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pupils, about 130,000 are enrolled in the 600 high schools of the state. In addition, 2,1,534 students are studying in Ohio's colleges and universities, and the total annual expenditure for these institutions is $7,425,000.
Problem V. How the people of Ohio provided for higher education
State universities and colleges. Ohio has more colleges and universities than any other state in the Union. Three of these institutions are maintained by the state: the Ohio University
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
at Athens, Miami University at Oxford, and the Ohio State Uni- versity at Columbus. When Ohio was admitted to the Union, Congress gave the state three townships of land for university purposes. Two of these were in the Ohio Company's purchase, and became the site of the Ohio University at Athens. This institution was founded in 1804, and was the first university west of the Alleghenies to receive a public land endowment. The third township granted to Ohio became the site of Miami
FIG. 46. Townsend Hall, Ohio State University
University, founded in 1809. The Ohio State University re- ceived its endowment of 640,000 acres of land in accordance with an act of Congress passed in 1862 to encourage the founding of agricultural and mechanical colleges. To secure the location of this institution at Columbus, Franklin County gave a large sum for the purchase of a farm and the erection of buildings. Founded in 1870, the Ohio State University is today one of the largest institutions in the country, and pro- vides instruction along practically every line of advanced education. The university includes a Graduate School and several colleges-Agriculture; Arts, Philosophy, and Science ; Commerce and Journalism; Dentistry ; Education; Engineer- ing; Law; Medicine; Pharmacy; and Veterinary Medicine.
These three state universities are maintained chiefly from the proceeds of a state tax levied upon all taxable property, together with a small income from their land endowment. For the training of teachers, Ohio has four normal schools, located at Athens, Oxford, Kent, and Bowling Green.
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
Other institutions for higher education. Besides these state institutions, Ohio has forty colleges and universities located in different parts of the state, so that her boys and girls have an opportunity to secure a higher education almost at their very door. Many of these are supported by various religious denominations, as the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, Denison University at Granville, the University of Wooster
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FIG. 47. The first newspaper printed in the Northwest Territory
at Wooster, Wittenberg College at Springfield, Heidelberg University at Tiffin, Hiram College at Hiram, and many others.
Oberlin College, founded at Oberlin in 1833, was the first institution of higher education open to girls as well as boys. The Western Reserve University, located at Cleveland, is another of Ohio's well-known institutions. It was founded in 1826 at Hudson, Ohio, by the pioneers of the Western Reserve, a sec- tion of the state always deeply devoted to the cause of educa- tion. The Case School of Applied Science, also located at Cleveland, is one of the foremost scientific schools of the coun- try. Three of the five municipal universities of the United States are in Ohio. These are located at Cincinnati, Akron, and Toledo.
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
Newspapers of Ohio. Another educational agency, the news- paper, appeared in Ohio even earlier than the colleges. In 1793, William Maxwell of Cincinnati began to publish the Centinel of the North-Western Territory, the first newspaper printed north of the Ohio River (Fig. 47). Nathaniel Willis started the Scioto Gazette at Chillicothe in 1800. When the first cabins of Columbus began to appear on the banks of the Scioto, the Western Intelligencer moved there from Worthington "to rock the cradle of the infant capital," as its editor announced. That the early readers waited long for their news may be judged from the fact that in the Western Spy published at Cin- cinnati on July 31, 1802, the London news was dated May 10, while the latest word from New York was received on July 9. Some of these pioneer newspapers are still published, together with a host of later ones, so that today Ohio ranks as the fourth state in the number of its newspapers, and has more papers in proportion to its population than any other state.
Problem VI. Why Ohio became a great industrial state
Industrial expansion since the Civil War. The half century since the Civil War has been an era of marvelous growth and prosperity for the entire United States, in which no state has shared more fully than Ohio. Since 1865 the population of the United States has trebled, and twelve new states have been added to the Union. Progress in industry has been even more rapid than the growth in population. Today the value of our agricultural products is many times as great as in 1865, a result due largely to the use of improved machinery and to more intel- ligent methods of farming. Within the last decade the value of Ohio's farm crops has increased 174 per cent, from $221,000,000 in 1909 to $607,000,000 in 1919.
