USA > Ohio > History and geography of Ohio > Part 14
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FIG. 140. Unloading a lake freighter at Lorain, Ohio
This modern lake freighter is being unloaded by means of a Hulett automatic ore unloader. (Courtesy of the National Tube Company)
plates are riveted, the deck being added last. Modern freighters carrying from ten to twelve thousand tons can be constructed within thirty days. More than 700 vessels of this type carry the bulk freight on the Great Lakes (Fig. 140). For size, speed, and capacity they are not equaled even by the ships engaged in ocean traffic.
Passenger traffic and farm products formed the first com- merce on Lake Erie. The lumber of the pine forests and the grain crops of the Northwest greatly increased the lake traffic. The use of Lake Superior iron ore, the building of the Sault Ste. Marie Ship Canal, and the demand for Ohio coal in the
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Northwest, gave freight that required boats of large capacity. Iron ore, coal, and grain still form the bulk of the freight car- ried upon the Great Lakes. The freight carried on these inland seas exceeds that of any other region in the world. The iron ore averages 60,000,000 tons, the grain 300,000,000 bushels,
FIG. 141. View of the water front of Cleveland
This shows a portion of the Cleveland harbor with the ore docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the breakwater opposite. Trace the winding course of the Cuyahoga River. Explain the relation of this harbor to Cleveland's development
coal 26,000,000 tons, while more than 500,000 passengers are carried annually. More than three fourths of the iron ore comes to Lake Erie ports, Cleveland, Ashtabula, Conneaut, Toledo, and Lorain (see Fig. 121). Nearly all of the coal is loaded at these ports for the Northwest.
More than three fourths of all the lake freight is bound to Lake Erie ports, and these ports ship more than one half of the total freight on the Great Lakes. Lake transportation is the magic key which unlocks the natural resources of the Northwest, and brings them to be manufactured on the southern
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
shore of Lake Erie. Toledo, Sandusky, Lorain, Huron, Cleve- land, Ashtabula, and Conneaut are industrial centers because of the advantages of the lake trade.
The inland seas, of which Lake Erie has the largest com- merce, form an industrial region that would greatly profit by the proposed deep waterway to the Atlantic Ocean. The Welland Canal would enable Lake Erie ports to load cargoes direct for South America, Europe, and other lands. This would enlarge the markets of the Great Lakes region and stimulate the industries of Ohio, whose surplus could be marketed by direct shipment abroad at a low freight cost. During the World War, food cargoes, machinery, and ammunition were loaded at the ports of Lake Erie for shipment direct to Europe.
Problem VII. How the railroads have promoted Ohio's industrial development
The year after the opening of the Erie Canal, an English engineer, George Stephenson, demonstrated to the world the possibilities of the steam railroad. Since the Erie Canal threat- ened Baltimore's western trade, the merchants of that city planned to build a railroad across the mountains to the Ohio River. An impressive ceremony took place at Baltimore on July 4, 1828, when the venerable Charles Carroll placed the foundation stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, first of the iron bands between the East and the West. Then ninety-three years of age, Charles Carroll belonged to the past; but he saw clearly into the future when he said, "I consider this among the greatest acts of my life, second only to that of signing the Declaration of Independence."
This early railway was a crude affair. Its strap rails were wooden beams fastened together at the ends, with a flat strip of iron spiked to the top of the beam. Along thirteen miles of this track, Peter Cooper's locomotive, the Tom Thumb, made its trial trip in about one hour. An exciting race took place on the double track near Baltimore between the Tom Thumb and a horse car. As the horses grew tired the locomotive forged
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slowly ahead. Finally a pulley slipped off the engine, and the horses won the race after all. Still the trial trip was on the whole a success, the locomotive was soon improved, and larger cars were built for passengers and freight. By the year 1837 Philadelphia was connected with Baltimore and New York by rail. Lines were soon after- Thousands of miles wards completed from Boston and New York to Albany, and = 1,000 mi. from Albany west to Buffalo. East and West were then joined by rail as well as by the Erie Canal. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had climbed over the mountains by 1853 to Wheeling, West Virginia, where a junction was made FIG. 142. Miles of steam railroad in Ohio from 1850 to 1920 with Ohio River steamboats.
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920
The first railroad in Ohio was fostered by our northern neighbor, Michigan. The leg- islature of that state granted the charter of the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad, which ran its first train from Adrian to Toledo in 1836. At the outset there was little confi- dence in the success of the en- terprise. It was described in the Michigan legislature as "merely a fanciful scheme that could do no harm and would greatly please certain citizens of Toledo." Nevertheless the project proved entirely successful so far as the running of trains was concerned, although the road was seized for debt seven years later.
