USA > Pennsylvania > Adams County > History of Cumberland and Adams counties, Pennsylvania. Containing history of the counties, their townships, towns, villages, schools, churches, industries, etc.; portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of Pennsylvania, statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc > Part 148
USA > Pennsylvania > Cumberland County > History of Cumberland and Adams counties, Pennsylvania. Containing history of the counties, their townships, towns, villages, schools, churches, industries, etc.; portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of Pennsylvania, statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc > Part 148
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*Afterward president of Washington College, Penn.
Saar P. Wieman
341
TYRONE TOWNSHIP.
resigned this charge in 1867. For two years from this time this church was again without a pastor, but not without preaching. Rov. E. Ferrier. D. D., then a professor in Pennsylvania College, supplied it most of the time. January 23. 1869, a call was made out for the present pastor, Rev. W. S. Van Cleve for half his time- Lower Marsh Creek to have the other half. Mr. Van Cleve entered npon the duties of the pastorate April 1, 1869. The call was formally presented and accepted at a meeting of the Presbytery of Carlisle in Shippens- burg, on the second Tuesday of April, 1869, and in May following the relation was consummated by the following committee: Rev. John A. Crawford, D. D., I. N. Hays and I. M. Patterson, Mr. Van Cleve still continues in this relation.
NEW CHESTER.
New Chester or Pinetown, and in early days called "Martzallville." was surveyed for Henry Martzall in 1804 (then owner of the Peter Sharp tract) a year after Union Church was ereeted on Pine Ridge, and fifty-five years after the old Presbyterian Church was built on the same site. Theodore Taughin- baugh was appointed first postmaster at New Chester in 1834. The village is located in the valley of the great Conowago and partly on the side of Pine Ridge. The location possesses many of those pleasing features which valley, hill and river confer. In the lower part of the village is the new German Re- formed Church, built in 1862-63. The hotel known as the "Kuhn Temper- ance House," a few stores and a number of pleasant homes make up New Chester of to-day.
PLAINVIEW.
This is the name given in 1876 to a postal hamlet near the north line of the township. R. MeIllienny is postmaster.
GRANITE HILL.
This village was so named when it was laid out in 1858, and the railroad was built to this point. It is also a post-town, with A. Hoke in charge.
CHAPTER XLVI.
TYRONE TOWNSHIP.
T TYRONE runs south from the north line of the county to Conowago Creek, bounded on the west by Menallen, Butler and Straban Townships, and on the east by Huntington and Reading, being very irregular in form. Ber- mudian Creek marks its northeastern boundary from the line of Cumberland County to the angle on the Trimmer farm. A number of miniature streams flow from the east into this creek. Conowago Creek runs along its south- western line, while one of the main feeders of this creek forms its southeastern line, dividing it from Reading. A few small streams run west and south from the water-shed. The elevation at Heidlersburg above the Atlantic is 541 feet.
The township contains a large area of fine arable land, which has yielded plentifully for over a century. There are outcrops of quartzite, rose-tinted, with curious fracture, coarse ingrained trap, blue and white streaked slate-rock trap, ferruginous cross-grained trap near Idaville. In June, 1872, the Cran- berry Valley iron ore beds were discovered on Emanuel Spangler's farm.
18A
342
HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY.
The last stone bridge built in the county, if we except railroad bridges, was that at McKnight's Ford on the Harrisburg road crossing of the Conowago. This was constructed in 1823 by David Diehl at a cost of $1,950, and is still standing on what is known as the Dr. W. R. Stewart farm. In 1850 John F. Felty erected a wooden bridge over the Great Conowago, on the Harrisburg road, for $483. In 1859 J. M. Pittenturf erected a wooden bridge over a branch of the Great Conowago on the Gettysburg and Harrisburg road for $247. In 1868 J. M. Pittenturf and brother erected a covered wooden bridge over the Conowago at Snyder's Ford, on Hunterstown and York Springs road, for $2,797.
The number of tax payers in Tyrone Township (1886) is 323; value of real estate, $360,808; number of horses, etc., 334; number of cows, etc., 341; value of moneys at interest, $46,124; value of trades and professions, $5,865; num- ber of carriages, 156; number of gold watches, 4; of silver watches, 1; of acres of timbered land, 1,976.