Ohio becomes a manufacturing state. Even more striking has been the growth of manufactures since the Civil War. Our country held fourth place among the manufacturing nations of the world in 1865, while thirty years later the United States had won first place-our present position. The development
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
of Ohio has closely paralleled that of the United States. Since the Civil War, Ohio has become a great manufacturing state, although agriculture is still important. Since 1879 Ohio has held fifth place in the value of manufactured products, being surpassed only by New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and
Millions of People
Urban
Rural
4
3
2
1
0
1880
1890
1910
1920
FIG. 48. Urban and rural population of Ohio, 1880-1920
Massachusetts. As a result of this growth in manufactures, more Ohio people now live in cities and villages than on the farms. At the last census 64 per cent of Ohio's population was classed as urban, and only 36 per cent as rural (Fig. 48).
The causes which have contributed to make Ohio a great manufacturing state may be summarized as follows:
I. Ohio's favorable location as the natural gateway to the Mississippi Valley.
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
2. A magnificent system of waterways, supplemented by more than 11,000 miles of steam and electric lines.
3. Ohio's splendid natural resources, especially her rich deposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
4. The concentration of manufacturing in large plants, mak- ing possible the use of expensive machinery, subdivision of labor, and the many economies of large-scale production.
5. The energy and efficiency of our workers, trained under a system of free public education, and the skill and enterprise of our captains of industry.
Constitutional amendments of 1912. As a result of this great industrial development, it became necessary to modify Ohio's constitution of 1851 so as to meet the changed conditions of modern life. Accordingly a constitutional convention was held in 1912, which submitted forty-two amendments to the voters, thirty-four of which were approved. The chief purpose of the amendments was to make the state government more quickly and directly responsive to the will of the people. The most im- portant of these amendments relate to the following subjects:
I. Providing for the initiative and referendum upon subjects of state legislation.
2. Establishing a system of direct primary nominations for state, district, county, and municipal offices.
3. Authorizing legislation for minimum wages, and for the comfort, health, safety, and general welfare of employees.
4. Providing for compensation to employees in case of in- juries during employment, the awards to be paid out of a fund created by compulsory contributions from employers.
5. Abolishing prison contract labor.
6. Modifying the judicial system of the state.
7. Authorizing the legislature to change the jury system so as to provide for a verdict in civil cases by the agreement of three fourths of the jury, instead of by unanimous consent of all members.
8. Providing for the merit system in the civil service of the state, also in counties and cities.
0
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
9. Authorizing the regulation of corporations by means of a state board or commission.
Io. Granting municipal home rule, by permitting cities and villages to frame and amend their own charters.
Problem VII. What Ohio men did in the Spanish-American War and in the Philippines
Cuba rebels against Spain. From the voyages of Columbus until the early part of the nineteenth century, Spain ruled over a vast empire in Central and South America. So harsh and tyrannical was her rule that during the first quarter of the nineteenth century, all of her American colonies became inde- pendent except Cuba and Porto Rico. These islands Spain ruled with the same harsh tyranny that had lost her great empire.
The Spanish-American War. On more than one occasion President Mckinley urged Spain to grant the reforms demanded by the Cubans, but she delayed until at last the Cubans would accept nothing less than complete independence. By the year 1898 the "Pearl of the Antilles" had become a place of misery and starvation. At last the United States resolved in the inter- ests of humanity to make the cause of Cuba her own. On April 19, 1898, the anniversary of Lexington, Congress passed a resolution declaring that Cuba ought to be free, and that Spain must withdraw her forces from the island. The President was authorized to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States to bring this about. Congress also declared that the United States did not intend to annex Cuba, but would leave the government of the island to its people. For this action there was no precedent in the history of nations. It was for no selfish purpose, but for the sake of humanity, that the great Republic of the West unsheathed her sword.
