The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I, Part 46

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co.
Number of Pages: 1114

USA > New York > Kings County > Brooklyn > The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I > Part 46

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THE RESIDENCE OF REV. A. P. STOCKWELL. architect, and Mr. John Y. McKane, of Gravesend, the builder.

It has been greatly admired for its architectural beauty, and the convenience of its internal arrange- ment. It also specially shows the contrast between the present style and arrangement of dwellings, and that of a hundred years ago, and the advance which has in these years been made.

DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF CONEY ISLAND.

189

HISTORY OF CONEY ISLAND.

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T r TOPOGRAPHY. About 7 miles southerly from New York city, at the extreme entrance to its harbor, facing the Atlantic Ocean, and separated from Long Island by a narrow creek, is an island about 5 miles long, varying in width from a few hundred feet to three-fourths of a mile, which, within the last few years, has become celebrated as the watering-place of New York and Brooklyn-CONEY ISLAND. It com- prises about 80 acres of arable land; its southerly bor- der is an ocean-washed beach of fine white sand, and its northerly border, along the creek, which divides it from the mainland, is mainly salt-marsh or meadow. The present Coney Island has been formed by the grad- ual aggregation, in times past, of several separate tracts; and, until the beginning of the present century, the western portion of the present island was the only part known by that name. Its Indian name was Narrioch, and it extended from Norton's Point easterly, to near the site of Rich. Ravenhall's establishment; and, when first discovered, was much broader north by south than now, (sce the Narrative of the Labadists, 1679-80, and THOMPSON's History of Long Island). This Narrioch, the original Coney Island, was bonnded east by an in- let connecting the bay and ocean, and separating it from Coney Hook, a peninsula of the mainland extend- ing south to the ocean. A ditch was dug through the salt-marsh of Coney Hook, from Brown's creek east to Hubbard's creek, making Coney Hook an island; thence- forth known as Pine Island, from its being rather heav- ily timbered with pine, oak and cedar. Eastward from, and adjoining Pine Island, was Pine Island Inlet, sep- arating Pine Island and Guisbert's Island. Paul Bauer's West Brighton Hotel occupies part of the site of this inlet, which was an almost direct southerly continuation of Hubbard's creek. Next casterly to this inlet was Guisbert Island, the largest of all the divisions of Concy Island, and which contained all the arable land; being, therefore, often called in the Gravesend records "the island." In front, and on the southerly side of Guis- bert's Island, was the "Great Pond," a considerable sheet of water, discharging into the ocean at its west- erly end, nearly in front of Bader's Hotel at the Ocean Parkway; and, at the other end, opening into Sheepshead Bay, cast of "Windmill Hill," on Manhattan Beach. This pond and these inlets were the main approaches into Sheepshead Bay from the ocean. The outer shore

of this pond was a low, flat sand-bar, skirting the entire front of Guisbert's Island, on the ocean. Easterly of this bar and Guisbert's Island, was another inlet, known as Plumb Beach Inlet, and separating these portions of Coney Island from Pelican Beach, then a part of Barren Island. By the filling up of Plumb Beach Inlet, and the breaking through the beach of another inlet much further east, Pelican Beach has become a part of Concy Island.

Discovery. Coney Island was first visited by Ver- azzano, in his discovery of this region, in 1527 and 1529. It would seem, from De Lact's, and also from Juet's narratives of the voyage and discovery of Henry Hud- son, in 1609, that this was one of the places at which they landed and had interview with the savages.