The population of Tyrone in 1800 was 512; in 1810, 648; in 1820, 840- 418 males, 417 females and 5 free colored; in 1830, 817; in 1840, 757; in 1850, 891; in 1860, 960; in 1870, 1,009 (4 colored), and in 1880, 985.
The assessment of Tyrone for 1801 was made by Peter Ferree, assisted by Nathaniel McGrew and Frederick Shull. The total value was placed at $83, - 432, and the tax levy of 21 cents per $100 collected by John King and Thomas Hammond.
Leonard Apley, shoe-maker, $225
Hugh Kingt
6
Nicholas Anthony ..
1,440
Nicholas Miller
193
John Brougher. 583
860
James McKnight.
1,738
Henry Bream,.
1,616
Executors of Alexander Brown*
58
Samuel Brown.
785
John Bacom ..
$12
Conrad Chronister.
167
John Cooley, cooper.
368
Abram Cline. 771
Anton Cline.
Adam John Miller, shoe-maker.
56
William Delap ..
355
John Delap.
938
John Dodds, deceased.
Jonathau Neely.
44
Martin Detrick
John Nickle, carpenter.
26
Daniel Deardorff.
Widow Jackson Neely.
John Doran.
Henry Nelangh, shoe-maker.
1,568
Peter Free.
1,760
Jacob Fidler.
586
Conrad Fidler.
1,357
Peter Fidler.
873
6
Philip Fissle.
3.300
George Fox.
696
Anthony Switzer.
Henry Fissle.
42
William Smith, shoe-maker.
1,504
Thomas Hammond.
681
Rudolph Spangler.
758
Jacob Hofsinger, weaver
Peter Spangler. 960
Hugh Johnston, tailor.
Jonas Spangler. 26
John Johnston.
1,994
David Stuart ..
1.618
John Kingt.
1,285
John Miller.
633
John Brougher, executor of George,.
Conrad Miller
2,167
Jacob Bream,
1,208
Alex McGrew. 1,793
George Meals. 827
1,061
Finley McGrew.
767
Nathaniel MeGrew
26
James McCreal.
2,368
Peter MeGrew, carpenter.
Henry Crishamor, not taxed ..
John Muntorff.
31
Ludwick Mull.
1,610
James Neely.
1,831
John Duffield ..
Jonathan Neely, stiller.
6
Michael Detrick.
Samuel Neely. 26
James Elliott
1,808
William Neely.
2,557
John Owens. 638
Thomas Porter, weaver.
700
John Reed, deceased.
Windle Rockey. 248
Jacob Roudabush. 948
Abram Fletcher, tailor.
613
Rudolph Spangler ..
1,500
Christian Hostetter.
6
Peter Spangler ..
*One slave.
+Two slaves.
1,978
1,652
Jacob Myers, mills
1,889
2,974
1,092
1,949
William Mealy
$2,666.
343
TYRONE TOWNSHIP.
John Shutrom,
$162
Samuel Walker. .$1,690
William Sterner.
53
Joseph Walker. 20
Peter Studebaker, weaver.
58
Robert Wray. 1,219
John Snarr, nailer ..
Robert Wray, unseated lands. 325
Henry Sriver.
John White .. 1,181
Frederick Shull
1,901
Nathan Walker.
2,314
Samuel Thomas, tanner.
425
Nicholas Wertz.
626
Mathias Tanghinbaugh.
52
James Walker.
1,790
David Trimmer .. .
1.488
Thomas Wear.
100
The Overseers of the Poor for and in
William Walker.
3,656
behalf of township, 139 acres ..
15
John Wiland.
46
Philip Venis.
John Wise :5
Single freeman: John Apley, blacksmith; Henry Cline, blacksmith: John Dodds, David Copperstone; Nicholas Tanghinbangh, sadler; Samuel Duffield, William MeGrow, James MeKnight, John McKnight, Patrick McLee, William Morris, Joseph Neely: Joseph Neclangh, shoe-maker; Joseph Porter, John Smetts; Peter Thomas, tanner; John Van Dike, William Walker, Andrew Walker. Robert Walker, James Walker, James Wray, and James, son of Sam- nel Walker.