Ohio's part in the war. The sons of Ohio took a prominent part throughout the Spanish-American War. President McKin- ley, of Canton, Ohio, proved a most capable chief executive. His first Secretary of State was John Sherman of Ohio; he was
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
afterwards succeeded by William R. Day, another Ohioan, who negotiated the final treaty of peace. The Adjutant-General of the army, Henry C. Corbin, was from Ohio, and two other Ohioans received commissions as general officers of volunteers-J. War- ren Keifer, commis- sioned Major-General, and George A. Gar- retson, Brigadier-Gen- eral. In response to the President's call for volunteers, Ohio fur- nished 15,354 enlisted men. These were or- ganized into ten in- fantry regiments, one light artillery, and one cavalry. Of these reg- iments, the 4th saw service in Porto Rico, and the 6th and 8th took part in the cam- paigns in Cuba.
.
FIG. 49. Statue of William Mckinley
This statue stands in front of the State Capitol at Columbus, Ohio. On the base of the statue are en- graved these words of Ohio's beloved President : "Let us ever remember that our interest is in con- cord, not conflict; and that our real eminence rests in the victories of peace, not those of war. Our earnest prayer is that God will graciously vouchsafe prosperity, happiness, and peace to all our neigh- bors; and like blessings to all the peoples and the powers of the earth"
The Philippine Is- lands. By the treaty of peace Cuba became an independent republic, while Porto Rico and the distant Philippines were given to the United States. The inhabitants of the Philippines, like the Cubans, had taken up arms against Spanish tyranny. They wanted independence, and at first
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
refused to recognize our authority over the islands. Under a native chief, Aguinaldo, the Filipinos waged a guerrilla warfare for nearly two years, but the capture of their leader ended the insurrection. This capture was effected by Brigadier-General Frederick Funston, who was born at New Carlisle, Ohio. Of necessity rather than from choice, the United States determined to retain the Philippines until their people could be educated and prepared for self-government. The President appointed as our first governor of the islands, William H. Taft of Ohio. During his administration,' Governor Taft introduced many important reforms, and by his never-failing tact succeeded in gaining the good will of the natives.
Problem VIII. Who are Ohio's most famous soldiers and statesmen
Ohio's illustrious sons. A monument that once formed part of Ohio's exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition today stands near the northwest corner of the State House at Colum- bus. The heroic figure with outstretched hands on the cen- tral pedestal is that of Cornelia, the Roman matron. On the pedestal are carved her famous words: "These are my jewels." Upon the eight surrounding pedestals are bronze statues of Ohio's most illustrious men: Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, McPherson, Hayes, Garfield, Stanton, and Chase.
These eight men represent Ohio's offering during a single period of our national history-that of the Civil War. It would require many statues to exhibit the long line of illustrious Ohioans who have honored their state and nation throughout our entire national life. Rufus Putnam, who led the first emi- grants to Marietta; Simon Kenton, Ohio's typical pioneer ; Edward Tiffin, our first state governor,-these three are perhaps the greatest of Ohio's pioneers.
Leading presidents and statesmen. The successors of the pioneers proved worthy sons of the men who cleared the forest and fought the savage. So today Ohio claims a host of famous men, to enumerate whom is to call the roll of many of the
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
nation's greatest leaders, Ohio claims eight presidents if we count William Henry Harrison (born in Virginia), or seven if we count only those born in Ohio: Ulysses S. Grant (1869- 1877), Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881), James A. Garfield
FIG. 50. A trio of Ohio generals
These three Ohio generals served in the Civil War. At the left is Philip H. Sheridan, one of the greatest cavalry leaders in history. In the center, Ulysses S. Grant, whose resolute will and steadfast courage at last won the great cause for which the Union armies fought. At the right, William T. Sherman, whose victories in the Southwest gave him a place second only to Grant among the northern generals
(1881), Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893), William McKinley (1897-1901), William H. Taft (1909-1913), and Warren G. Harding (1921-).
