The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I, Part 21

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co.
Number of Pages: 1114

USA > New York > Kings County > Brooklyn > The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I > Part 21

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

The original school-house of District No. 1 probably stood on Hubbard's Lanc, opposite John L. William- son's. On February 3d, 1696-7, the heirs of Elbert Elbertse, viz., Garrett Stoothoof, Thos. Willes and Jan Van Duyckhuisen, deeded to Coert Stevense, Derick Amertman and Claes Peterse, for themselves and others, freeholders, etc., premises described as follows : " All that house and garden spot, as it is now in fence, lying * * * in the town of fflatlands, adjoining to the house and land of fferdinanno vasycklyn, and now used and occupied for a school-house for said town." Van Sickclin lived at the southeast corner of the church-lot, where his son Johannes lived in 1747.

Confirmatory of this view is the fact that on the next day, viz., February 4th, 1697, the Stoothoff heirs, who seem to have been engaged in settling up the estate, conveyed to the same parties, "Elders of the Dutch Church of fflatlands," the church-lot and burying- ground, and describe the latter as "Bounded north by Tunis Janse's fence, south by the pound, west by the highway," with the church-lot at the east. Thus the whole of the present school-lot and burial-ground is included, without any mention of the school-house being then upon it, and excluding the Van Syckelen lands from contiguity. The evidence seems conclusive that the original school-house stood east from the resi- dence of John B. Hendrickson.

A new school-house seems to have been built about this time. Between September, 1694, and August, 1697, the Deacons paid " for the school-house " in vari- ous items of material and work, no less a sum than $654.40, which could not have been for repairs. Proba- bly, at this time, the new school-house was placed on an unused part of the burial ground. The lot described

SCHOOLS OF FLATLANDS AND CANARSIE.

in 1696 as the school-house lot must, soon after this, have fallen into private hands, for, in 1729, it is deedcd by Abram Westervelt, and Margaret, his wife, to the Town, together with an aere where the house of B. Stafford now stands. We know that the school-lionse was near its present location in 1733, for in that year Pieter Wyckoff conveys "a certain piece of land adjoin- ing the school-lot, being in breadth two rods and in length as far as the school-lot runs, bounded southerly by said school-lot, northerly by ground of said picter Wyckof, westerly by the highway, and casterly by the land belonging to the church." The school-house first placed within the original lines of the grave-yard, in 1699, was extensively repaired about 1765, the work having been begun in 1762, simultaneously with the extensive improvements and enlargement of the church. At this time the sum of $356 was paid for materials and work " for the school-house." In 1771 "a well for the school-house " cost £1, 11s. 3d.

In April, 1816, the town ordered a new school build- ing. It was completed and occupied two years later, and the old house sold to Nicholas Sehenck for $20. This new building continued to be used by the school until 1861, when it was sold to John L. Ryder for a carriage-housc. The school-lot was fenced in by the trustees, as sueli, in 1861, by advice of counsel. The building of 1861 was enlarged to more than twice its former eapaeity in 1876, and now affords ample space for four school departments.

District No. 2 is located in Flatlands Neek. The present school-house was built, by subscription, in 1835, but the District was not regularly organized under the Gencral School Law until 1843. A school had been taught, however, in that neighborhood for many years. As far back, indecd, as 1811, it seemed to have been a well established institution, and was then taught by Mr. Dean, licensed by John Baxter, as School Inspec- tor. In 1813 John Kouwenhoven took charge ; Mr. Wilson in 1817, Mr. Trumbull, 1818-1821 ; Messrs. Ephingstonc and Wethersby to 1833. In that year Abram Van Keuren took charge, and he remained until 1850. After him werc A. C. McLeod, L. C. Weld, W. C. Pilling, Alcx. Smith, G. S. Smith, (A. Van) Keuren, G. D. Anderson, S. J. Brown, Gco. Forbes, J. M. Barr, and the present teacher, Jolın L. Williamson.

