in a common tomb.

After the interment of these remains, steps were taken toward providing funds to erect a suitable monument to the memory of these martyrs ; but the interest which was at first felt in the matter subsided, and at length the lot on which the vault was constructed was sold for taxes. It was purchased by Benjamin Romaine, who, to prevent its further desecration, fitted it up as a burial place for himself and family ; and there, at his death, in 1844, he was entombed.

THE TOMB OF THE MARTYRS, 1837-73.

In the year 1845, public attention was again called to the neglected condition of these remains, and the matter was also brought to the attention of Congress, by a report of the Military Committee of the House of Representatives, drawn up by the Hon. Henry C. Mur-

phy of Brooklyn, recommending an appropriation of $20,000 for the purpose of affording a secure tomb and fitting monument to the Martyrs. This also failed of its object, and the matter slept for ten years. At the expiration of that period, in 1855, a large and influential meeting of the citizens of Brooklyn was held, at which it was resolved, "that the time has arrived when the cities of New York and Brooklyn cannot, without crim- inality, longer delay the necessary efforts for rearing the monument to the Martyrs of the Prison-Ships," and an organization was formed for the purpose, entitled " The Martyrs' Monument Association," in which each Senatorial Distriet in the State of New York, and each State and Territory was represented. The association set to work with commendable activity, procured a fitting site at Washington Park, secured plans for the proposed monument, agitated the subject publicly and privately, solicited donations, etc.

It was not, however, until 1873, that the new site was utilized. In that year a brick vault, 25 by 11 feet, was completed in the side of the hill facing toward the june- tion of Myrtle avenue and Canton street. In the mean- time the receptacle in Hudson avenue had been so neglected and became so dilapidated that the remains there deposited were in a very exposed state. Many of the old coffins were broken or defaced. New boxes were prepared, and in these boxes, numbering twenty-two, the old coffins with their contents were placed. On the 17th of June, 1873, they were quietly removed to the vault at Washington Park, containing, it is supposed, all the remains preserved of nearly 12,000 victims of prison-ship captivity. The vault was covered with asphalt and the surface restored. The base work has been constructed of the intended ornamental stone superstructure; which, including an elegant monumental shaft, will be a worthy memorial to the heroes and mar- tyrs whose long-neglected remains rest beneath.

CHAPTER VIII.

KINGS COUNTY IN THE WAR OF 1812-TIIE CONSTRUC- TION OF FORTIFICATIONS.

E ARLY in the War of 1812 it was believed that New York, then, as now, the commercial metro- polis of the nation, would become a point of attack, and that the western end of Long Island might become, as it had been in the Revolution, the theater of active hostilities. In view of this possible danger, bodies of citizen soldiery were organized and drilled to meet sueh emergencies as might arise. Among these were the company of horse, or flying artillery, under Captain John Wilson ; the Artillerists, Captain Barbarin ; the Riflemen of Captain Stryker, and the Fusileers of Captain Herbert. The Rifles were nick-

KINGS COUNTY IN THE WAR OF 1812.

PLAN OF FORT GREENE

Wall about

and

LINE OF INTRENCHMENTS

From the Wallabout to Gowanus Creek, etc., as laid out by Lieut. James Gadsden, of the Engineers, under the orders of General Joseph G. Swift, In 1814.

Fall.

MYRTLE

DUFFIELD

A VE

FORT GREEN PL.

HAMPDEN ST.

PORTLAND AVE

OXFORD ST.

CUMBERLAND ST.

REFERENCES.

A-Fort Greene (the Fort Putnam of 1776).

B-Redoubt Cummings.

C-Washington Bastion.

D-Redoubt Masonic.

E-Fort Fireman (the Fort Greene of 1776).

F-Fort Swift (the Cobblehill Fort of 1776).

G-Battery (on line of present Degraw street). II-Old Church.

WYCKOFF SI.

N. B .- The street lines of the present city have been laid down, upon the original survey, by Mr. SILAS LUD- LAM, City Surveyor.

named " Katy Dids " because of the green frock with a yellow fringe which was a part of their uniform.

Beyond the formation of these companies, Kings county did not become the scene of warlike preparations till the summer of 1814. A large British fleet was then concentrating near the Bermuda Islands ; and, in view of the possibility that New York might be its objective point, it was deemed expedient to take such measures as would prevent a repetition of the disaster of August, 1776.

That such an attack was intended, became known by a letter from Lion Gardiner, of Gardiner's Island, to Jonathan Thompson, Collector of Internal Revenue of New York. By land, the attack might come, as in the Revolution, from the southern shore at Gravesend, or from a point above Hell Gate, both of which approaches were unprotected; and by either of which a position that would command the city could be taken.