Ohio has had one vice-president (Thomas A. Hendricks, 1885); three presidents of the Senate (Benjamin F. Wade, Allen G. Thurman, John Sherman) ; one Speaker of the House of Representatives (J. Warren Keifer); three Chief Justices of the Supreme Court (Salmon P. Chase, Morrison R. Waite,
WILLIAM H. HARRISON
ULYSSES S. GRANT
Born at Berkeley, Virginia, but lived at North Bend, Ohio, after 1814. President, March to April, 184I
Born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio. Lieutenant-General of the Union armies ; President, 1869-1877
RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
JAMES A. GARFIELD
Born at Delaware, Ohio, later making his home at Fremont, Ohio. President, 1877-188I
Born at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio; afterwards lived in Cleveland. President from March until September, 1881
FIG. 51. Why Ohio is called the "Mother of Presidents"
BENJAMIN HARRISON
WILLIAM MCKINLEY
Born at North Bend, Ohio; graduated at Miami University ; afterwards moved to Indianapolis. President, 1889-1893
Born at Niles, Trumbull County, Ohio; later lived at Canton. President, March, 1897, until September, 1901
WILLIAM H. TAFT
WARREN G. HARDING
Born at Cincinnati, Ohio; now Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. President, 1909-1913
Born at Corsica, Ohio, afterwards re- siding at Marion, Ohio. Inaugurated President, March 4, 192 I
FIG. 52. Why Ohio is called the "Mother of Presidents"
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
and William H. Taft) ; five Associate Justices (John McLean, Noah H. Swayne, Stanley J. Matthews, William R. Day, William B. Woods) ; two Secretaries of State (John Sherman and Wil- liam R. Day) ; five Secretaries of the Treasury (Thomas Ewing, Thomas Corwin, Salmon P. Chase, John Sherman, Charles Foster) ; six Secretaries of War (Lewis Cass, Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Alphonso Taft, William H. Taft, Newton D. Baker) ; three Secretaries of the In- terior (Thomas Ewing, Jacob D. Cox, Columbus Delano) ; also four Attorneys-General (Henry Stanbery, Alphonso Taft, Judson Harmon, Harry Daugherty) ; and three Post- masters-General (Return J. Meigs, John McLean, Wil- liam Dennison).
FIG. 53. Thomas A. Edison
Milan, Ohio, is the birthplace of the world's greatest inventor. Edison's success is due not only to his wonderful native ability, but also to his untiring energy and indus- try. He himself says that "genius is one tenth inspiration and nine tenths perspi- ration." Edison's inventions have given employment in this country alone to more than one million persons
The dominating influence of Ohio in national affairs was strikingly illustrated at the inauguration of President Garfield in 1881. On this oc- casion the retiring President, Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, was succeeded by another Ohio President, James A. Garfield. The oath of office was administered by Chief
Justice Morrison R. Waite of Ohio. Close by them, as the most honored spectators, stood the Secretary of the Treasury, John Sherman of Ohio; next to him the General of the Army, William Tecumseh Sherman of Ohio; and by his side, the second in command, Lieutenant-General Philip H. Sheridan, also of Ohio.
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
Problem IX. What sons of Ohio have won fame in science, art, and literature
Artists, sculptors, scientists. Ohio also claims many of Amer- ica's foremost artists, sculptors, and scientists. The best known are Thomas Cole, a great landscape painter ; James H. and William H. Beard, fa- mous animal painters ; John Quincy Adams Ward and Hiram Powers, America's foremost sculptors. Other successful artists born upon Ohio's soil, or Ohioans by residence, are Kenyon Cox, Thomas Buchanan Read, W.H. Powell, Edgar M.Ward, W. L. Sontag, Caroline S. Brooks, Carlton T. Chapman, Elizabeth Nourse, Frederick Opper.
In the field of the drama, Ohio claims such stars as Julia Marlowe and Clara Morris ; while in the world of science and invention the most eminent Ohioans are Thomas Edison (Fig. 53), Charles F. Brush, Elisha Gray, Thomas C. Menden- hall, Orville and Wilbur Wright (Fig. 54).