Study this graph carefully. In what period of ten years was the largest number of miles of railroad built in Ohio ? the small- est number of miles ? Explain why there was so much railroad-building in the one period and so little in the other. Why was there so little railroad-building between 1860 and 1870? What causes led to the great increase in railroad mileage in Ohio in the thirty years between 1870 and 1900? About how many miles of rail- road had Ohio in 1920? Only New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts have more miles of railroad in proportion to their areas than Ohio. There are about 260,000 miles of railroad in operation in the United States at the present time. Estimate what fraction of the total mile- age is found in Ohio
The first railroad entirely within the boundaries of Ohio was constructed in 1839 from Sandusky to Bellevue, and after- wards extended to Springfield and Cincinnati. In 1848 another
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
railroad was constructed from Cleveland south to Columbus and Cincinnati. These early railroads ran north and south, con- necting Lake Erie with the Ohio River. Later the east-and-west lines were built for the traffic between the western and the eastern states. Ohio was the first state to develop a network
702
FIG. 143. Manufacturing locomotives at Lima, Ohio
This plant for the manufacture of locomotives is one of the largest of its kind in the United States. This illustration shows engines nearing completion, also complete engines ready for shipment. (Courtesy of the Lima Locomotive Works)
of railroads because of its position between the lake and the river, and between the states of the East and the West.
In sixty years more than 9000 miles of railroads have been built within the boundaries of Ohio. Today each county is reached by railroad, and every village with 2000 people has railway connections. Ohio has more miles of railroad to the square mile than any other state of the Middle West. The first railroads in Ohio carried passengers rather than freight, while the modern railroad derives more than three fourths of its income from freight. The coal mines of the state, the
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Lake Superior mines, and our farm and factory products, create freight in great quantities. The railroads of Ohio carry more than the average freight per mile of the country.
The modern railroad equipped with heavy steel tracks and steel cars makes traveling rapid and comfortable. On the level lake plains of northwestern Ohio, the Twentieth Century
FIG. 144. The Twentieth Century Limited
This is one of the splendid modern trains that run between New York and Chicago. (From Gowin and Wheatley's "Occupations")
Limited, a special passenger train between New York and Chicago, makes the record time of ninety miles per hour.
In the period following the Civil War, many of the short railway lines of the country were combined into larger units. For example, the five lines between Buffalo and Chicago along the southern shore of Lake Erie united to form the "Lake Shore," now a part of the New York Central system. This consolidation of smaller railroads into trunk lines has grouped Ohio's roads into three great systems: the New York Central, the Pennsylvania, and the Baltimore and Ohio.
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
The New York Central Railroad comprises trunk lines be- tween New York and Chicago. Its double track crosses north- ern Ohio, closely following the lake shore. At Cleveland a branch, the Big Four, extends to Columbus, Cincinnati, Indian- apolis, and St. Louis. At Toledo, branches extend to Detroit, and southward to the Ohio River. The New York Central
FIG. 145. Entrance to Union Station, Columbus, Ohio
The tracks pass underneath this viaduct to the station in the heart of the city
lines in Ohio carry general freight, as well as grain, some iron ore, and coal. This railroad has considerable through traffic in passengers and mail.
The Pennsylvania Railroad extends westward from Pittsburgh across Ohio. This railroad has more mileage and carries more passengers than any other line in Ohio. It also carries more anthracite and bituminous coal, iron ore, and coke than any other railroad in Ohio. Along its lines are located the largest steel and iron industries in the state.
The Baltimore and Ohio extends through the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. In Ohio the Baltimore and
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Ohio lines connect Cleveland, Toledo, Columbus, and Cincin- nati. The Baltimore and Ohio carries chiefly soft coal, coke, and iron ore.
Other railroads in Ohio include the Nickel Plate, the Erie, the Wheeling and Lake Erie, the Wabash, the Toledo, St. Louis, and Western, and the Hocking Valley. In northwestern Ohio
FIG. 146. Three methods of transportation
the railroads form a net with important centers at Toledo, Marion, and Lima. Toledo with its twenty-three railway lines is the largest railway center in Ohio, and the third largest center in the entire United States. The lines are straight and direct in this part of the state, for the land is level. In southeastern Ohio the railroads follow the river valleys. The railroads of the northern plains gradually converge upon the narrow plain along Lake Erie in northeastern Ohio. These lines pass through Cleveland and along the Lake Plain to Buffalo, where the principal lines enter the Mohawk Valley.