Settlement. In 1643 Gravesend was settled by Lady Moody and friends; but, before the date of the sec- ond or confirmatory patent granted them in 1645, several persons took up farms within what became afterwards the town-boundaries, and for which they held individual patents. In May, 1643, Antonie Jansen Van Salee took a patent for land, of which the larger portion was at the extreme westerly part of the town (near Union- ville), and the balance was a strip running southerly therefrom, which the English settlers also claimed. They had also undertaken to extinguish the Indian title to the land granted the town, by direct purchases from the natives. The earliest of these, November 1st, 1649 had been that of Narrioch (the original Coney Island), from Cippchacke, sachem of the Canarsies. But the Nyack Indians also claimed ownership of this; and Francis de Bruyne, who had succeeded to the owner- ship of the Jansen Van Salee farm, insisted upon his right to the strip, which lay between its two portions. Anxious to fortify their claim to this, as well as to Nar- rioch, which they had come to look upon as their own (though Kieft's patent only gave them the privilege of pasturing on it), they obtained from the Nyacks, May 7th, 1654 (for 15 fathoms of scawant, 2 guns, 3 lbs. of powder), a conveyance of Coney Island, and the dis- puted neck of laud; which latter was an inheritance of litigation to the town of Gravesend, some of the suits arising from it being yet pending in the courts. Guis- bert Op Dyck, the original patentce of Coney Island, being Commissioner of Provisions for the colony of North America, neglected to occupy his patent; bnt,

190

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LONG ISLAND TO HEMPSTEAD BOUNDS. LAID DOWNE BY ME, HUBBARDE, JULY 3d, 1666. FAC-SIMILIE COPY OF A PORTION OF "A PLOTTE OFF YE SITUATION OF YE TOWNS AND PLACES ON YE WEST END OF

of the Jansen Van Salee patent) and the Town of Gravesend. See pages 158 and 159.

This map is alluded to by Dr. STRONG in his History of Flatbush, page 23; and it is also illustrative of the disputes between De Bruyn (owner

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HISTORY OF KINGS COUNTY.

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191

DIVISION OF THE ISLAND, BY EARLY SETTLERS.

afterwards, being thrown out of publie employment, began to think how he could realize upon it. In Au- gust, 1661, he presented to the Director and Couneil a petition setting forth that the people of Gravesend were in the constant use of " a eertain little island, sit- uate between the tide-ereek and Coney Island, and now ealled Guisbert's Island," and were very anxious to pur- chase it for pasturage of their cattle, and praying that he might be allowed to dispose of it to that town. But, as the Couneil took no notice of his petition, and the Gravesend people apparently were less anxious than he represented, to purchase land of which they were already virtually in possession, Op Dyek finally, October 20, 1661, having failed to sell to them part of the ground elaimed in his patent, sold the whole of it to Diek De Wolf, a merchant of New Amsterdam, who had obtained from the Amsterdam Chamber of the W. I. Company, the exelu- sive privilege of making salt in the Nieuw Netherlands. De Wolf promptly established his salt-works on the is- land, and his agents ordered the Gravesend people to eease pasturing their eattle, or making hay thereon. This rous- ed the ire of the Gravesend settlers, who " laid waste his garden, tore down the surrounding palisades and burned them completely, threatening to throw the foreman of the work, who reproved them, on the top of the burn- ing pile." The matter, being brought before the Diree- tor and Couneil, was by them decided favorably to the English ; but, on reference to the Council of the W. I. Company, at Holland, that body (jealous of English in- fluences, as is evident from their instructions to Gover- nor Stuyvesant) ealled for all the papers in the ease, desiring meanwhile that a guard of "two or three soldiers " should be sent to take possession of De Wolf's house, ete., in the name of the Company, and to "prevent further robberies and outrage." Stuyvesant, however, who was no friend to Guisbert Op Dyek, the original patentee, and who had good reason to keep on the best of terms with the Gravesend people, mani- fested no especial haste to comply with the orders of his superiors. For, in January, 1664, the directors of the W. I. Company again wrote to him complaining of his delay ; which, however, continued until the transfer of the Nieuw Netherlands to the English in September of that year, disposed finally of the fortunes of the first manufacturing enterprise ever established within the limits of the present Kings county.