District No. 3, at Canarsie, was organized August 21st,'1844, and reorganized November 13th, 1860, as a Union Free School District. By permission of the town, the school-house was built on a part of the bury- ing-ground on the road to the shore. This was used till 1875, when a large and commodious school-house was completed. On September 2d, 1875, the school marched with martial musie to their new building. The first teacher of this Distriet was Rev. John A. Morris, who also preached on Sabbath. His successors were : C. W. Richardson, 1852 ; Win. Clark, 1853 ; Clement Clark, 1855 ; F. B. Ladd and Dan. Mansfield for short

periods until 1860 ; J. A. Morris until 1867 ; John M. Barr till 1870, and after him Henry A. Harrison and E. L. G. Payne, thic present Principal. The assistant teachers have been Miss Mary Abbie Morrison, Mrs. Elizabeth De Groot, Daniel Jepson, Mrs. Brown and Miss Jansen.

The office of Town Superintendent of Schools, while in vogue, was held by Wm. Kouwenhoven, Elias Hub- bard, Cornelius B. Kouwenhoven, John L. Ryder and Rev. J. T. M. Davie. The office of County Superin- tendent was held the last term but one, next before the present incumbent, by Voorhees Overbaugh, the veteran Principal of the school in District No. 1.

Sons of Temperance .- Early in 1866, and mainly through the efforts of Rev. C. Brett, pastor of thic Ref. Church, an application was made to the Grand Divi- sion, S. of T., Eastern N. Y., and a charter received as Suburban Division No. 48, Sons of Temperance. The charter members were Rev. C. Brett, J. L. Bergen, John Remsen, W. W. Kouwenhoven, Asher Anderson, G. D. Anderson, J. Flemming, P. Kouwenhoven, Jr., J. D. Magaw, S. W. Remsen, G. Sehenck, W. K. Rem- sen, W. H. Cornell, J. V. Brundage, Theo. Bergen and S. W. Stoothoof. The first meeting was held and offi- cers installed May 21st, 1866. The meetings were held weekly and have continued uninterruptedly to the present time. The following have presided in the Division : J. L. Bergen, J. Remsen, G. Schenck, J. V. Brundage, A. D. Sclover, L. H. Smith, W. W. Kou- wenhoven, H. M. Hitchings, C. Bergen, C. Brett, G. D. Anderson, B. Bryan, H. Paton, G. S. Kouwenhoven, T. B. Woolsey, Miss Sarah Hendrickson, Elias Hendriek- son, V. Overbagh, P. Remsen, N. Emmans and J. J. Van Wyck. The membership has steadily increased until it now numbers 60, mostly the young men of the village. The meetings are well attended, and the whole influence has been of an elevating character. When the society organized there were four rum-selling places in this part of the town. Now there is but one.

Barren Island .- The most southerly point of Flat- lands is Barren Island, wholly composed of white sand and lying in the inlet of Jamaica Bay. Its length lay formerly north and south, but it now extends in greatest length east and west. The area of the island has very considerably decreased within the memory of persons now living; meanwhile, the point of Rockaway Beach has steadily extended westward several miles. Years ago the island was destitute of trees, producing only sedge, affording coarse pasture. Sixty years ago cedar trees sprung up over the island, furnishing a roosting-place for vast numbers of crows. Few trees now remain.

The Indian title was relinquished, according to the following deed, never before published :

Know all men, &c., that we, Wawmatt Tappa and Kack- a-washke, the right and true proprietors of a certain island called by the Indians Equendito, and by the English Broken Lands, lying, &c., &c., in consideration of two coats, one

HISTORY OF KINGS COUNTY.

kettel, one gun, one new trooper-coat, ten fathoms of wam- pum prage, three shirts, six pounds of powder, six barrs of lead and a quantity of Brandie wine, already paid unto us by John Tilton, sen., and Samuel Spicer, of Gravesend, L. I., Do, &c., sell, &c., the said Island called Equendito, &c., with all our right *

* * both of upland and marshes, any way belonging thereto, as the Straun Beach or Beaches, as namely that running out more westerly, with the Island adjoining, and is at the same time by the ocean sea wholly inclosed, called hoopaninak and Shanscomacocke and macut- teris, as also all the harbors, &c., to the said John Tilton and Samuel Spicer * * * excepting only to ourselves the one- half of all such whale-fish that shall by wind and storms be cast upon the said Island. In witness whereof we have set our hands this 13 day of the 3 month, called May, Anno, 1664.

mark BAMBRAS, als Qy

WAWAMATT TAPPA.

mark

KACHA-WASHKE

Acknowledged and subscribed in presence of Ca wmenorke,

his

Orawase, Anascorah, Poundgar, Mawascorhere, John M Wil- son, Obediah Wilkins, Pieter Tilton. mark

This original Indian deed bears an assignment by Tilton and Spieer, dated "the 2d day of the 3d month, called May, 1681, to Elbert Elbertsonn, his heirs," etc.

