USA > Ohio > History and geography of Ohio > Part 7
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It would be difficult to measure the service to history that has been rendered by the Colonial Dames and by the Daughters of the American Revolution, two organizations which number
FLORENCE DONALDSON RICHARD
JOSEPHINE SCRIBNER GATES
State President of the Ohio Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Author of "Live Dolls" and other stories for children
KATE BROWNLEE SHERWOOD
HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON
Poet of patriotism and organizer of the National Woman's Relief Corps of the Grand Army of the Republic
As head of the Republican women, Mrs. Upton is vice-chairman of the National Executive Republican Committee
FIG. 58. Four of Ohio's noted women
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
in their membership thousands of Ohio women. These societies have preserved many of Ohio's historic homes and forts; they have dotted the state with tablets, bronzes, and monuments commemorative of the great deeds done on Ohio soil ; they have kept alive in our schools the traditions and prin- ciples of American lib- erty. Another organization which has rendered valu- able service to the state, and especially to the cause of education, is the Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs, now in its twenty- eighth year.
Problem XI. How Ohio helped win the World War
Our country enters the war for democracy. The FIG. 59. Henry Howe United States entered the great World War on April This famous writer traveled over the state in the years 1846-1847, gathering material for his history of Ohio. Forty years later, he made a similar tour, and published a revision of his celebrated "Historical Collections of Ohio" 6, 1917, after it had be- come apparent that the vital interests of this coun- try were at stake. For nearly three years, France, Great Britain, and Italy, with other allied countries, had been fighting the greatest war in history. The object of that war was to save the free nations of Europe from the aggression of a war-mad Germany aiming at world dominion. When the United States entered the struggle, Ger- many was at the height of her power, and was planning on a final victory within the next twelve months. Her armies then held enormous tracts of invaded territory. She had crushed Rumania and Serbia, and her iron heel was over Belgium and northern France. Moreover, by the close of 1917, Russia was
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
no longer on the battle line; betrayed by her leaders and torn by internal strife, she had at last deserted the Allies.
It was in this critical hour that the United States entered the war, and our immense resources in men and money soon determined the outcome. Within eighteen months from our declaration of war, this country had enrolled 4,800,000 men in all branches of the service. Of that number 2,000,000 had been landed in France, making possible the great counter offensive in which General Foch drove back the German armies in disastrous re- treat. The United States ex- pended in its supreme war effort $24,000,000,000, or more than the total expense of the national gov- ernment since its establishment in 1789. Moreover, this vast sum did not include the amount loaned to our Allies, which was nearly $10,000,000,000.
FIG. 60. Captain Rickenbacker, "American Ace of Aces"
Ohio troops in the war. In this world war for democracy, Ohio played a part fully equal to her past record and traditions. Our state furnished 200,293 men for the army, a quota only exceeded by the three states which surpass Ohio in population. One division-the 37th-was made up of Ohio troops drawn from our National Guard. Ohio was also represented in the famous Rainbow Division by the 4th Infantry ; other Ohio men were enrolled in the 83d Division, which was assembled at Camp Sherman ; while many others enlisted in the marine corps and in the regular army.
The 37th, or Buckeye, Division was organized at Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama. It was sent to France in the latter part of June, 1918, and, after a period of training in the Vosges Mountains, took part in the great Argonne-
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
Meuse offensive. Later the 37th was moved to Belgium and became part of the composite army under King Albert. This army crossed the Scheldt River, and the Buckeye Division had reached the towns of Dickele and Hindelgem when the armistice brought the fighting to a close on November 1I, 1918. In all,
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Operation of American Troops
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German Line when Armistice
SCALE OF MILES
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50
100
-- Limit of German advance
SWITZERLAND
FIG. 61. Map showing scene of American operations in Europe
the 37th Division advanced for twenty miles against des- perate resistance, capturing 1500 prisoners, together with large numbers of rifles and machine guns; its losses were 1000 men killed in battle and 5000 men wounded. Major-General Charles S. Farnsworth commanded the 37th Division during its service in France.
The 42d, or Rainbow, Division was made up of National Guard units drawn from every part of the United States. This division took part in many important engagements, including the St. Mihiel offensive, the Argonne battle, the Aisne-Marne offensive, and the splendid defense at the Marne (see Fig. 61).
