USA > Pennsylvania > Early history of western Pennsylvania, and of the West, and of western expeditions and campaigns, from MDCCLIV to MDCCCXXXIII > Part 2
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Frontiers of Pennsylvania overrun by scalping parties, 118, 120, 149, 154. 164, 165.
Forts, chain of, erected along the Kit- titanny hills, 119; Fort Littleton, 121 ; Laurens erected, 196 ; Boones- boro'; 226 ; Estill, 239.
Fausset shot Braddock, 105.
|Fry Joshua, an army raised and placed under his command, 39, 65; his death, 74.
Fort Necessity erected and surren- dered, 74, 79.
Fort Cumberland erected, 89 ; Brad- dock at, 93.
Fredericktown, Braddock at, 93.
Faulkner Captain, 287.
Franklin meets Braddock at Frederick- town, 96 ; his advertisement for horses and wagons, 97 ; his address to the inhabitants, 98.
G.
Granville, Sir Richard makes a settle- ment, 19.
Gallisoniere Marquis, Governor of New France, 35.
Gist Christopher an early settler, 40; accompanies Geo. Washington to Le Boeuf, 63; arrives at Fort Necessi- ty, 73.
Great Meadows, 73, 75.
Gage Lieut. Col. acting under Brad- dock, 100.
Great Cove inhabitants massacred, 119. Gordon Captain, 248, 252.
Granville Fort attacked, 120.
Grant's defeat, 137, 139.
Gladwin Major commanded at Detroit, 150, 151.
Greathouse killed several Indians, 179, 182.
Girty Simon, 194, 203, 214, 230, 243, 247. Gnadenhuetten, 205, 207.
Granville Fort, 291.
Graves Major, 333.
H.
Hollanders frustrated in their attempts to settle on the Delaware river, 24. History early of Pennsylvania, 24, 27. Hennepin Louis, gave name to Louis- iana, 28.
Harris John, his letters touching Half- King's death, 71, 72.
Helaquantagechty a chief, 33. Houses of early settlers, 52.
Harvest parties, 58.
Half-King accompanies Washington, 63; he is at Fort Necessity, 74; his death at Harris's Ferry, 71.
Halket Sir Peter, ordered to Virginia, 91.
Haviland Col. 146.
Hamilton surrendered Fort Kaskaskia to Col. Clarke, 220 ; determined to . retake it, 220; determined also to desolate the frontiers of Virginia, 221. Harrod James, 231.
iv
INDEX.
Hoy's Fort, 242. Hacker concerned in murders, 181. Holder John. 231 ; his defeat, 245. Holder's Fort, 242.
Harmar Gen. arrives at Fort Wash.
ington, 258; he marches to the In- dian towns, 259 ; his defeat, 260; his Kiyashuta a Seneca sachem, 169, 171,
return to Fort Washington, 261; censured and acquitted, 263. Hardın Col. 259, 290.
Hall Major, 262.
Harrison William Henry, appointed governor of N. W. T., 302; he holds Kenton Simon, 224, 227, 229.
treaties with the Indians, 302; pur- chases a large tract of land from the Indians, 307; holds a council, and Tecumseh present, 308; at Frank- lin, 331, 342.
Hull Governor of Michigan, 321; his defeat, 324.
Hopkins General, 326.
I.
Indians, Delawares and Shawanese on the Ohio, and its tributaries ; French amongst them; Logan proposes to hold a treaty with them, 31 ; Gordon sends them a message to come to Philadelphia, 32; Conrad Weiser Logrollings, 58. despatched to them, 34; Chartier dissuades them from the English, 34; measures adopted by the English to regain their friendship, 39; Indians engaged with Braddock, 112; after Braddock's defeat make incursions, Lewis Major, 137. 116, 120; sue for peace, 145; de- feated by Col. Bouquet at Bushy Run, 159, 162; they renew their hos-|Lewis General, expedition, 183.
tilities, 179; British practice in- trigues with them, 191.
Innes James, his letter to Gov. Hamil- ton, 85; he is ordered to Will's creek, 89.
Incidents, affecting ones related, 172, 177. Intrigues of the British, 191.
J.