James Bracken, of Tyrone Township, was ordered to surrender to a justice of the peace by the board of attainder in 1778.
On November 22, 1534, a meeting of the people of Tyrone was held at the house of Col. Baltzer Snyder to consider the common school system as estab- lished by the Legislature April 11, 1834. James McKnight presided with Jacob Fidler; secretary, Jacob Bream; John Duffield, Col. B. Snyder, J. S. Neely and Peter Fidler were appointed to draft resolutions. These resolutions denounced the act as aiming to rob the farmers, and asked for its repeal. J. L. Neeley voted against its adoption in convention of November 4. Adams was one of the fifteen counties which rejected the law.
Lake B. Ferree, of Heidlersburg, was the only soldier from Tyrone who reported to the call for troops in April, 1861. He was mustered in with Company E, Second Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. In July, 1869, a volunteer militia company was organized at Heidlersburg, under the name "Tyrone Zouaves," with J. C. Pittenturf, captain.
The old Jacob Myers' fulling and grist-mill, in Tyrone Township, located on the Madam Steele property (purchased by her from the Penns in 1749), was built by Peter Brough, from whom Jacob Myers purchased it in 1794. This was in the Myers family until ISSO, when H. J. Myers, the present rail- road agent at New Oxford, sold it to the Holtz brothers.
IIEIDLERSBURG.
This place, known in early years as Starrytown, was founded in 1812, by John Heidler. He offered a bonus to the first house-builder on the site, which was won by Michael Starry, who erected the first building here that year. Neither Starry nor Heidler were among the first settlers; neither were here in 1801: but owing to their enterprises of 1812, their names have ever since been identified with the history of this part of the township. The old fashioned hotels are named the "Farmers and Drovers" and "Travelers Rest." The little hamlet claims the regulation complement of merchants and tradesmen, but varies somewhat from places of this class in the volume of trade done.
In March, 1861, Peter Yeatts was appointed postmaster. In 1834 the total receipts for stamps at this office amounted to $20.34, and the stipend of the office about $2 for the year ending March 31, 1884. J. F. Houck has served in this office for a number of years.
CHURCHES.
The Evangelical Lutheran Society of Heidtersburg is almost contemporary
+
344
HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY.
with the society of the Pines Church, attending services at York Springs. In early years Messrs. Raymond, Hensh, Herbst and Weyl preached here. In 1844 Rev. Jacob Ulrich held services in the old school building, and services continued here at intervals until 1861, when Rev. Peter Raby and the society erected the present house of worship.
The United Brethren in Christ organized a society here in 1840 in the old school building, and still continue to worship there.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Gardner's Station is a modern railroad town on the Gettysburg & Harris- burg Railroad just south of Idaville. It is the shipping point for the north- ern settlements of Huntington and Tyrone Townships.
CHAPTER XLVII.
UNION TOWNSHIP.
L ITTLE CONOWAGO CREEK forms the northeastern line of Union Township, separating it from Conowago. German Creek and its tribu- taries spread out through the southern and central divisions of the township, offering at once facilities for drainage and water-power for mills. A number of small streams flow southwestward into Maryland from the southern water-shed.
The township may be classed as level. Although not wanting in hill and dale, there are none of those abrupt elevations which mark the greater number of the other townships. The soil, in part, is known as limestone, but red gravel land is common. Underlying the township are great areas of iron ore and limestone. Near the Maryland line are found mica slate, chlorite slate with pyrite compact chlorite slate, mica slate, slate impregnated with iron, ar- gillite, blue and white striped limestone, sandy yellow ocher.
The township was organized in 1841. The population in 1850 was 952 (3 colored); in 1860, 1,116 (17 colored); in 1870, 1.105 (10 colored), and in 1880, 1,180. The number of tax payers (1886) is 478; value of real estate, $529,291; number of horses, etc., 344; of cows, etc., 445; value of moneys at interest, $SS, 931; of trades and professions, $8,256; number of carriages, 138; of gold watches, 8; of acres of timber land, 741.
In 1839 John Camp erected a wooden bridge near, Joseph Sneeringer's mill, over the Little Conowago for $1,500. The earlier bridges, as well as modern ones, built on the borders of the township, are referred to in the sketches of Conowago, Mountpleasant and Germany.