By the new charter which the English Governor Nieolls granted Gravesend in 1668, Coney Island (Nar- rioeh) was not embraced within the town-limits ; and this, with similar defeets relating to the town's disputes with De Bruyne, was sought to be reetified in a patent obtained by the town, in 1671, from Governor Love- laee. Having thus considerably enlarged their bounds and perfeeted their title, the Gravesend people (1670) entertained the projeet of dividing Guisbert's Island ; which was not done, however, until October, 1677, when, by Samuel Spieer, Samuel Holmes and Ralph Cardall,

appointed a committee for the purpose, it was divided into thirty-nine parts or shares, of about two acres each. The inhabitants then agreed " that the said island shall be feneed and planted only with Indian-corn, tobaeco or any summer grain, and not else ; that the cattle may have the benefit of feeding until the beginning of the third month, or until the meadows are through, and then in the latter part of the year, when tobaeeo and Indian eorn are housed, and the said land is to be thrown open to commons, when the major part will use their land no longer, as being worn out." The lots and names of owners in this division were :- 1, Thomas Til- ton ; 2, Samuel Holmes ; 3, John Lake ; 4, William Compton ; 5, Samuel Spieer ; 6, James Hubbard ; 7, John Tilton ; 8, John Bowne ; 9, John Griggs ; 10, John Lake ; 11, Barent Juriansen ; 12, Obadiah Wil- kins ; 13, Samuel Holmes ; 14, Ralph Cardell ; 15, John Bowne ; 16, Thomas Delavall ; 17, John Tilton, Jr. ; 18, John Cooke ; 19, Nieholas Stillwell ; 20, Peter Symson ; 21, Richard Stillwell ; 22, John Tilton, Jr. ; 23, Thomas Delavall ; 24, Samuel Spieer ; 25, Barent Juriansen ; 26, John Griggs ; 27, Samuel Spieer ; 28, Charles Bridges ; 29, Thomas Delavall ; 30, John Lake ; 31, Ann Wilkins ; 32, William Williamson ; 33, John Emans ; 34, Ralph Cardell ; 35, John Poland ; 36, John Applegate ; 37, Samuel Holmes ; 38, Samuel Spieer ; 39, William Goulding.

By the new eonveyanee from the Indians, in 1684, and the confirmatory charter obtained from Governor Dongan, 1685, Coney Island was fully secured to Graves- end.

The Labadist travellers have left us a elear deserip- tion of Coney Island, as they saw it in 1679; "The outer shore of this [Long] Island has before it several small islands and broken lands, such as Coney Island ('t Conijnen Eylandt), a low sandy island of about three hours eireuit, its westerly point forming with Sandy Hook, on the other side, the entrance from the sea. It is oblong in shape and is grown over with bushes. Nobody lives upon it, but it is used in winter for keeping eattle, horses, oxen, hogs and others, which are able to obtain there sufficient to eat the whole win- ter, and to shelter themselves from the eold in the thickets. This island is not so eold as Long Island, or the Manhatans or others, like some other islands on the eoast, in consequence of their having more sea-breeze, and of the saltness of the sea breaking upon the shoals, rocks and reefs, with which the coast is beset."

Subsequent Divisions of the Island .- Follow- ing the rule established in the original division of the Gravesend settlement, viz : thirty-nine shares or por- tions (there were in the first division forty shares, one of which was for a sehool-house), the balance of the present island was, from time to time, divided among the Gravesend inhabitants, always in thirty-nine shares ; viz .: as we have seen, in 1677, Guisbert's Island ; 1761, meadow at cast end of Guisbert's Island ; Plumb Is-

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HISTORY OF KINGS COUNTY.

land ; 1766, " Sedge Bank " (Manhattan Beach) ; 1766, the " middle division of the island " (present W. A. Engeman, Brighton Beach and Race Track), etc. The two latest divisions were made in 1815 and 1821.

The Town's Commonage Leases of Coney Island .- By agreement of its inhabitants and free- holders in town-meeting assembled, the town had, from time to time, leased Pine and Coney Islands, in seven- year leases (reserving for the freeholders " the privilege of fishing, grazing, fowling, hawking, gunning, hunting, eutting off and carting off any sort of timber," etc.), to the following persons : 1702, John Griggs ; 1720, Rich- ard Stillwell ; 1727, Thomas Stillwell ; 1731, Richard Stillwell ; 1733, Capt. John Cannon, mariner, of New York ; 1789, the islands were let in three divisions, to the highest bidders, viz., Abraham and John Emans, and John Van Cleef ; this arrangement continued an- nually (the lessees being Emans, Van Cleef, Jones and Voorhis) until 1803, when the town directed the Com- missioners of Ilighways to " let, for one season, at pub- lie vendue, to the highest bidder, all the undivided mowing-meadows or commons " in the town, etc .; "the sand on Plumb Island and Pine Island beaches " to be let by contract, the rights of Gravesend people to sand being protected.