The people awoke from the lethargy into which they had been lulled by their hope of a favorable termi- nation of the pending negotiations for peace. A Com- mittee of Defence which had been constituted, recom-

mended measures for the protection of Brooklyn against attack by land, and issued an address ealling on the citizens to organize and enroll for resistance to hostile attacks ; and to aid by voluntary contributions of labor and material in the construction of defensive works at Brooklyn and elsewhere. The response to this appcal was made with alacrity. Citizens and associations, without distinction of party or social condition, at once offered their services. The rich and the poor offered their aid and mingled their labors on the same works, in the purest spirit of patriotic emulation. Those who, from any cause, were unable to give their personal labor to the common cause, voluntarily and liberally contri- buted of their means for the employment of substitutes ; while many both gave and worked. Even the women and school-boys caught the inspiration of the hour, and contributed their quota of labor on the work ; and the people of the interior towns in the neighboring States of New Jersey and Connecticut hastened to offer their assistance in averting what was felt to be a common national danger. The defensive fortifications, planned by Gen. Joseph G. Swift, U. S. Engineer, commenced

AVE.

INGSTUN ST.

JAMAICA

SCHERMERHORN ST.

STATE ST.

ATLANTIC ST.

PACIFIC ST.

"DEAN ST.

FULTON AVE.

FLATBUSH AVE.

DE KALB

HISTORY OF KINGS COUNTY.

at Mt. Alto, on the Hudson ; thenee, by MeGowan's Pass, a line of redoubts and bloek-houses ran along the Heights of Harlem, to and aeross Hell-Gate, including a bloek-house on Mill Roek and another on the high ground of Long Island.

The defenses ereeted on Long Island commenced at the Wallabout, overlooked by Fort Greene, and extended across to Bergen's Heights, to Fort Lawrenee, including several redoubts eommanded by Forts Greene and Law- rence ; and there was also an earthwork on Red Hook. From the papers of that time it appears that these works were eommeneed on the 9th of August, 1814, by a military company, aided by volunteers from New York. On the 10th, the tanners and curriers and plumbers assisted the military foree. On the 12th, a military association of young men, the Hamilton Society, Students of Medicine, sixty hands from the wine factory at Greenwich, and forty from the Eagle Foundry ; on the 13th, numerous citizens and the journeymen Cabinet Makers of New York ; on the 15th, military companies ; on the 16th, military and fire companies ; on the 17th, citizens of Bushwiek, headed by their pastor, and about 200 citizens of New York, among whom was an old man who said he had worked on fortifications on the same spot during the Revolution, and who, with his four sons, labored earnestly ; on the 18th, the people of Flatbush ; on the 19th, the people of Flatlands and about five hun- dred carpenters from New York ; on the 20th, the citizens of Gravesend, a party of about 70 from Paterson, N. J., some 200 Irishmen and several ununi- formed companies of militia from the interior of the State ; on the 22d, the people of New Utrecht and a thousand eolored citizens of New York ; on the 23d, the Mechanies' Society of Kings County, the military exempts, and Fire Companies Nos. 1 and 2 of Brooklyn ; on the 24th, the free colored people of Kings County.

On this day the Committee of Defense published a card asking their fellow citizens for a " second tour of duty," to which ready response was made. August 25th, several military companies worked ; on the 26th, mili- tary and fire companies ; on the 27th, the people of Bushwiek ; on the 29th, the people of Flatbush, also the Albany Rifles, Trojan Greens and Montgomery Ran- gers ; on the 30th, the people of Flatlands and Grave- send ; on the 31st, the Grand Lodge of Free Masons, to the number of seven hundred and fifty, headed by their Grand Master, De Witt Clinton, constructed a fort which was ealled Fort Masonie, south from the Flatbush road, the parole of the day being "The Grand Master expects every Mason to do his duty." Some two hundred ladies also formed a procession and marched to Fort Greene, where they labored during a few hours; and the Tammany Society and Columbian Orders, to the number of one thousand one hundred and fifty, turned out. September 1st, the Mechanies' Society of Kings County, Fire Companies Nos. 1 and 2, Exempts, and Fortitude Lodge of Masons ; September 3d, about eight hundred

citizens of Newark, N. J., eame in a long line of wagons, with bands, and flags and hats labeled, " Don't give up the soil ;" September 7th, one hundred and eighty-four inhabitants of Hanover township, Morris County, N. J., headed by their pastor, Rev. Mr. Phelps ; and on the 23d, the members of the Mulberry Street (N. Y.) Bap- tist Church, under the lead of their pastor, Rev. Archi- bald MeClay, labored.