Joncaire De la, a French captain, 63. Jumonville surprised and killed, 74, 76. Jack Captain joins Braddock, 99.
Jacobs Captain a noted warrior, 121, 123; is killed, 124. Johonnet's adventures, 265. Johnsons, two lads, killed, 290.
K.
Kensington, called by the Indians, Shackamaxon, 27.
Kelly James an early settler, 49.
under Gen. Braddock, 112.
Kittanning, English prisoners carried thither, 116. 120 ; Indians routed there, 122, 123 ; wounded and killed in the engagement, 128 ; prisoners retaken, 129.
173, 288.
Kinchloe's Fort, 254.
Knight Dr. taken prisoner, 213 ; his escape, 215.
Kersey Lieut. at Little Miami, 257. ~
Kaskaskia, 219.
Kennon Williain his adventures, 276.
Kumskaka, Tecumseh's brother, 303. Kanonekak, 346.
L.
Louisiana, named in honor of Louis XIV, 28.
Logstown, Conrad Weiser at, 27; Blockhouse surprised by the French, 38.
Land offices, several opened by Lord Duninore, 46.
Lawunakhannek, settled by Moravi- ans, 46.
Legardean de St. Pierre, commanded at Le Boeuf, 63.
La Force with fifty men at Gist's, 73. Liguory a French officer at Braddock's defeat. 109, 141.
Logan's family murdered, 182; his celebrated speech, 186.
Lauren's Fort erected, 196.
Leet Major, 211.
Louisville founded, 223.
Logan's Fort, 227. Logan Captain, 231.
Lynn William Colonel, killed, 238. Loramie Fort erected, 259.
-
Little Miami, first settlement at, 257. Long Knives, 227.
Little Turtle, 280, 303.
Legionville, General Wayne at, 288. Leftwitch General, 334.
M.
Mandans of European origin, 18. May Flower arrives November, 1620,22. Maryland founded, 23.
Marquett and Toilet, French missiona- ries, 28.
Mississippi discovered by them in 1673. Mueller, Delman, Basse, settlers in Bea- ver county, 48.
Kashwughdaniunto an Indian, fought Moorhead Fergus, an early settler, 49.
V
INDEX.
Manners and customs of early settlers, 51, 62. Morals of early settlers, 57, 62.
Marquis Du Quesne, Governor of Cana- da, 63.
Mackay of the royal army, 75, 86.
Morris Governor, his message alluding Penn William, founder of Pennsylvania,
to Indian incursions, 118. McIntosh's expedition.
McCord's Fort burnt, 119.
Morgan David Colonel, account of, 196. Petty theft, how punished, 59.
Mercer Hugh, wounded, 124, 139.
Ministers active in the Indian wars, 129. Montcalm obtained possession of impor- tant passages, 131.
McDonald Captain, 127.
Michilimackinac, commanded by Major Etherington, 149; the Indians take it by stratagem, 149, 150 ; Colonel Brad- Price Majar, 296.
street at, 165.
Muskingum river, Bouquet held confer-
ences there with the Indians, 168, 172. Point Pleasant, battle at, 184.
Martin's Fort, 235.
Moravian Indians murdered, 202, 207. McKee Alexander, 203.
Montgomery, a friend of Kenton, 227; Pittsburg Blues, 339.
he was killed, 228.
McAffee Samuel, killed, 238.
McGary Major, 239, 250, 253, 256.
Missasago, or Little Turtle, 290.
Miller Catharine, her flight, 275.
Moluntha killed by Major McGary, 256. Quebec founded, 27.
Mock fight by the Indians, 273. Maumee, or Miami of the Lakes, 291. McMahan Major, 293.
Miller sent as a messenger to the Indi- ans, 293, 295.
Meetheetashe, Tecumseh's mother, 303. Raleigh, Sir Walter, despatches vessels
Meigs Fort, seige of, 335.
N.
New York first settled, 23. Nations of Indians Westward of Ohio in 1759, 146.
0.
Oxenstein Chancellor, 24. Ohio company formed, 37. Officers wounded and killed at Brad- dock's defeat, 106. Outposts assailed by the Indians, 149. Ourry Captain, commanded at Fort Bed- ford, 158.
Ottowa Indians, Bradstreet sent against them, 165. Old War Path, 25S. Ormsby Major, 262.