The island was of little value for many years, only affording a seant pasture for young cattle and eolts. A rude house at the east end, where fishermen and sportsmen were entertained, was oeeupied about the elose of the last century by one Dooley, who was ealled "The King of the Island." Afterwards this house was kept by Johnson, with whom Gibbs, the pirate, and his associates lodged, in 1830 (after burying a large num- ber of Mexican dollars in the sand), the night before their arrest at Sheepshead Bay. (See History of Town of Gravesend). A Yankee named Cherry, with his large family, lived in a dug-out at the west end for a long time, until he suceeeded to the public house, which he kept as late as 1860.

In 1835 the island was held in undivided fifths by the following parties : 1, Peter Voorhees and Eliza Ann Voorhees ; 2, Isaae and John Terhune ; 3, Geo. Lott ; 4, H. I. Lott ; 5, Nelson Shaw. Geo. Lott dying in January of that year, the island, in June, was divided in severalty, except the western end, a part of which was known as "Peliean Beach." About 1842 the channel shifted so as to eut off this beach, and by the filling up of the old channel, called "Plum Gut," it became a part of Coney Island, and is now oceupied by the Manhattan Beach Improvement Company.

Meantime the fortunes of the island advanced. A bone-boiling establishment was ereeted on the north side about 1845 by Wm. B. Reynolds. It was oeeupied afterwards by Frank Swift. To this, dead animals from New York and Brooklyn were brought. This factory was blown down and a new one ereeted in 1866 by R. Reeknagle. A previously built factory near the same

site had been burnt. At the present time, the great Rendering and Fertilizer Factory of P. White & Sons is the sueeessor of these establishments. It was built in 1868 and burnt in 1878; hence the five present buildings are new. They cover, with doekage, about four acres. Thirty dead animals are received daily, and render their last service to humanity. Every part of the animal, to the last flake of hair, goes to its appro- priate use. About 2,000 tons of fertilizers are produced annually, of four general sorts, viz .: phosphates, bone dust, guano substitutes and combinations adapted to partieular erops. Cleanliness and care to prevent offen- sive smells are constant, and are rewarded with fair sueeess; and, if the success is not all that is desirable, it would be hard to find a better place for doing this necessary work in disposing of dead animals.

The largest eoneern on the island is E. Frank Coe's Fertilizer Factory, at the west end, established in 1877. An immense building, 360x224 feet, with yards and dock, affords ample spaee. A 160 horse power engine and 80 men (sometimes more) are employed. The materials used in preparing fertilizers for market are Peruvian guano from Curaco, bone dust, in part from the sugar refineries of the eities, Charleston stone, and menhaden scraps from the fish-rendering establish- ments on this island. One and a half tons of sulphurie aeid are consumed daily, and from 40 to 50 tons of phosphates are daily made ready for use. The makers find it difficult to supply their orders, mostly from the south.

The fish-oil factories of Barren Island are interesting institutions. There are five of them, though one is idle at present. The first was built by Smith & Co. on the north side of the island, about 1860. In 1868 Vanan- tine Coon, who had worked with Smith, built on the east end, and carried on the concern some six years ; when it was bought by Louis C. De Homage, M. D., who continues it and has built a new factory near the old one. Steam power is used and about 40 men and three steamers are employed. The establishment ean handle half a million of fish daily.

The Barren Island Menhaden Company occupies premises near the above. Osear O. Freedlander, 36 Broadway, N. Y., is managing director. This factory was begun in 1868, by Goodkind Brothers, who, like Coon, had been with Smith. It oeeupies three build- ings, each 100x70 feet ; employs three steamers in fishing, an engine of 40 horse power and about 50 men. The company ean handle one and a half millions of fish in a single day, but 2,000,000 per week is considered a fair average eateh.