At one time the Committee of Defense announced their want of several thousand faseines, and stated that patterns were left at Creed's tavern in Jamaica, and at Bloom's in Newtown. The answer to this appeal was the bringing to Fort Greene of a hundred and twenty loads of faseines, averaging twenty-five bundles to a load, by the citizens of Jamaica, headed by the Rev. Mr. Schoonmaker. Mr. Eigenbrodt, the Principal of the Academy, with his pupils aided in eutting these faseines.

The works were completed in September. They were at onee occupied by a large foree from different locali- ties, ineluding a brigade of Long Island militia, one thousand seven hundred and fifty strong, under the command of General Jeremiah Johnson, of Brooklyn, subsequently well known as antiquarian and historian. In addition to these, other fortifieations were erected along the coast below Brooklyn. A bloek-house was loeated half or three-fourths of a mile north from Fort Hamilton, near the shore of the bay, on land then owned by Mr. Barkuloo.

On the site of Fort Hamilton was an earthwork, and on that of Fort Lafayette was a log-fort. A bloek- house was located on the shore of New Utrecht Bay, about midway between Fort Hamilton and Bath, near the residenee of the late Barney Williams. From the faet of this bloek-house having been loeated there, the place was long known as "Gun Field." This block- house stood several years after the termination of the war. About one-fourth of a mile southeast from Bath, also on the shore of New Utrecht Bay, stood another bloek-house, on land owned by the late Egbert Benson, and now the property of his heirs. In August, 1776, the forces of General IIowe landed in the vicinity of where these last two bloek-houses stood, and they were probably ereeted in view of a possible similar attempt to land troops here during this war. Each was armed with a large barbette gun. They were built in the fashion of the bloek-houses of those times, with a projee- tion of some feet-about twelve or fifteen feet-above the ground, from which assailants could be fired on through the loopholes from directly above.

Several regiments of militia were encamped in and about the works in the vicinity of Bath and Fort Hamilton during the continuance of hostilities.

It is not known that any hostile vessels eame within Sandy Hook. The storm of war was averted, however, and Long Island was saved from again becoming the scene of hostilities such as had desolated it in 1776. The news of an honorable peaee was received Feb. 11, 1815,

KINGS COUNTY SOLDIERS OF 1812.

and the joy of the people was testified by illuminations, bonfires, ete. New York was illuminated Feb. 20th; and Brooklyn followed the example in handsome style on the evening of the 21st, when the band of the Forty- first U. S. regiment, stationed at Brooklyn, serenaded the eitizens of that village.

A more detailed account of these events will be found in Stiles' History of Brooklyn.

Kings County Soldiers of 1812.

This County furnished the Sixty-Fourth Regiment, composed of five companies, of one hundred men eaeh, offieered as follows : Major Franeis Titus, Command- ing ; Second Major, Albert C. Van Brunt ; Adjt., Daniel Barre ; Q .- Master, Albert Van Brunt ; Surgeon, - Schoonmaker.

NEW UTRECHT COMPANY .- Capt., William Denyse ; Lieuts., Barcalo, Vanhise; Ensign, - - Suydam.

BROOKLYN COMPANY .- Capt., Joseph Dean ; Lieuts., Chas. J. Donghty, John Spader ; Ensign, Wm. A. Mereein.

WALLABOUT AND BUSHWICK COMPANY .- Capt., Francis Skillman ; Lieuts., Joseph Conselyea, Daniel Lott.

GOWANUS COMPANY .- Capt., Peter Cowenhoven, afterward John T. Bergen ; Lieuts., John Lott, Adriane Van Brunt.

GRAVESEND AND FLATBUSH COMPANIES .- Capt., Jeremiah Lott ; Licuts., Robert Nicholls, Charles Rapelye ; Ensign, Jeremiah Johnson.

There were, also, in eamp, and in the Queens Co. Regiment, also under command of Brig. Gen. Jeremiah Johnson, a Flatlands Company, under command of Capt. John Lott, Jr .; also the Flushing, Jamaica and Newtown companies.

This regiment was mustered into service at Bedford, Sept. 2, 1814 ; and were mustered out 13th of Novem- ber ensuing. The alarm-post of the regiment was the house of John R. Duryea.