Among the German emigrants of 1735-52 were thousands of redemption- ers-poor, uneducated creatures, who were packed over here in filthy ships and sold at public auction at Philadelphia, the buyers paying their passage money. The Palatine redemptioners were usually sold for £10 each, and for from three to five years' servitude. It must be said, however, that the honest people descended from this class had no connection with the Hessians, who were hired and imported by the British to conquer the colonists. According to Baron Reidesel, all of this species who were not killed by the soldiers of the Revolution, or had not deserted from the British, were returned to the country where they were raised. They were fed while prisoners, and other- wise well-treated by their patriot captors. Andreas Schreiber is said to have been the first permanent settler in Union Township in 1734.
345
UNION TOWNSHIP.
A reference to the original assessment rolls of Conowago, Germany and Mountpleasant Townships will discover the names of heads of families and single men in this new division of the county in 1880. The Kitzmillers, one of whom killed Dudley Digges in 1752; Adam Forney, Andres Harger, Peter Ober. John Lemmon. the Sellens (subsequently Sells). Hans Ungefehr, Hans Morgenstern, George Marschtaler, the Scheilys, ancestors of the present Sheely family; Adam Weiser, Herr Juengling, Ludwig Schrieber, Herr Moss- er, the Koontzes. Casper Bergheimer, Peter Weltie, Peter Reishert, Andrew Foreman, Dewalt Yungs, Kleins or Littles, Feltys, Wills. Stephen Ulrich, Abram Haul, Derrick, Jungblut. F. Schitz, Peter Jungblut, Dutteras, Millers, and others named among the original entries of the townships named above.
The land troubles began in 1841, when Zach. Butcher, a surveyor in the em- ployment of the Penns, came to this settlement (then called " Digges' Choice ") to survey lands for Adam Forney. The Maryland claimants remonstrated. but the surveyor carried his work forward. In his letter, dated Conowago, June 17, 1741, ho gives the " Honble Proprietor " an idea of the "unreason- able creatures" on Marsh Creek, and adds the following postscript regarding this part of the county:
P. S. I was laying out some Land for Adam Ffarney, and Mr. Diggs sent his Son and Robert Owen to warn me off. They said the Land I was then Laying out was not theirs, but they own'd 7,000 acres, I asked them for their Draught, or shew me their bounds, I had no design to intrude on them. They went away mute, and would Do noth- ing.
ZACHI. BUTCHER.
In 1727 10,000 acres in the townships now known as Conowago, Germany, Union and parts of adjoining townships, were granted to John Digges by the Calverts. In 1732, two years after the Lillys and Owings made the first set- tlements in this county, John Digges had 6,822 acres of this tract surveyed, to which he gave the name of "Digges' Choice." A little later the Germans came, and shortly after the Pouns claimed the tract as being within the bound- aries of his claim north of the temporary line. In 1738 the dispute between the Penns and the Calverts was settled by " Royal order" of 1788, which de- clared the claims of Digges. Carrolls and others north of the Maryland line, to be valid; but still the question of the boundaries of "Digges' Choice " remained to be settled. Prior to 1746 this question was settled by Pennsylvania recog- nizing the claims of Digges, so far as they would not interfere with the German settlement. In 1746, however, young Digges and the Maryland sheriff came to arrest, and did arrest, Matthew Ulrich and Adam Forney for trespass; but while en route to Maryland Nicholas Forney and others rescued the prisoners and put the captors to flight. Other attempts were made to keep off German trespassers until February 26, 1752, when Dudley Digges was shot by Jacob Kitzmiller. In 1767 the running of Mason & Dixon's line, and other meas- nres, settled this land dispute for ever.
CHURCHES.
St. John's Lutheran Church, near Littlestown, was founded, November 13, 1763. by Rev. C. F. Wildbahn. In 1829 a brick building took the place of the old log-house erected under Rev. G. R. Hoffman, and in 1874 the present house was erected on the site of the church of 1829, under Rev. L. T. Williams. The pastors of this church have been Revs. John D. Shroctor, 1783 to 1806; John G. Grubb, 1506: G. R. Hoffman, 1826; Jonathan Ruthrauf, 1830; Jacob Albert, 1837: C. A. Hay, 1845; D. P. Rosenmiller, 1849; M. J. Alleman. 1856; F. Rnthrauf, 1857; S. Henry. 1859; P. P. Lane, 1968; L. T. Williams, 1870, and E. J. Metzler. 1875 86.