Mainz
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o Laon
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OSRRAINE
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9I
SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
FIG. 62. American soldiers saluting the statue of Washington in Paris, July 4, 1918
From a painting by J. F. Bouchor, official painter to the French armies
Financing the war. Immense sums of money, so large as to be almost beyond conception, were necessary for our vast mili- tary preparations. In the first year of the war our disburse- ments reached the startling figure of nineteen billions, or nearly five times the total cost of the Civil War. Of this immense sum, 0
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
about one third was loaned to our Allies, the remainder being actual expenditures. To raise this revenue the government re- sorted to taxation on a large scale. In addition to the vast revenues raised by taxation, we had to borrow still larger sums ; for before the close of the year 1917, the war was costing our government fifty million dollars each day. This was done by selling bonds, war-savings stamps, and certificates, to be paid for out of future taxes. Our government wisely decided to sell its bonds directly to the people through popular subscription ; and in order that they might be within reach of all, bonds were offered in denominations as small as $50. Three great Liberty Loans, aggregating ten billion dollars, were made during the first year of the war; a fourth loan of nearly seven billions was made in 1918, and a Victory Loan of over four billions in 1919. On each occasion the people subscribed for more bonds than were offered for sale.
In money, as in men, Ohio did her full part; in each of the five loan drives our state raised more than her quota. In all, the citizens of Ohio subscribed for over one billion dollars' worth of government bonds, or about one eighteenth of the entire amount issued. Ohio's allotment in each of the five bond issues is shown in the table below.
OHIO'S ALLOTMENT
TOTAL LOAN
First Liberty Loan
$126,980,950
$1,989,455,550
Second Liberty Loan
233,892,250
3,807,865,000
Third Liberty Loan .
225,090,050
4,175,650,050
Fourth Liberty Loan
385,288,000
6,964,581,250
Victory Loan
2 57,804,950
4,497,818,750
Total
$1,229,0 56,200
$21,435,370,600
TOPICS FOR SPECIAL REPORTS
I. The Abolition Movement. HART, A. B., American History told by Contemporaries, III, ch. XXVII; MCLAUGHLIN, A. C., Readings in the History of the American Nation, chs. XXXIII-XXXIV ; McMASTER, J. B., History of the People of the United States, V, ch. XLV ; WOODBURN, J. A., Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States, ch. V.
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SEVENTY YEARS OF PROGRESS
2. The Underground Railroad. ELSON, H. W., Side Lights on American History, I, ch. XIV ; HALSEY, F. W., Great Epochs in American History, VII, pp. 110-115 ; RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, IV, pp. 119-148.
3. Ohio's Part in the Civil War.
(a) The Campaign in West Virginia. RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, IV, pp. 167-169.
(b) The Andrews Raiders. RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, IV, pp. 193-202.
(c) Morgan's Raid. RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, IV, pp. 241-251.
4. The Discovery of Gas and Oil in Ohio. RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, IV, pp. 366-370.
5. Growth of the Factory System. RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, V, pp. 251-330; WRIGHT, C. D., Industrial Evolution of the United States, chs. X-XI.
6. Some Great Modern Inventions. MOWRY, W. A., American Inventions and Inventors, pp. 111-116, 252-297.
7. Modern Agricultural Methods. BOGART, E. L., Economic History of the United States, chs. XX, XXIII.
8. Development of the Common-School System in Ohio. RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, III, pp. 367-398.
9. Ohio and the Spanish-American War. BARSTOW, C. L., The Progress of a United People, pp. 70-77 ; GRIFFIS, W. E., The Romance of Conquest, chs. XXVII-XXIX; HITCHCOCK, RIPLEY, Decisive Battles of America, chs. XXI-XXII ; RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, IV, pp. 415-432.
IO. Ohio's Contribution to American Literature. RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, V, pp. 1-84.
II. Transportation on the Great Lakes. RANDALL and RYAN, History of Ohio, V, pp. 229-250.
12. Ohio and the World War. BENEZET, L. P., The Story of the Map of Europe ; MASEFIELD, JOHN, The War and the Future ; PAGE, ARTHUR W., Our 110 Days' Fighting.