The fish-rendering factory of Jones & Co., at the west end, is of about the capacity of the one just deseribed.

The Hawkins Brothers' Fish Oil, and Fish Guano Factory, was built at the west end in 1869. Steam power, fifty men and three steamboats are employed

BARREN ISLAND.

from May Ist to the middle of November. About 20,000,000 fish are worked up annually, producing about 80,000 gallons of oil.

We may here give a brief account of this industry. The fish used are almost exclusively the menhaden or "mossbunker," an oily and bony specics unfit for food ; and long used in the natural state for manure. They pass up the Atlantic coast in immense shoals and are dipped into by fishermen with long seines. For- merly sailing vessels, but now steamers, each with a crew of 12 men and two foss boats, each 20 fcet long, are used. The net swoops in a vast number of fish, which are hoisted into the vessel's hold ; and when this is full they are brought to the factory wharf, thrown

in a measuring tub and thence into strong wooden tubs for boiling. The boiling is done by admitting steam, and then they are placed in perforated boiler-iron curbs, and the oil is separated by hydraulic pressure. The oil is used by tanners, in making ship-cordage, and in various other ways; and the refuse fish arc dried on board-plat- forms, of one or two acres in extent, and sold at the phosphate factories on the island.

This industry employs at the island some 350 men and a fleet of 10 steamers. Altogether there are cm- ployed in all the works not less than 500 men. A dis- trict school is maintained ; a regular ferry connects with Canarsie, and several of the factories are connected with their New York offices by telephone.

HISTORY

OF THE

TOWN OF BROOKLYN. Army R. files. A.M. M.D.

I T is not known that any settlement was made within the limits of the present city of Brooklyn earlier than 1636, in which year William Adriaense Ben- net and Jacques Bentyn purchased from the Indi- ans a tract of 930 acres of land at "Gowanus ;" upon which, at some time prior to the Indian war of 1643-'45, a dwelling-house was erected, affording presumptive evi- dence, at least, that absolute occupation and agricultural improvement followed close upon its purchase. The occu- pation of this farm, over a portion of which the village of Gowanus subsequently extended-and which comprised that portion of the present city lying between Twenty- seventh street and the New Utrecht line-may be con- sidered as the first step in the settlement of the CITY OF BROOKLYN. The second step, according to the best doc- umentary evidence, was taken about a year later, by Joris (George) Jansen de Rapalie, one of the Walloon emigrants of 1623, who first settled at Fort Orange (Albany), and in 1626 removed to New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island. On the 16th of June, 1637, Rapa- lie purchased from its native proprietors a piece of land called " Rennegackonck,"* lying on Long Island " in the bend of Marechkawieck,"t now better known as Walla- bont Bay. This purchase, comprising about 335 acres, now occupied in part by the grounds of the United States Marine Hospital, and by that portion of the city between Nostrand and Grand avenues-although it may have been, and probably was, more or less improved as a farm by Rapalie-was not occupied by him as a resi- dence until about 1655. By that time the gradual influx of other settlers, many of whom were Walloons, had gained for the neighborhood the appellation of the " Waal-Bogt," or " the bay of the foreigners." Thus, at two isolated points-offering to the settlers similar agricultural advantages and inducements-were formed the nuclei of the present CITY OF BROOKLYN.

This name " Wallabout," corrupted from the Dutch Waal-Bogt, or Wahle-Boght, means, according to the late IIon. T. G. Bergen, "the shore or beach of the cove."

In 1637 also, the island called by the Indians "Pag- ganck," and by the Dutch, because of its abundance of nnt trees, "Nooten," or Nutten Island, was secured for his own use by the Director or Governor, Van Twiller, and it has ever since been known as " Governor's Island."