Christ Church (Reformed) was organized in 1747 by Rev. M. Schlatter. a
346
HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY.
missionary from Switzerland, and the first church was built in 1755, rebuilt in 1798 and in 1878. The names of the first members are unknown, but there is a record of baptisms as early as May, 1747. The elders, in 1798, when the · present substantial brick church was built, were Andrew Shriver and Jacob Parr. They, together with Conrad Duttera, Ludwig Mouse and Jacob Will, constituted the building committee. John Dysert was secretary. He was also the teacher of the parochial school. The church was incorporated in 1828, the charter bearing the signature of Gov. Schultze, and is dated March 5, 1828. The first trustees elected under the charter were John Wintrode, Michael Crouse, George Will, John Young. Samuel Shriver, John Snyder, George Duttera, Christian Heller and John Study. Jacob Keller was appointed treasurer. At the first communion in 1747 there were eighty communicants. The number of members at present is 350. The pastors who have served this congregation are named as follows: Revs. M. Schlatter, Jacob Lischy, T. Frankenfield, J. C. Steiner, W. Otterbein, C. Lange, C. L. Boehm, J. C. Gobrecht, C. Helfenstein, J. H. Wiestling, F. W. Bindeman, S. Gutelius, J. Sechler, J. M. Clemens, Casper Scheel. John Ault and J. Kretzing, the present minister. The location of the church is two miles east of Littlestown on the Hanover road on lands deeded by the Penns in 1759 to Michael Will in trust for the German Reformed Church. Value of church property, including church, cemetery, farm and buildings and parsonage in Littlestown, is $15,000 to $20,000. Dates of church buildings: built of logs in 1755: substantially of brick in 1798; and rebuilt and enlarged in 1878. The rebuilding of 1878 cost about $8,000.
The Mennonite Church, known as Hostetter's Meeting-house, a brick building east of Littlestown on the McSherrystown road, was erected in 1854, twenty years after the nucleus of a society was formed here. In early days the members met in private houses for worship and subsequently in the old school building, which stood near the site of the present meeting-house. Rev. John Hostetter, Rev. Isaac Hershey and Rev. Jacob Hostetter have served this society in the order of their names.
CEMETERIES.
The Mennonite Graveyard dates back to 1854. Rev. Isaac Hershey, who died in 1880 in his eightieth year, was buried here. Many of the old mem- bers preceded him as tenants of these grounds.
Christ Reformed Church Graveyard was laid out on the east side of the church in 1750, and subsequently enlarged until graves surrounded the build- ing." The oldest date on the head-stones is 1772.
SELL'S STATION.
This place, located on the Littlestown Branch Railroad, is named after one of the settlers of 1735. Sellen or Sell. It dates its existence back to 1857, when the railroad was opened through the township; but the establishment of a postoffice there belongs to a later date. A. Sell, the merchant at this point. has served in this office for a number of years.
CHURCH STATION.
This place, formerly known as Kreutz Kirche, also dates back to the be- ginning of settlement. In 1752 one John Kreutz, since Anglicized Cross, con- dueted a school here, and this with the fact that the old transept church existed, won for the place the Dutch name bestowed upon the settlement. The railroad and postoffice, always opposed to crossings of any kind, dropped the first and retained the second word of the original name and thus we have Church Station-a small hamlet, enlivened only by passing trains.
Percent C. Bolo
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES,
CHAPTER XLVIII.
BOROUGH OF GETTYSBURGH.