P.
Pocahontas, daughter of Powhattan, 21. Plymouth company, 21. Puritans, 22.
Pennsylvania settled, 24.
24, 25,26; he dies, 27.
Paxton Manor, Delawares and Shawa- ne ;e invited to return to it, 33.
Peyrouny de Chevalier, a Virginia En-, sign, 77.
Pitt William, produces a change, 132. Pontiac, an Ottowa chief and noted war- rior, 147, 148; attempts to take the fort at Detroit by Stratagem, 152 ; murders crews of several vessels, 153.
Paul Major Jones, 259.
Prisoners retaken from Indians, 129, 172.
Pipe, a Delaware chief, 213.
Pukeesheno, Tecumseh's father, 303.
Prescatt Captain, 317.
Q.
Quakers, their persecutions and trials, 25, 26.
Quassenungh, an Indian chief, appears before Thomas Penn, 32.
R.
for Plymouth, 19, 20.
Rolfe married Pocahontas, 21.
Robinson, Rev. John, father of the first settlement in New Eugland, 22. Rapp George, settles at Harmony, 48.
Rogers Major, sent to the Upper Lakes, 147, 233.
Red Hawk, a warrior and speaker, 173, 192; was killed, 193, 217. Ryan John, killed Indians on the Ohio, 180. Rose Major, 212. Ruddle's Station or Fort, 235. Recovery Fort, 292. Red Bird, 346.
S.
Settlements, first permanent made in America, 20; of New England, 22 ; Extension of, by Virginia and Mary-
vi
INDEX.
land, 27; West of the Allegheny, 40.|Teteboxti, a Delaware chief, 305.
Smith John, captain, 20, 22. Swedes settle in Pennsylvania, 24.
Shackamaxon, treaty at, 27.
Sports of early settlers, 54.
Surrender of Fort Necessity, by Wash- Virginia divided into two colonies, 20 ;
ington, 77.
Stobo Captain, a hostage, 79 ; carried to Quebec, his escape, &c., 81.
St. Clair Sir John, Quarter-master Gen- eral, 92.
Shepherd Colonel, 201.
Scarooyada joins Braddock, 99, 112. Shirley's opinion of Braddock, 103 ; is killed at Braddock's field, 106.
Smith James, his account of Braddock's Vincennes, 220, 222.
defeat, 110, 111.
Shingas, a noted Indian warrior, 119. Stroud's family killed, 180.
Steel John Rev. 129.
Stanwix succeeded General Forbes, 144 ; proceeded to fort Pitt, erected a fort, 144, 145.
Slaughter George Colonel, 235.
Shawanese Indians on the Allegheny and Ohio, 31; Weiser dispatched to them, 34; they joined the French, 34 ; they sued for peace, 145.
Scott General, 258 ; his expedition, 263; his second expedition, 283, 293.
Sappington John killed Logan's bro- ther, 186.
Slough Captain, 273.
Shoenbrunn, 208.
Slover John a prisoner among the In- dians, 216.
St. Clair appointed Governor of the N. W. T. and commander-in-chief, 271 ; Waggoner Captain of. Virginia, 104.
his expedition against the Indians, 274 ; his defeat, 275 ; Biographical notice of, 281.
Shatearonrah, 305.
T.
Treaty with the Indians at Shackamax- on, now Kensington, 27; by Tonti on the Arkansas river, 29.
Turtle Heart, an Indian speaker, 169.
Trigg Colonel, 252.
Tipton Captain killed, 238.
Todd Col. 248, 252.
Todd Gen. 293. Trueman Major murdered, 291. Tombs Lieutenant, 298.
Tecumseh, 303, 310, 315, 343.
Tonti commands Crevecœur, 29.
Tygart David, an early settler, 40.
Trent sets out with a party of men for
Taylor Zachary, his defence of Fort Harrison, 325.
U. V.
Uniontown laid out by H. Beeson, 44.
makes arrangements to arrest the progress of the French, 64, 65 ; Van- braam, a Dutchman interprets arti- cles of capitulation, 79 ; given as a hostage, 81 ; taken to Fort Du Ques- ne, &c., 81.