Other interesting details relating to these soldiers of 1812 will be found in Stiles' History of Brooklyn, vol. i, p. 408-410 ; also in Appendix XI. (p. 452-454) of same volume. From this latter we extract the follow- ing names of those in actual service :

(EXPLANATION) .- Wall., Wallabout ; Bush., Bushwick ; Subs., served as substitute for others.

In the BROOKLYN COMPANY .- Joseph Dean, Capt .;

John Spader and Chas. J. Donghty, Lieuts .; Wm. A. Mercein, Ens .; Garrett Duryea, Michael Vanderhoof, David Storms, Thos. Chadwick, Wm. R. Dean, Orderly Sergts .; James Gildersleeve, Joseph Pettit, Wm. Kirk- patrick, Wm. Bennet, Corporals ; John Smith, (Gow.); Jas. C. Provost (Bush.); Uriah Ryder; Joseph Butler (Subs.); Michael Mapes; Benj. J. Waldron; Luke Covert (Subs.); Samuel Vail; Thomas Lain ; David Hillyard (deserter from British Army in Canada, and Subs.); John Sharpe; Wm. Thomas; Jacob Coope; Sam. Hart; Nathan Furman; Jas. MeFarlan; Sam. MeGrady; Joseph Stringham; Joseph Robinson; Gilbert Reid; Elijah Raynor; John Swinburn; John Thurston; John Ward; John Rogers; Nich. Covert; Stephen Austin (Subs.); Thos. Furman; Zaeh Clevenger (Bush.); David Craven; Josiah Applegate; Franeis Meserole (Bush.); Peter Colyer (Bush.); Jas. MeDonough; Stephen R. Boerum (Wall.); Philetus Fleet (Subs.); Henry Dezen- dorf ( Subs.); John Applegate; Cornelius Van Horne; Abraham Bennett, Jr .; John Hulst; Michael Gillen; Jaeob W. Bennett (Bush.); Enoeh Elbertson; Franeis Blaise (Subs.); John Kaler; Jesse Waterbury (Subs.); Rieh. M. Bouton; Abm. Blauvelt (Subs.); Sam. Gold- smith (Sub .. ); Isaae Devoe; Henry Wiggins; Abraham Bennett; Peter Snyder; John Hagerty; Jas. Strain; Richard Hunter; Jesse Coope; Jacob Furman; Aaron Swain Robbins; Jas. Lyneh (Subs.); Peter Chatterlon (Subs.); Israel Rimmels; Sam. Pettit; Sam. Nostrand; Abraham Bogert; Michael Harvey (Irish cook); Peter Bennett; William Jaekson; John Fiteh; Abm. Thomp- son (colored); Ed. Higbie (drummer).

Pioneer Corps .- Wm. N. Kettletas, Sgt., and Jaques W. Cropsy, Corp .; Privates, Henry Van Dyke, Wm. G. Verity, Jacob Denyse, John Van Brunt, Wm. John- son, Henry Cropsy, Joseph Wardle, David Denyse, Jas. Wallaee.

In the BUSHWICK and WALLABOUT companies, con- solidated under Capt. Skillman, were (all substitutes) Thos. Gardner; David Capron, Jolin Thursby, Joseph Goldsmith, Joseph Russell, Wm. Boerum, Daniel Bevoise, John Wheaton, Simon Denyse, Joseph Deshay, Jas. Van Loo, David Wecd, Wm. Turner, Jos. Miller, Jas. Redding, Sam. Conklin, Jas. Wallis, Jas. Kellahan, John Van Pelt, Zeb. Whitman, John Simpson, John II. Curtis, Franeis Morgan, Hugh Smith, Oliver Place, David Stewart, Dan. Everitt, James Smith, Wm. Conk- lin, Hamilton Carr, John Van Tassel, Moses Griffing Geo. Sagors, Jonah Raymond, John Torrey.

HISTORY

OF THE

TOWN OF FLATLANDS.

BY REV. Anton DuBois , D.D.

S ITUATION. The Township of Flatlands lies upon the northwesterly shore of Jamaica Bay, and includes a number of islands within the Bay. It is deseribed, in ancient patents, as "lying between the Bay of the North River and the East River;" the former designation being applied to Jamaica Bay, inasmuch as the North River was regarded as dis- charging into the ocean at Sandy Hook. The principal islands within the bay, belonging to the town, are: Barren Island, at the extreme south; Bergen Island, mainly in the salt meadows ; and Ruffle Bar, at the eastward. Flatlands contains some 9,000 aeres of land, about one-third of it arable, under high cultivation.

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The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I, Part 17

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n Publication date: 1884 Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co. Number of Pages: 1114

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co.
Number of Pages: 1114