H. LOUIS BAUGHER, D. D., Franklin professor of the Greek language and litera- ture in Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, was born in that place August 6, 1840, son of Henry L. Baugher, D. D., and Clara Mary (Brooks) Baugher. Henry L. Baugher was born in Adams County, Penn .. July 19, 1804; was prepared for college by Rev. David Mc- Conaughy, of Gettysburg, and was graduated from Dickinson College, Carlisle, in 1826. In 1832 he became a professor in Pennsylvania College, and in 1850 was chosen president of that college. (An extended sketch of him will be found in the college records.) His death occurred April 14, 1868, the father of five children, who lived to adult age, of whom our subject is next to the youngest. HI. Louis Baugher was reared in Gettysburg and edu- cated in Pennsylvania College, from which he was graduated in 1857. He subsequently was graduated in theology in the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, and spent a year in the seminary at Andover, Mass. Ile served as co-pastor of a church at Wheeling, W. Va., during the year 1863-64, and from 1861 to 1867 was pastor of a church at Norristown, Penn. A portion of the year 1867-68 be passed in Europe, and the latter year served as pastor of a church at Indianapolis, Ind. From 1869 to 1880 he was professor of Greek in Pennsylvania College, and served as pastor of a church at Omaha, Neb., during the year 1880-81. From 1869 to 1873 he also gave instruction in New Testament Exegesis in the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, and supplied the department of Systematic Theology throughout the year 1883-84. In 1880 he received the degree of D. D., conferred by his alma mater. In 1983 Dr. Baugher supplied the chair of Greek in Howard University, at Washington, D. C., and was elected to a professorship of political economy, etc., iu that institution, but declined to aceept his former position in Pennsylvania College, to which he was recalled in 1883. Since 1874 Dr. Baugher has been connected, as editor and com- mentator, with the Lutheran Publication Society, and since the convention at Atlanta. Ga., in 1878, has represented the Lutheran Church on the International Sunday-School Lesson Committee. April 3, 1872, Dr. Baugher was married to Miss Ida, daughter of William Smith, of York, Penn., and to them one child. Bessie, has been born.
MAJ. ROBERT BELL, cashier of the First National Bank, Gettysburg, is'a native of Adams County, Penn., born in Menallen Township, March 5, 1830, a son of James and Martha (Mellhenny) Bell, natives of this county and of Scotch-Irish descent. James Bell, the grandfather of the Major, was a non commissioned officer in the Revolutionary war, at the close of which he located on a farm in this county, where he passed the remainder of his days, an intelligent, energetic and highly esteemed gentleman. James Bell, Jr. (father of our subject), was born on the farm on which Maj. Bell now resides, and early in life learned the milling business, which, in connection with merchandising, he followed many years. He was the father of four children, of whom Maj. Bell is the youngest. Our subject was reared on a farm, receiving his education in the district schools and at Oak Ridge Academy. June 16, 1863, he enlisted in the United States service and raised a company of cavalry, of which he was chosen captain. The following year he was pro- moted to the office of major, and as such served until the close of the war, having been mustered out July 18, 1865. He participated in a number of engagements and battles, and was present at the surrender of Gen. Lee in 1865. Maj. Bell is one of the few who can present to the public the horse who shared with him the privations and dangers of war. In 1853 our subjeet married Abigail, daughter of Jacob King. Her grandfather, Hugh King, and her great-grandfather, Victor King, served in the French and Indian and Rev- olutionary wars. The Kings were of Scotch-Irish descent, and pioneers of the State of Pennsylvania. To the Major and wife the following named children were born: Fannie J., James F., Nannie A., Martha A., W. W., Robert K., Carrie K. and J. Grant. The
350
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHIES:
parents are identified with the Presbyterian Church. Maj. Bell has through life been occupied principally as a farmer. Since 1867 he has been one of the directors of the First National Bank of Gettysburg, and its cashier sinee 1875.
G. J. BENNER, attorney at law, Gettysburg, was born in that place April 13, 1859, a son of Jacob and Catharine (Snyder) Benner, natives of Adams County, Penn., and of whom further mention is made in the sketch of Maj. D. J. Benner elsewhere in this vol- ume. The father is now living a retired life at Gettysburg. G. J. Benner was educated in his native town, having graduated at Pennsylvania College, with honors, in 1878. After completing his college course Mr. Benner taught one year in the institution, and, from 1879 to 1883, he was occupied as principal of the high school at Catasauqua, Penn. Ile then studied law at Gettysburg, and was there admitted to the bar December 31, 1881, and at once commenced practice, in company with llon. W. A. Duncan, now deceased. Since 1883 Mr. Benner has been attorney for the county commissioners. He was also nominat- ed for the office of district attorney of the county, but declined. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Order of Red Men.
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