Roads on Coney Island .- A road to the island was made in 1734, from the record of which it appears that the inlet between Coney Island and Coney Hook (Pine Island) had, by this time, become so shoal that the road was laid right along the beach without regard to it, and yet the two islands are divided by it-thus fixing the time when the process of filling up this inlet was going on ; and that Coney Hook had become sep- arated from the main land and had become an island: Thomas Stillwell, a very prominent citizen of Graves- end in that day, and who had become the owner of all the thirty-nine lots on Guisbert's Island (constituting all the arable land on Coney Island), conceived the idea that, by cutting a diteh from Hubbard's to Brown's creek he would seeure an excellent pasturage for his cattle, near his farm. At this time a considerable trade had arisen between New York and the residents on Jamaica Bay, whose boats went outside of Coney Is- land, in their trips to and from New York. Stillwell, by personal visitation of his Jamaica friends, convinced them that the opening of a ditch or canal through his property would give them an inside route to New York ; and finally, they all assembled, on a given day, and dug the canal-known to this day as " Jamaica Ditch." It was a success-giving the market-boats not only a shorter, but a much safer and easier way to the city.

By successive town-orders it was ordered (1735 and '49) that no one should mow sedge, or grass, upon Coney Island before the 1st September ; in 1752, that no wood or timber should be cut off ; and, in 1761, a division was made of the meadow on east end of Guisbert's Island. In 1763 another road was laid out along the

north side of middle division of Coney Island. About the year 1820, the project of a new and more direct road to Coney Island began to be agitated ; for, up to that time, the only route to Guisbert's or Johnson's Island was by fording the creek (if the tide happened to be low), and then westerly along the southerly side of Guisbert's Island. John Terhune, then Supervisor of Gravesend, proposed that the town should build what is now popularly known as " the shell road ;" but it was eventually done by private enterprisc.

The Gravesend and Coney Island Road and Bridge Company was incorporated March 22, 1823, by legis- lative act, with a capital stock of 300 shares of $20 each, and empowering John Terhune, Van Brunt Magaw, John S. Gerritson, and their associates, to open a road three rods wide through the meadows (between land at present of James A. Williamson, and land late of Stephen H. Stillwell, deccased,) and to construct a bridge over the creek. The enterprise, however, grew upon the hands of the projectors, who soon saw the necessity of providing a hotel for visitors to the Island. Additional capital-stock was authorized by aet of legis- lature in 1826 ; five directors were authorized by an amendment aet, in 1829, and the road and bridge were built, and a site procured from Court Van Sicklen, on which they erected the "Coney Island House," and leased the same to a Mr. Tooker for three years. This property, in 1827, was sold to John Terhune, who, the same year, sold a half to his brother Abraham, and it ultimately passed, with John's half, into the hands of Peter Lott.

Piracy. The Tragedy of the Brig Vineyard. -Coney Island is connected with a tragedy of the sea, well-nigh forgotten by even the older residents of the vieinity, but which was the cause of intense excite- ment at the time. On the 9th November, 1830, the brig Vineyard eleared from New Orleans for Phila- delphia with a cargo of cotton, sugar and molasses, and $54,000 in specie (all Mexican dollars), consigned to Stephen Girard, Esq., of the latter city. The officers and crew of the brig were William Thornby, Captain ; Mr. Roberts, Mate; Charles Gibbs (alias Thos. D. Jeffers), Aaron Church, James Talbot, John Brownrigg, and Henry Atwell, seamen ; Robert Dawes (age 18 or 19), cabin-boy, and Wansley, a young Delaware negro, steward and cook. When the brig had been five days out at sea, and was off Cape Hatteras, the negro steward informed some of the others of the money on board ; and, with Gibbs, Church, Atwell and Dawes, planned to kill the captain and mate, and possess themselves of the specie. On the night of March 23d, between 12 and 1 o'clock, as the captain was on the quarter-deck, and the boy Dawes was steering, the negro Wansley came up on deck, and, obeying a pre arranged eall from Dawes to come and trim the binnacle-light, as he passed behind the captain felled him with a pump-brake, and killed him by