CHAPTER IV
SURFACE FEATURES
Ohio's surface features are well adapted to farming, and about 94 per cent of the land of the state is given over to agriculture. No state east of the Mississippi River has so large a percentage of land in farms. The surface of Ohio is comparatively level, the highest elevation being only 1550 feet above the sea. The larger portion of the state is less than 1000 feet in elevation, and its deepest river valleys are less than 300 feet. The surface features of the state make it the highway of commerce between the East and the West, and offer great advantages to trade, agriculture, and various industries.
The surface of Ohio has been mapped by the United States Geological Survey. The surface is blocked into rectangular or quadrangular blocks, each of which contains 222 square miles. Each of the quadrangles has been carefully surveyed, and the resulting map shows all the streams, surface features, and political divisions.
The map on page 95 (Fig. 64) is a copy of a portion of the block known as the Marietta Quadrangle, and shows the location of Marietta on the level flood plain at the junction of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers. The upland country through which these two rivers flow is indicated by the irregular lines, which are known as contour lines, or lines of equal elevation above sea level. Above this map is a block or relief drawing (Fig. 63), which shows how the surface of this same area would look if you were to view it from the upland south of the Ohio River.
The United States Geological Survey has prepared a key map of Ohio showing each quadrangle and its name. By writ- ing to the Survey in Washington, D. C., you can secure this key map, and by locating your home on it you can find out the
94
Duck
MARIETTA
Harmar
R.
Williamstown
OIHO
W.T.O.
FIG. 63. Relief drawing of Marietta and surrounding region
This is a relief drawing of the area shown below. Wherever the lines on the topo- graphic map are close together, the relief drawing shows steep slopes
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FIG. 64. Topographic map of Marietta and surrounding region Each contour line runs through points at the same elevation above sea level
ER DIV
MARIETTA
Kerr
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
name of the quadrangle in which you live. Then, if you wish, you may send for your home quadrangle and study the way in which the surface features of your home and the surrounding country are represented on it. If you like to draw, you will enjoy trying to make a relief drawing of your home area similar to the one of Marietta.
Rivers and lakes are important in the surface features of Ohio. On a relief map of the state, trace the watershed from the northeastern corner to the middle of the western boundary of the state. North of this watershed is the Lake Erie drainage basin, and south of it is the Ohio drainage basin. (See map between pages 106 and 107.) The more important rivers of the state are the Muskingum, Mahoning, Hocking, Scioto, Miami, and Little Miami. These streams are all tributaries of the Ohio River.
The Ohio River forms the irregular southern boundary line of the state. It flows in a narrow valley not over two miles wide in any part, and from 300 to 400 feet deep. The high bluffs, the rolling hills, and the smooth-flowing stream are so picturesque that the early French explorers called it "La Belle Rivière," meaning "the beautiful river." The Ohio River is an impor- tant historical highway, and, as we have already learned, it played a very significant part in the early growth and develop- ment of the state. Does the southern boundary of Ohio extend to the middle of the river or does Ohio include the Ohio River? Explain.
The largest rivers of the Lake Erie basin are the Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, and Grand. These rivers all empty into Lake Erie. The rivers of northeastern Ohio have cut deep val- leys, and some have waterfalls in their courses. Lake Erie is a water boundary of great influence in Ohio's commerce and trade. It is the connecting link between the East and the West. With the other Great Lakes it provides an open water highway between the coal fields of the state and the iron mines bordering Lake Superior. The low southwestern shore of Lake Erie is irregular and contains Maumee and Sandusky bays. Put in Bay Island is one of a small group of islands that stretch nearly
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SURFACE FEATURES
across the western end of the lake. The eastern portion of the shore line of Lake Erie in Ohio consists of high bluffs with few natural harbors. How has Cleveland developed a harbor ?
The fish found in the waters of Lake Erie are the basis of a fishing industry which centers in the lake ports-Port Clinton, Sandusky, Toledo, and Cleveland. Some of the best fresh-water
uluth
L.Superior 602 ft.
Falls
L. Michigan 581 ft.
L.Huron 581 ft.
573 ft.
L.Erie 573 ft.
Buffalo
Niagara River
600
400
Total depth 1009 ft.
Total depth 868 ft.
Total depth 702 ft.
Total depth 210'ft.
L. Ontario
200
Total depth
Sea level
0
738 ft.