Beginning about 1895, electric interurban roads were built for passenger traffic. These lines have become important in
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
local freight and express business. All the large cities, and many of the smaller ones as well, are connected by interurban lines which make more frequent stops and serve a larger local territory than the steam roads. The interurban lines benefit people living near the city. The farmer has rapid transit for his market produce, and the city merchant has more customers.
FIG. 147. A heavy load in the lumber region This shows one of the many uses which automobile trucks serve
Milk, garden truck, flowers, and other products are quickly and cheaply transported to the city markets. Then, too, the city worker can live in the country. Ohio has 4254 miles of inter- urban lines between its larger cities. These lines extend across the state, and are most numerous in the central and western sections. Ohio has more interurban lines per square mile than any other state.
Problem VIII. How automobile transportation supplements the railroads
The automobile provides a rapid transit that carries as many passengers as the interurban. Ohio has 618,000 automobiles, or one for every nine people. The automobile supplements the
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railroad and the interurban. It supplies a traffic that was im- possible twenty years ago. To the farmer it gives rapid delivery for market products, and it takes the city dweller to the country. The automobile has stimulated road-building, and millions of dollars are spent each year on the highways. With 31,800 miles of surfaced highways, Ohio leads the states in good
FIG. 148. Airplane used for mail
roads. The Lincoln Highway and the Dixie Highway are trunk roads which cross the state. The old National Road has also been repaired.
Long-distance hauling by automobile is a common method of transportation in Ohio (Fig. 147). Truck lines are estab- lished, and freight is shipped to important cities. Large indus- trial establishments have special trucks for the shipment of valuable articles of small size. These trucks ship quickly from the Ohio factory to New York or other markets. To the farmer the automobile truck gives a great advantage in reaching dis- tant markets quickly with his products.
In the city, freight deliveries are now made almost entirely by the automobile truck. The delivery service of large stores has been greatly enlarged by the small but swift auto truck.
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
For the rural free delivery of mail a small passenger car is used. In the cities the mail is collected and carried to the cen- tral station entirely by automobile trucks. Cabs and busses have been replaced by the automobile taxi, and for pleasure- driving the horse has been largely replaced by the modern passenger car.
Regular air mail service is maintained by airplane (Fig. 148) between Chicago, Cleveland, and New York. This service cuts the time for the delivery of important mail from twelve hours to less than three hours, and is as regular and dependable as the established train service.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS FOR INVESTIGATION
1. Types of transportation.
a. List all the lines of transportation which are near your school.
b. Show the importance of all the types of transportation that can be seen from your home.
c. Can you prove that the prosperity of your community depends upon its transportation ?
2. Railroads.
a. When was the first railroad built in your community ?
b. Describe a modern railroad track. What is its cost per mile ?
c. What articles do the railroads of your vicinity carry in the greatest quantity ?
d. How many freight cars have you counted in a train near your home ?
e. Have you ever seen a solid train of oil cars, coal cars, meat cars, cattle cars? Which way were they going ?
f. Obtain a railroad folder and plan a trip. How far can you travel for $5 on the railroad? How far on the interurban electric line? From a folder find the distance between any two stations and the time needed to travel between them. How fast does the train travel per mile ?
g. Suppose you are to ship products like milk, lettuce, straw- berries, etc. Tell how perishable products are shipped and how far you think they can be sent.
h. What is a refrigerator car ?
21 7
TRANSPORTATION
i. Explain the use of each of the following cars: a gondola, a box car, a passenger car, a diner, a pullman, an express car, and a chicken car.
j. Is any mail sent from your post office by airplane ?
3. Highway problems.
a. Show the advantage of a paved road over a dirt road. What is the difference in the loads that can be hauled over these two types of roads ?
b. Compare travel in a stagecoach with that in the modern automobile.
c. Show the relation of the cities of Ohio to the route of the old National Road in Ohio.
d. Does the road which passes your home connect with one of the great highways?
e. Do surface features hinder road-building or aid it in your community ?
f. Show how the automobile has changed transportation. List all the advantages that have resulted from this type of transportation.
g. Draw a cross section of a well-paved road.
h. How wide should a highway be? Measure the highway nearest your home and give reasons for your answer.
i. Explain who pays for the road in front of your home. Ask your parents to tell you.
j. What regulations should apply to the vehicles which are allowed upon a paved highway ?