On the 1st of August, 1638, Governor Kieft, who had succeeded Van Twiller, secured for the West India Company a tract of land adjoining Rapalie's plantation on Long Island, extending from " Rennegackonck " to what is now known as Newtown Creek, and from the East River to " the swamps of Mespaetches." The price paid to the native "chiefs of Keskacchquerem " for this extensive arca, which comprised the whole of the for- mer town of Bushwick, now forming the Eustern Dis- trict of the city of Brooklyn, was eight fathoms of duffels cloth, eight fathoms of wampum, twelve kettles, eight adzes, eight axes, and some knives, corals, and awls.

In January, 1639, he purchased another tract, which included a large portion of Queens as well as Kings county. On November 28th of the same year, Thomas Bescher received a patent for " a tobacco plantation," on the beach of Long Island, "hard by Saphorakan," which is supposed to have been at Gowanus, and adjoin- ing to that of William Adriaensc Bennet. The next settler, in this vicinity, was Frederick Lubbertsen, who, on the 27th of May, 1640, took out a patent for a large tract lying on the northerly side of Gowanus Cove, and having, also, an extensive water-front on the East River ; comprising, with the exception of Red Hook, the largest portion of what is now known as South Brooklyn. There is abundant evidence, also, that the

* " Rennegackonck " (sometimes spelt with an i or a u in the first syl- lable) is a small creek or stream of water emptying into the Wallabout Bay.

+ The Indian name of the territory of Brooklyn was Meryckawick, or

"the sandy place ;" from me, the article in the Algonquin dialect, reckwa, sand, and ick, locality. The name was probably app lied, at first, to the bottom-land, or beach ; and what is now Wallabout Bay, was formerly called "The bought (or bight, i.c., 'bend') of Mareckawick."

EARLY HISTORY OF BROOKLYN.

territory (subsequently forming the town of Bushwick, and now the Eastern District of the city of Brooklyn), purchased from the Indians by the West India Com- pany in 1638, had been more or less cultivated-proba- bly by "squatter right "-by settlers who now began to take out patents for the lands which they had thus occupied. Patents were issued in August, 1640, to Abraham Rycken for a large plantation ; and in Sep- tember, 1641, to Lambert Huybertsen (Moll), for land on the East River previously occupied by one Cornelis Jacobsen Sille. In the same neighborhood Hans Hansen Bergen was already occupying a large tract adjoining that of his father-in-law, Joris Rapalie, and lying partly on the " Waal-Bogt" and partly within the limits of Bushwick; while, along the "bend of the Marechawick" lay the farms and " tobacco plantations " of Jan and Pieter Montfoort, Pieter Cæsar the Italian, and others.

During the years 1640 and 1641, some changes were effected in the regulation of affairs in the province, and an increased prosperity was the result.

A public ferry was, by this time, permanently estab- lished between Manhattan and Long Island. The land- ing-place on the New Amsterdam side was at the present Peck Slip, where was a ferry-house, kept by Cornelis Dircksen (Hooglant), the ferryman. The land- ing-place on this side of the river was at the foot of the present Fulton street, Brooklyn, near which Dircksen also owned "a house and garden." Southwardly from " The Ferry," along the present " Brooklyn Heights " and the East River shore, stretched the farms of Claes Cornelissen Van Schouw (Mentelaer), Jan Manje, An- dries Hudde, Jacob Wolphertsen (Van Couwenhoven), and others ; while Red Hook had become the property of ex-Governor Van Twiller.

In the years 1643 and 1644, wars between the Dutch and Indians were brought on by the bad policy pursued by Director Kieft. In these wars, which commenced with the river Indians, the Long Island tribes became involved, and the safety of the settlements was at times threatened. As a result of these wars, the western end of Long Island was almost depopulated ; but on the establishment of peace in 1645, the settlers returned and others eame.

The occupation of land within the limits of the present city of Brooklyn commeneed with the Bennet and Ben- tyn purchase in 1636; and, by 1646, nearly the whole wa- ter front, from Newtown Creek to the southerly side of Gowanus Bay, was in the possession of individuals who were engaged in its actual eultivation. Small hamlets, or neighborhoods, also, seem to have grown up at the original centres of settlement, known respectively as " The Gowanus," " The Waal-bogt," and " The Ferry." About a mile to the southeast of the latter locality, and lying between the " Waal-bogt " plantations and those at Gowanus, was a tract, spoken of in the early patents as "Mereckawieck, on the Kil (or Creek) of Gowanus," and which was, undoubtedly, the residence of the tribe

of that name. Here were the " maize lands" or plant- ing grounds, which, in 1643, were unjustly despoiled by

MANHATTAN ISLAND

Lupetonga

THE FERRY

WAAL-BOGH

RUNNEGACKONCK

NUTTEN! I.