193

THE TRAGEDY OF THE BRIG VINEYARD.

repeated blows. Gibbs then coming up, he and Wansley flung the captain's body overboard. Roberts, the matc, who was below, came up the companion way to ascertain the cause of the commotion, and was attacked by Church and Atwell, who failed, however, (throughi nervousness) to accomplish their design upon him. He retreated to the cabin, where he was followed by Gibbs, who, not being able to find him in the dark, returned to the deck for the binnacle-lamp, with which he re-entered the cabin, accompanied by Church, Atwell, and the boy Dawes ; and Roberts, being speedily overcome by their blows, was dragged upon deck and hurled into the sea-still alive, and able for a while to swim after the ship, begging for mercy. Talbot, who, in his terror at what was going on, had sought refuge in the forecastle, and Brownrigg, who had fled aloft, were now called by the conspirators and offered their lives and equal share in the booty if they kept silent. It is needless to say that they joyfully accepted the terms thus unexpectedly offered them. The conspirators then rifled the vessel, divided the specie; and, under direction of Gibbs, who, from his being the only one understanding navigation, assumed command of the vessel, their course was laid for Long Island. When within 15 or 20 miles off Southampton light, the vessel was scuttled and fired, and they took to their boats ; Gibbs, Wansley, Brownrigg and Dawes, with about $31,000 of the money, in the long- boat, and Church, Talbot and Atwell, with about $23,000, in the jolly-boat. The wind was blowing a gale, and in attempting to cross Duck (or Rockaway) Bar, the jolly-boat upset, and its occupants, with their share of the booty, were lost. The occupants of the other boat were compelled, by fear of a similar fate, to lighten their boat by throwing overboard all but $5,000 of their stealings ; but finally succeeded in reaching the shore of Pelican Beach, then part of Barren, now of Coney Island. Their first care was to dispose temporarily of the specie by burying it in a hole (dug with an oar) in the sand at a considerable distance from the shore, each taking out sufficient for his immediate wants. Food and lodging were their next most pressing wants, and meeting, on Pelican Beach, with Nicholas S. Williamson, of Gravesend, they told him a pitiable tale of shipwreck, and, getting from him the needed directions, they passed on to Dooley's Bay, on the northwest shore of Barren Island. Here resided John Johnson and wife, and his brother William, who kindly received and cared for the ship- wrecked mariners, and gave up to them for the night their own room and beds. Brownrigg and the Johnson brothers thus happened to occupy chairs in the living- room ; and as soon as the other inmates of the house were asleep, Brownrigg revealed the whole inatter to the two Johnsons. In the morning, after getting such breakfast as the place afforded, the pirates desired the Johnsons to take them over to the hotel at Sheepshead

Bay, whence they might get a conveyance to Fulton ferry and New York. This the Johnsons did, and returned to Barren Island without unnecessary delay ; and, procecding to the spot described by Brownrigg (and to which they had gone in the early morning with Wansley to get some clothes left there), they dug up the specie, removed it to another hiding-place remote from its first location; and, by walking in the water, cffaced all traces of the direction they had taken.

Meanwhile, Gibbs and his party were bargaining with Samuel Leonard, the hotel-keeper at Sheepshead Bay, when suddenly, in the presence of all, Brownrigg, declaring that he would go no further with them, de- nounced his companions as pirates and murderers, and unfolded the whole story of the Vineyard's fate. Wansley incontinently took to his heels to the woods, and Gibbs and Dawes were seized and bound by the inn-keeper and his people; and Justice John Van Dyke was summoncd, who promptly issued warrants for the arrest of the pirates. The one constable of the village found his hands full in guarding Gibbs and Dawes; and so Robert Greenwood, of Sheepshead Bay, volun- teered to go into the woods and look up Wansley. After an hour's search he found the negro, and present- ing a huge pistol, ordered him to fall on his face and cross his hands behind his back. Wansley submitted, and Greenwood, sitting astride of him, tied his hands securely, ordered him to arise, and marched him back to Leonard's hotel. After the negro had been thoroughly secured, his captor showed him the pistol (utterly desti- tute of either lock or load), with the remark that it "was just as good's any other if you knowed how to use it." Gibbs, Wansley, and Dawes were then lodged in the county jail at Flatbush.