- 121 ft.
200 F
- 287 ft.
400
- 407 ft.
- 491 ft.
FIG. 65. Profile of the Great Lakes
This diagram shows the total depth of each of the Great Lakes and the height of its surface above sea level. Which lake has the highest elevation above sea level? Which is the deepest lake? the second deepest? Are all the lake bottoms below sea level? What river carries the lake waters to the ocean ?
fishing in the United States is found in Lake Erie, where white- fish, lake trout, blue pike, perch, herring, catfish, and pickerel abound.
The surface features of Ohio have been formed by the slow work of rivers, glaciers, and lakes, acting upon the rock for- mation of limestone, sandstone, and shale. The process of formation has been very slow and has extended through a long period of time. Gradually the limestone of the western portion of the state and the sandstone and shale of the eastern portion have been made into soil, and the surface features as we know them today have come into existence. The surface of Ohio is divided naturally into the following regions: (1) the Lake Plain, (2) the Allegheny Plateau, (3) the Central Plain. These regions are so different in their soils, surface features, and influ- ence upon occupations and industries, that we shall wish to find out how each region was formed, and to study its influence upon the people who live in it. We shall then understand how Ohio's natural features have influenced the development of the state.
L.St. Clair Detroit
D
St. Marys
Niagara Falls
247 ft. St. Lawrence R.
Sea level
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
Problem I. To learn something of the rocks and soils of Ohio
When you look at the hills and streams you may think that they have always existed and that they have always looked the same; this is not the case, for our hills and streams have a history as well as our people. The story of the surface of the land covers a much longer time than that of the people of Ohio. A little observation in your vi- cinity will show you how to read this interesting story of the land. Select a cut which exposes sev- eral feet of the soil. Examine the soil care- fully and you will find that it contains rocks, sand, pebbles, clay, and FIG. 66. How soil is made other materials. You These pictures show how roots growing in the crev- ices of partly disintegrated rock assist in weather- ing the rock, thus forming soil. (From Waters's "The Essentials of Agriculture") may see these different soils arranged in layers ; such soil is said to be stratified, and has been formed by rivers, lakes, and streams. This kind of soil is very common along the lake shore and in the river valleys.
It may be possible to observe in your neighborhood a rock cliff or a bank showing the rock layers. These rock layers are generally horizontal, and they may be of any of the following kinds of rock: limestone, sandstone, shale, or coal. These layers you should study carefully, for their history is older than that of Lake Erie or the Ohio River. If you search carefully, you may find shells and other remains of plants and animals which lived in the sea that covered Ohio long before the present surface was formed. These remains are called fossils. It may
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SURFACE FEATURES
be that the rock layer consists of shale, which was formed of clay that was once mud or silt in the sea bottom. Perhaps the ledge which you observe is a hard sandstone of red, yellow, or drab color. This sandstone was formed of grains of sea sand which have been united by a natural cement to form a stone.
At a rock ledge it is easy to see how soil is made from rock. You will ob- serve that the edges of the rock layers are being softened and broken by frost, rain, and the weather changes (Fig. 66). At the bottom of the ledge you will find some of the material that the weather has broken from the cliff. The finer part of this rock material is car- ried away by the streams, and the coarser material is moved only by the floods.
SHEET
SHEET= ""
KEEWATIN ICE SHEET
10
LABRADOR ICE SHEET
0
FIG. 67. The continental glacier
This map shows the portion of North America which was covered by ice in the glacial period
The place you select to observe soil may be a mass of hard clay, soft sand, gravel, or rocks of various sizes so thoroughly mixed together that no layers can be seen. This kind of soil is very common north of the dotted line on the map above which shows the southern limit of glaciation.
This line marks the southernmost extent of the great conti- nental ice-sheet, or glacier, that moved slowly southward from Canada, carrying beneath it great masses of rock material (Fig. 67). The different rocks were crushed and mixed to- gether by the glacier in its southward movement. Later, as the
GREENLAND, ICE
CORDILLERAN ICE !!!
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
ice melted and gradually disappeared, this glacial rock material or drift, as it is called, was dropped, forming rolling hills or moraines over the central and northeastern portions of Ohio. In the glacial soil you are very likely to find stones showing scratches or parallel grooves formed as the rock was carried and pushed along by the great mass of ice.