Vaudreiul Marquis de, Governor-Gene- ral of Canada, 141, 146. Vernon Major, 200.
W. Welsh settle west of Schuylkill, 26. Weiser Conrad dispatched to the In- dians on the Ohio, 34, 37.
Washington's Mission to Fort Le Bœuf, 37, 62 ; his interview with the commandant-his return to Wil- liamsburg, 63; takes command of Virginia companies, 64 ; his letters to Dinwiddie and Morris, 68, 69 ; his expedition to Monongahela, 73 ; sur- prises a French detachment, 74; en- larges Fort Necessity, 75 ; returns to fort Cumberland, 89; resigned his commission, 90; is appointed aid- de-camp to Braddock, 95; joins Braddock at Youghiogheny, 101 ; joins Gen. Forbes, 136, 139.
Whitaker Captain, 238.
Ward surrendered the fort at Monon- gahela and Allegheny, 38.
Wilson Colonel, his views of Corn- stalk, 93.
Wilkinson Col. 263.
Women, tattling ones, how punished, 60.
Wills' creek, now Cumberland, 74.
West Captain visits Braddock's field, 112, 113.
Williamson's campaign, 202.
Wyandott Indians attended a confe- rence at fort Pitt, 145.
Wingemund, a Delaware chief, 213. Y.
Yeates' visit to Braddock's field, 173, Yellow creek, murders committed at, 182.
Z. Zue Indians, called Nottoweasses by the French, 146.
the junction of Monongahela and Zane Colonel opposed to Indian hos- Allegheny, 65. tility, 182.
HISTORY
OF
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
CHAPTER I.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS-DISCOVERY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE COUN- TRY-COLONIES OF NORTH AND SOUTH VIRGINIA, MARYLAND, NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY-PENNSYLVANIA AND PENN-FRENCH SETTLEMENTS OF QUE- BEC, AND DISCOVERIES AND SETTLERS ON THE WESTERN WATERS-NOTICES OF INDIAN TRIBES AND DIFFICULTIES-WASHINGTON APPOINTED COLONEL- ARRIVAL OF BRADDOCK,
'The greatest event in modern times was the discovery of this western continent. 'The eastern hemisphere was alone known to the most learned and enterprising of the people of the ancient world; and indeed until a very late period of the world's history, the early navigators were limited in their voyages to great rivers and inland seas. They used sails and oars, and the most distant voyages were but around the coast of Af- rica and to the northern parts of Europe. The northern part of Britain was the ultima thule.
But the year 1492 established a new era in navigation, and in the commerce and destiny of the world : for the voyages of the rude mari- ners, who, it is said, in latter times, visited some parts of this continent, are too uncertain to be relied upon as history, and their discoveries were, and must have been useless.
Christopher Columbus, by his discovery, opened to the cililized world a new theatre of action. 'The great cotemporary discovery of the art of printing, was most opportune in making known his discoveries, and their importance to the world.
Columbus was one of the greatest men who ever lived in any age. He was as great in his character as in his success. Reasoning from inductions conclusive to a man of his genius, he felt convinced to a cer- tainty, that a voyage to the west would discover either a new continent or a vast extension of the old, to counterpose the then known land .-
2
18
HISTORY OF
Fortunately, his perseverance equaled his genius. The difficulties he had to overcome were the most trying, but at last he triumphed over them all. The physical impediments he might have overcome with mere brute force, but his sensitive soul had to encounter others of a dif- ferent nature, and far more trying : the sneers of ignorance, and con- tempt of men in power.
For seventeen long years did Columbus persevere in offering his ser- vices to the different powers of Europe. His native State of Genoa would engage only in enterprises promising an immediate return. The King of Portugal would render no assistance, but endeavored meanly to avail himself of knowledge obtained from Columbus to forestall him in the discovery. At length Queen Isabella of Spain, confided in his plans, and enabled him to accomplish the great object of his life-a western voyage of discovery. She was rewarded by immediate success, in the discovery of a western world, on the 12th October, 1492.
The history of any portion of America must start from this era, for all anterior annals are buried in the most profound obscurity. Of the interest- ing people found here by the early navigators, and their ancestors, we have only conjecture for a guide. With truth we can only say, they performed their destiny. They lived and died.