FIG. 54. Orville Wright
Orville Wright, famous American aeronaut, shares with his late brother Wilbur the honor of constructing the first successful airplane, and of making the first successful flights. He began the study of aeronautics in 1896, when the Wright brothers were engaged in building bicycles at Dayton, Ohio. In 1909 the Wright airplane was accepted by the United States government, and purchased for the Signal Corps. In the same year Orville Wright made a world's altitude record of 1637 feet
Famous Ohio journalists. Among Ohio's noted journal- ists are Murat Halstead, once proprietor of the Cincinnati Com- mercial, who wrote biographies of McKinley, Dewey, and Roose- velt; Whitelaw Reid, proprietor of the New York Tribune,
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
ambassador to France and Great Britain, and author of "Ohio in the War," a brilliant account of Ohio's part in the Civil War ; George Kennan, who traveled extensively in Siberia and gave the world one of the earliest accounts of the exiles in that coun- try ; Davis R. Locke, former editor of the Toledo Blade, author of the famous "Petroleum V. Nasby Letters," written to support the Union cause during the Civil War; Al- bert Shaw, author of works on government, and editor of the Review of Reviews ; Brand Whitlock, equally fa- mous as journalist, novelist, and ambassador to Belgium. Famous names in literature. Ohio's foremost novelist is William Dean Howells (Fig. 55), whose works comprise seventy volumes of fiction, C Underwood & Underwood FIG. 55. William Dean Howells poetry, travel, history, and biography. In his boyhood William Dean Howells, famous American novelist, was born at Martins Ferry, Ohio days, Howells lived in Hamil- ton, Ohio, and his life there furnished the theme for his interesting story "A Boy's Town." Other Ohio authors who have won national fame include Alice Cary, Phœbe Cary (Fig. 56), Coates Kinney, John James Piatt, Sarah Bryan Piatt, Albion W. Tourgée, Mary H. Catherwood, Charles Frederick Goss, Washington Gladden, John Uri Lloyd, Charles W. Chesnutt, Zane Grey, Alfred Henry Lewis, John Randolph Spears, Paul Lawrence Dunbar. Among the well-known writers of books for boys and girls are Martha Finley, Sarah Knowles Bolton, Sarah C. Woolsey (Susan Coolidge), and Josephine Scribner Gates. In the field of his- tory, Ohio claims such noted authors as James Ford Rhodes, Hubert Howe Bancroft, Edwin E. Sparks, William M. Sloane, B. A. Hinsdale, Henry W. Elson, and J. P. Gordy.
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
Problem X. How the women of Ohio have aided the progress of the state
The women of Ohio. The part taken by the women of Ohio in the history and development of the state can hardly be over- estimated. That the pioneer women matched the bravery of
ALICE CARY
PHŒBE CARY
FIG. 56. The Cary sisters
Both of the Cary sisters wrote poetry at an early age. In 1852 they moved from Clovernook, Ohio, to New York City, where they afterwards lived. (After illustrations in Randall and Ryan's "History of Ohio")
the men with a heroism of their own is well illustrated by the careers of Ann Bailey, Elizabeth Zane, Rebecca Williams, and Elizabeth Kenton. The first school-teacher in Ohio was a woman, Bathsheba Rouse, who was appointed to her work at Belpré in 1789. Perhaps the influence of Ohio's women can be best summed up in a single statement: They are today the instructors, in the main, of the children of the state. They teach in the little red schoolhouse which has made Ohio great, they teach in our city schools, they teach in large numbers in our colleges and universities. To this profession, which makes
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
the largest demands in service and self-sacrifice, and yields the smallest returns in recognition and compensation, the women of Ohio have always freely devoted their lives.
Probably the greatest blow ever struck against slavery was delivered by Harriet Beecher Stowe, who lived for many years at Cincinnati and there gained the inspiration for "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (Fig. 57). The boys who read that book learned to hate slavery, and these boys were the men who afterwards shoul- dered their muskets at the call of "Father Abraham." Through- out the Civil War, it was the work and sacrifice of Ohio's women at home and as nurses in the field and hospitals, as heads of relief corps and as breadwinners for their families, which enabled Ohio to send into the strife more than one half of her adult male population.
Three movements which have FIG. 57. Harriet Beecher Stowe had a world-wide influence had The first year that " Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published (1852), 300,000 copies were sold. This famous novel has been translated into nineteen different lan- guages, and the dramatized version has probably been more frequently pro- duced than any other play their source in Ohio and were originated by Ohio women. These are (I) the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which had its birth at Hills- boro, Ohio, with Mrs. Thomp- son, daughter of old Governor Trimble, as the first president ; (2) the Sunday School, first organized by a noted Bible teacher, Mrs. Andrew Lake, of Marietta ; (3) the woman's club move- ment, of which Alice Cary was the first president.
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