THE BEN

VEND DE MARECHAWIECK

MAREČKAWIECK

BREUKELEN

ROODE HOEK

the

HIGHWAY

GOWANUS BAY

. CUJANES

MAP SHOWING THE RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE VILLAGE OF BREUCK- ELEN AND ITS ADJACENT SETTLEMENTS, IN 1646.

the covetous whites ; and of which, during the war which ensued, the Indians were dispossessed. As soon as, and even before, hostilities ceased, the choicest por- tions of this tract were taken up by the white settlers under patents from the Dutch West India Company. Thus, in July, 1645, Jan Evertse Bout, followed in 1646 by Huyck Aertsen (van Rossum), Jacob Stoffelsen, Pieter Cornelissen, and Joris Direksen, and by Gerrit Wolphertsen van Couwenhoven and others in 1647, established themselves in this vieinity, on either side of the road that led from Flatbush to " The Ferry." The village thus formed, and which was located on the present Fulton avenue, in the vicinity of the junction of Hoyt and Smith streets with said avenue, and southeast of the present City Hall, was called BREUCKELEN, after the ancient village of the same name in Holland, some eighteen miles from Amsterdam. Its founders were the first to avail themselves of the policy recommended by the West India Company's Chamber of Accounts, in the " Code of General Instructions " which they had prepared for the Provincial Council in the preceding autumn, viz .: "to do all in their power to induce the colonists to establish themselves on some of the most suitable places, with a certain number of inhabitants, in the manner of towns, villages, and hamlets, as the English are in the habit of doing." And their expressed wish and intention to "found a town at their own expense " was promptly responded to (June, 1646) by the Colonial Council with the following brief or com- mission :

" We, William Kieft, Director General, and the Council residing in New Netherland, on behalf of the High and Mighty Lords States-general of the United Netherlands, His Highness of Orange and the Honorable Directors of the Gen- eral Incorporated West India Company. To all those who shall see these presents or hear them read, Greeting :

HISTORY OF KINGS COUNTY.

"Whereas, Jan Evertsen Bout and Huyck Aertsen from Rossum, were on the 21st May last unanimously chosen by those interested of Breuckelen, situate on Long Island, as Schepens, to decide all questions which may arise, as they shall deem proper, according to the exemptions of New Neth- erland granted to particular Colonies, which election is sub- scribed by them, with express stipulation that if any one refuse to submit in the premises aforesaid to the above-men- tioned Jan Evertsen and Huyck Aertsen, he shall forfeit the right he claims to land in the allotment of Breuckelen, and in order that everything may be done with more authority, We, the Director and Council aforesaid, have therefore authorized and appointed, and do here authorize the said Jan Evertsen and Huyck Aertsen to be schepens of Breuckelen ; and in case Jan Evertsen and Huyck Aertsen do hereafter find the labor too onerous, they shall be at liberty to select two more from among the inhabitants of Breuckelen to adjoin them to themselves. We charge and command every inhabitant of Breuckelen to acknowledge and respect the above-mentioned Jan Evertsen and Huyck Aertsen as their schepens, and if any one shall be found to exhibit contuma- ciousness towards them, he shall forfeit his share as above stated. Thus done in Council in Fort Amsterdam in New Netherlands."

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The civil, political, professional and ecclesiastical history, and commercial and industrial record of the county of Kings and the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 Volume I, Part 21

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n Publication date: 1884 Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co. Number of Pages: 1114

Author: Stiles, Henry Reed, 1832-1909, ed. cn; Brockett, L. P. (Linus Pierpont), 1820-1893; Proctor, L. B. (Lucien Brock), 1830-1900. 1n
Publication date: 1884
Publisher: New York : W. W. Munsell & Co.
Number of Pages: 1114