It is true, that late discoveries in Mexico, and in portions of South America, have brought to light interesting facts, showing the former occupancy of powerful, and somewhat civilized nations. Mr. Prescott's late work on the history of Mexico, has also thrown much light upon the Mexicans, as found by Fernando Cortes. But the facts are too sparce for a historical foundation. 'They left no literature, and their traditions reveal nothing to build upon. From what portion of the human family they originated, is as uncertain as all in relation to them. Mr. Catlin, the distinguished painter, thinks that the "gentlemanly Mandans," as he termed them, had a European origin within a few generations. But his theory, like them all, may be as fanciful as a Grecian fable, and based only upon the imagination of men.
The continent of America was not discovered by Columbus until his third voyage, in 1498. He then landed in several places bordering the the Mexican gulph. He was deprived of the honor of associating his name, or that of his patrons, with the new found world. This glory was obtained by Americus Vespucius, a native of Florence, in the service of the king of Portugal, who in 1499, discovered the coast of Brazil .- Very little is known of him, or his character, except that he was a scho- lar, and able to write in a manner to attract the attention of the learned.
19
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
Hence he had the advantage of Columbus. His descriptions were glowing and interesting, and thus he secured a fourth quarter of the globe to be called by his name; and the injustice has ever since been continued .*
The English are entitled to the honor of being the first people who discovered the continent. This was in the year 1497, in the reign of Henry the Seventh. In that year George and Sebastian Cabot, father and son, sailed in quest of new countries, more particularly a western passage to India, then a great object in commerce. They discovered Newfoundland, from whence they sailed first to the north, then to the south, sailing along the eastern coast of the United States, as far as Florida.
For nearly a century after these discoveries little was made of them, mainly on account of the imperfection of vessels to undertake so great a voyage. About the year 1580, Sir Francis Drake accomplished bis cele- brated voyage around the globe. This was an event highly auspicious to mercantile enterprise, and attempts were soon made by the English to establish colonies. The first attempts at colonization were unsuccessful and quite discouraging. These were under Sir Humphrey Gilbert. In 1584, his half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the most accomplish- ed and distinguished men of his or any other age, despatched two small vessels on a mercantile adventure. They reached the coast of North Carolina, and sailed along that coast. On their return to England, their commanders published such a splendid description of the country, its beauty, fertility, mildness of climate, and serenity of atmosphere, as to attract the particular attention of the then reigning Queen Elizabeth. It was called Virginia, in honor of the maiden Queen.
The next year Sir Walter Raleigh despatched seven vessels for the port of Plymouth, under the command of Sir Richard Granville, to make a settlement. They carried one hundred and eighty adventurers. They were landed on the island of Roanoke, under the care of one Capt. Lane. But instead of turning their attention to what was abso- lutely necessary to preserve their lives, they spent their time in search of gold and silver, and were consequently soon assailed by double cala- mities-famine and Indian hostilities. They were soon relieved by Sir Francis Drake, who took them back to England, and thus unfortunately ended this experiment of colonization.
*A lineal descendant of Americus Vespucius has been for several years re- siding in this country, and is now living in the northern part of the State of New York.
20
HISTORY OF
The following year another experiment was made, which ended still more disasterously. The attention of England was so much engrossed with the threatened invasion by Philip Il. of Spain, that no supplies were sent out, and this colony miserably perished by famine. It was under the command of Capt. White, and his daughter gave birth to the first English female child born on this continent. It was appropriately named Virginia.
Meantime Sir Walter Raleigh, being engaged in other vast and ambi- tious schemes, sold out his interests to a company of traders, and hereaf- ter entirely neglected an undertaking which would have made perma- nent his glory and fame. It has often been matter of regret with the author, that permanent colonies had not been established under the aus- pices of this celebrated man.
The following reign of James was the commencement of permanent settlements in America. This pusillanimous Prince, having concluded a treaty of peace with Spain, directed some attention to these affairs, upon the representations of men of science. He made a division of the known territory into two colonies, called the North and South Colo- nies of Virginia, and he authorized several gentlemen of Bristol, Ply- mouth, and other parts of England, to make settlements in the form- er; and the latter he in the same way granted to certain noblemen and gentlemen of the city of London. These grants laid the foundation of a nation destined to rival not only the mother country, but if we are true to ourselves, to throw into the shade all the nations of ancient or modern times. These were then called the London and Plymouth companies.