The Johnsons had been none too quick in securing the $5,000; for, scarcely had they regained their home, when Squire Van Dyke, with Brownrigg as guide, ap- peared on the scene, and going right to the spot where the money had been deposited the day before, found it gone ! Brownrigg was then sent to join the others at Flatbush ; and from thence they were remanded to New York Bridewell. Indictments being found against Gibbs and Wansley, they were tried, and convicted on the testimony of Brownrigg and Dawes; and on the 11th of March, 1831, were sentenced to be hung ; sentence being carried into effect on the 22d of April following.

John and Wm. Johnson, apprehensive of further search being made for the money, made no haste to get it home. In a day or two they were visited by agents of the insurance companies and an officer, who not only searched for the money on the beach, but thoroughly ransacked the Johnson abode from garret to cellar, without success. Having, finally, as they thought, elu- ded the vigilance of the law, John Johnson and wife planned to get possession of it without the assistance of William. Accordingly, one night, while the latter was

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HISTORY OF KINGS COUNTY.

asleep, they stole out and unearthed the treasure, and reinterred it in two parcels, one of $3,400, the other of about $1,600. Knowing how closely William would scan the beach when he discovered his loss, they made only the slightest mark to designate the new place of deposit on Pelican Beach, by tying knots on the long sedge-grass, which could be seen only by the closest scrutiny. William's indignation, when he discovered the loss, was intense ; his suspicions fell upon his broth- er, and going to New York, he informed the insurance companies, who entered suit against John for recovery of the money. The trial, which was held before Judge Dean, in the Apprentices Library, in Brooklyn, ended in John's acquittal, for want of sufficient evidence. He then removed to Brooklyn, and William to Canarsie. But, when John went to look for his deposit, he found only the larger sum. A high tide had swept over the site of the other ; the action of the waves had loosened the knots in the scdge-grass, and the $1,600 was lost to him forever ! In 1842 the Skidmore family, living on "Ruffle Bar," concluded to remove their house, in sec- tions, to a new site on the shore of Dooley's Bay, Bar- ren Island. The house was accordingly taken down piecemeal, and most of it carried across the bay and piled up near its future site. The moving was not quite completed on the day appointed. On the foun- dation of their old home had been left the wooden ceil- ing of an upper chamber, in one piece or section. During the night a violent storm drove the tide up to an unprecedented height; and, in the morning, when Jacob Skidmore arose, he was surprised to find that his chamber-ceiling had been brought over by the tide, from Ruffle Bar to Dooley's Bay, without injury. Anx- ious to learn whether any other of his property had gone farther west, he proceeded along the northerly, or inside, shore of Pelican Beach, which then had become separated by a small inlet, shallow enough to be forded at low-tide, but at high-tide floating skiffs through it from the ocean to Dooley's Bay. The eastern part of Pelican Beach then had a ridge of sand-hills, while the western was as flat and level as the whole of it is now. Arrived at these sand-hills, from whence to get a view of the surrounding country, he saw none of his lumber ; and, aceeding to the suggestion of his com- panion, Mr. Loring, hurried back so as to cross the in- let before the tide got too high. Taking a last look, as they did so, they noticed the shore or ocean-side of Pelican Beach much washed away, and also saw his neighbors, Willett Smith and Henry Brewer, approach- ing. Smith and Brewer came on easterly until they reached the spot where John Johnson and wife had last buried the $1,600; and here, by the storm over night, the silver dollars had been uncovered, and lay seattered along the beach. The two men lost no time in filling pockets and boots, and carried away all they could ; but they could not keep their good luck to themselves, and in a day or two business was almost entirely

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The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I, Part 46

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n Publication date: 1884 Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co. Number of Pages: 1114

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co.
Number of Pages: 1114