The glacial drift contains large bowlders of granite and other crystalline rocks, which were brought by the ice-sheet from places far to the north in Canada. These granite bowlders are frequently of immense size, and are so abundant in some places as to hinder cultivation. They are composed of rock material that is not native to Ohio, and wherever found, indicate that the surface was once covered by the great glacier.
Problem II. To study the surface features of the region in which you live
The map between pages 106 and 107 shows the three natural regions in Ohio to be the Lake Plain, the Allegheny Plateau, and the Central Plain. In which region do you live? What surface features have you observed near your home ? Select some particularly interesting feature of your region, such as a waterfall, a cliff, a gorge, a sand bar, or a river, and try to ex- plain its origin. Make a collection of pictures which illustrate the features of your region. Draw a diagram of some special feature. Are there some surface features that are found in many places throughout your neighborhood? Can you prove by outdoor study that you do or do not live in the part of the state that was once covered by the continental ice-sheet?
Problem III. To understand the two parts of the Allegheny Plateau in Ohio
The Allegheny Plateau of eastern and southern Ohio is part of the Allegheny Plateau of New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky. This western portion of the Allegheny Plateau in Ohio is separated from the eastern portion by the Ohio River and its branches.
IOI
SURFACE FEATURES
Before the glacial time the Allegheny Plateau in Ohio was "a hill and valley" region. The rivers and streams had carved out many valleys in the plateau surface. The glacier left vast quantities of rock material (Fig. 68) which partially or wholly filled the valleys, giving the northern portion of the plateau a
FIG. 68. Rock material left by the glacier
(Photograph by Dr. G. E. Nichols. From Caldwell and Eikenberry's "General Science")
different surface from the southern part. Trace on the map between pages 106 and 107 the extent of the glacier in Ohio. This line divides the Allegheny Plateau into two parts, of which the southern is the hill-and-valley portion, and the northern is the glaciated region of rolling hills and clay soil. The difference between these two portions of the Allegheny Plateau in Ohio may be very clearly seen at Canton. North of this city the rolling hills are of glacial formation, while to the south the deep-cut valleys and the steep hills belong to the hill-and-valley portion of the plateau. In the glaciated part of this plateau, the former river valleys have been filled with glacial material, and many of
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HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO
the streams which occupied those old valleys have been turned from their courses. The Cuyahoga River has its source north of its mouth, and the form of the stream is that of a horseshoe. This irregular form is due to changes brought about by the glacier. The Grand River is another example of these irregular
FIG. 69. Wooded pasture in the Western Reserve
What are the advantages of a wooded pasture as compared with an open pasture ? Note that the timber is original growth. What kind of.trees are these ?
streams in northern Ohio. Nearly all the streams have water- falls and are now cutting deep valleys. Is there a stream of this kind in your locality?
The soil of the northern half of the Allegheny Plateau con- sists of glacial material, and the rolling hills are composed of hard clay filled with many bowlders. This is a soil better suited to pasture land than to the cultivation of farm crops (Fig. 69). The northern edge of the Allegheny Plateau is within sight of Lake Erie for a long distance. This highland averages about 500 feet above Lake Erie.
1
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SURFACE FEATURES
Streams flowing from the plateau to the lower plain usually cut deep valleys and often form waterfalls. The deep valleys of the Cuyahoga and Grand rivers form natural highways along which railroads have been built, and have promoted the development of large cities in this part of the state.
FIG. 70. Zanesville flood of 1913
This picture gives some idea of the havoc wrought by the Muskingum River in time of flood. The damage caused by this flood was repaired in a remarkably short time
In the southern portion of the Allegheny Plateau the rivers have had a much longer time to cut down their courses, and the surface consists of many small hills and valleys. It is well named the hill-and-valley part of Ohio. The river valleys are narrow and deep, affording the only convenient routes for travel. These valleys are shown on the map between pages 106 and 107. The longest is the valley of the Muskingum River and its chief tributary the Tuscarawas, which extends from near Akron to Marietta on the Ohio River, with a small branch valley west to Newark. In this valley are the principal lines of trans- portation, with the cities of Newark, Zanesville, New Phila- delphia, Coshocton, and Marietta. The sketch of Marietta
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