The first permanent settlement was made in the Colony South, at James Town, in the present State of Virginia. Among these persons were several distinguished officers of the preceding reign ; and also a Percy, a brother of the Earl of Northumberland. 'The colony, at first, consisted of one hundred and five men, but their conduct towards the natives was imprudent, and they were early involved in war. The consequence was that scarcity introduced diseases, and in a few months one-half of them were swept away, and the other half discouraged.
The government soon most fortunately devolved upon Captain JOHN SMITH, in England ranking as a gentleman, and he was emphatically the father of Virginia. He had been distinguished in the Continental wars for feats of courage and daring, particularly against the Turks. He ap- pears to have possessed a temper peculiarly adapted to the situation of the colony. His courage was undoubted, and the romantic spirit
21
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
of the age was strongly infused into his character. His encounters with the Indians, his capture, his condemnation by Powhattan, the In- dian Chief, and the romantic interposition, in his behalf, by the daugh- ter of the Chief, Pocahontas, and his consequent enlargement from cap- tivity, are circumstances known wherever English literature has been read.
Under a new organization of this government and the appointment of Lord Delaware as Governor, and his timely arrival with subsistence and new settlers, the colony was saved and enabled to assume what it had not heretofore been able to do, a promising appearance.
Of Pocahontas, the noble Indian girl, who at the age of thirteen saved the life of Capt. Smith, a word is proper to be said. She was forcibly taken to England, and as a hostage was used to compel her father to discontinue hostilities to the whites. She was afterwards married to a Mr. Rolfe, a reputable planter, was received at the English Court, but died at an early age. She left one son, and it is said the late John Randolph was one of her descendants. If so, some of the most respect- able families in Virginia are descended from her. The first Legislature ever convened in the New World, was held at James Town, in 1619. The Governor at that time was Sir George Yardley, and he appears to have been actuated by a spirit of republicanism, ever since characteristic of Americans. This assembly was imbued with the popular spirit of freedom, and their meeting had a happy effect upon the enterprise and business of the colony. A trade was opened with Holland, and the jealousy of the parent State in consequence, produced the first difference of sentiment between them and the Government.
Under both James and Charles I., the charter was considered abro- gated as it had been declared to be by the Court of Kings Bench ; but notwithstanding, in the times of the Commonwealth and Cromwell, Vir- ginia continued to adhere to loyalty. Controversies arose, and nothing but the success of Charles II., in regaining his throne, saved them from the chastisement to which they were in imminent danger.
At the time of the revolution in 1688, Virginia contained about sixty, thousand inhabitants.
This is a brief history of the South Colony of Virginia, as it was called to the time of the great English revolution.
The attempts of the Plymouth Company to settle the North Colony were still more feeble, and at first unsuscessful, though Sir John Pop- ham, then Chief Justice of England, and other gentlemen in the Court, were zealous in the operation. In the same year of the settlement of
22
HISTORY OF 1
Jamestown, an attempt was made and abandoned to settle on the Kene- bec river. The whole coast of New England had been surveyed by the adventurous Captain Smith, who gave a high wrought description of the country, and drew a map exhibiting the bays, harbors, and the mouths of rivers, and which he inscribed "New England." The then Prince of Wales, afterwards the unfortunate Charles the First, was so delighted with the representations of Captain Smith, that he confirmed the name to a country which is destined to rival, in many things, Old England herself.
The permanent settlement of New England was not made until the year 1620. It was then undertaken in obedience to high sentiments and the voice of conscience: the desire for religious freedom, rather than of pecuniary emolument, or less worthy motives. In this respect the origin of New England differs from that of any other State ever founded. Immediately after the Reformation the Church of England, like the Romish Church, employed the hand of power in supporting its doctrines, and the same rights of conscience and private judgment were not allowed to exist. It was also feared that in reforming the rituals and exterior symbols, a too wide departure from the long established Church of Rome, might alarm the populace and drive them back to the mother Church. Hence, many of the ancient ceremonies were little altered.
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