4. Waterway transportation.
a. Show how the Ohio River is an important waterway. What would you suggest as an improvement to navigation on the Ohio?
b. Obtain folders of the navigation lines on Lake Erie. Find the cost and how long it takes to travel on the boats from one lake port to another. Compare the time and cost with railroad transportation.
c. What industries depend upon lake transportation ?
d. Explain why the passenger boats are side-wheelers and why the freighters are propellers.
e. Compare transportation by lake freighter and by railroad as regards time, cost, and limitations. How many cars of coal does a lake freighter carry? Compare the cost per mile of carrying it by water and by railroad.
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
f. Do you think that the Ohio and Erie Canal could be made of service in the transportation problems of the state ?
5. Write an imaginary sketch on one of the following topics:
a. How I shall travel in fifty years.
b. A trip across Ohio in a canal boat.
c. A trip on Walk-in-the-Water, the first steamboat on Lake Erie.
d. Traveling with an Indian war party from the Ohio River to Lake Erie.
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE PROBLEMS
A road map of Ohio, showing the state highways.
A topographic map of your home region. (This map may be obtained from the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. It shows all the lines of transportation in your region and also all the irregularities of the surface.)
ATWOOD, WALLACE W., New Geography, Book Two, pp. 46-48, 300-304.
CALDWELL and EIKENBERRY, General Science, pp. 152-158.
DRAKE, S. A., Making of the Great West, pp. 153-168, 198-214.
NICOLAY, HELEN, Our Nation in the Building, ch. XI.
SPARKS, E. E., Expansion of the American People, chs. XX, XXIV.
WRIGHT, C. D., Industrial Evolution of the United States, ch. XXI.
CHAPTER X THE COUNTIES OF OHIO
Adams. Adams County was one of the earliest counties in the Northwest Territory. It was named in honor of John Adams, second President of the United States. The first settlement between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers was made at Manchester in 1795 by General Nathaniel Massie.
In early times the district was the home of the Mound Builders, and the famous Serpent Mound (Fig. 17) is located twenty-one miles from West Union, the county seat.
Allen. Allen County was named in honor of Colonel Allen, a hero of the War of 1812.
The first settlement was Fort Amanda, built in 1812 on the bank of the Auglaize by Colonel Poague of General Harrison's army.
Lima, the county seat, was formerly a great oil-producing center, and is now one of the most important oil-refining centers in the world.
Ashland. Ashland, the county seat of Ashland County, was at first named Uniontown. This was changed to Ashland in honor of Henry Clay, whose estate near Lexington, Kentucky, bore that name.
Ashland has the distinction of having given the first volunteer from Ohio to the Union Army. This soldier was Loren Andrews, who was famous as an educator and as President of Kenyon College.
Ashtabula. Ashtabula is the largest county in Ohio. It was named from the Ashtabula River, an Indian name meaning "fish river."
Jefferson, the county seat, was the home of Benjamin F. Wade and Joshua R. Giddings, national figures in the struggle against slavery.
The city of Ashtabula is noted for its splendid harbor.
Athens. Athens County was formed from Washington County, and named after the famous city of ancient Greece.
Early settlement of the county began about 1797, when pioneers from Marietta established homes on the "college lands" now com- prising Athens and Alexandria townships. Ohio University was O
219
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
chartered in 1804 at Athens, the county seat. Its establishment was made possible by the gift from Congress of two entire townships, or 46,000 acres, of public lands. Nelsonville is located in one of the largest coal-producing regions of the state.
Auglaize. Auglaize County, in western Ohio, was formed from portions of six of the surrounding counties. It received its name from an Indian word which means "fallen timbers on the river."
FIG. 149. Finishing a table
This illustration shows a table 35 feet in diameter turned out in the boring and turn- ing mill of an Ohio manufacturing plant. The specifications required that the finished surface should not show a variation greater than .o1 inch. The test of the completed table showed not over .004 inch variation. (Courtesy of the Niles Tool Works Com- pany, Hamilton, Ohio)
Wapakoneta, the county seat, was named from the chief of the Shawnee tribe of Indians, Wapagh, and Konetta, his squaw.
Three excellent specimens of the prehistoric mastodon have been found in this county.
Belmont. St. Clairsville, the county seat of Belmont County, was named after Governor St. Clair. One of its most famous citizens was Benjamin Lundy, often called the Father of Abolition.
Elizabeth Zane, the heroine of the siege of Wheeling in 1782, lived for many years about two miles above Bridgeport on the Ohio River.
Martins Ferry is noted as the birthplace of William Dean Howells.
Bellaire operates ten coal mines and produces one half of the coal mined in the county.
22I
THE COUNTIES OF OHIO
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POPULATION, 1800-1920
POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE
1800
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1850 .
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2,339,51I
1860.
57.4
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2,665,260
1870 .
65.4
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