History of Cumberland and Adams counties, Pennsylvania. Containing history of the counties, their townships, towns, villages, schools, churches, industries, etc.; portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of Pennsylvania, statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc, Part 18

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Publisher: W. Taylor
Number of Pages: 1280

USA > Pennsylvania > Adams County > History of Cumberland and Adams counties, Pennsylvania. Containing history of the counties, their townships, towns, villages, schools, churches, industries, etc.; portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of Pennsylvania, statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc > Part 18
USA > Pennsylvania > Cumberland County > History of Cumberland and Adams counties, Pennsylvania. Containing history of the counties, their townships, towns, villages, schools, churches, industries, etc.; portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of Pennsylvania, statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc > Part 18

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Instead of sixteen, twenty-five regiments were organized for the three months' service from Pennsylvania. Judging from the threatening attitude assumed by the rebels across the Potomac that the southern frontier would be con- stantly menaced, Gov. Curtin sought permission to organize a select corps, to consist of thirteen regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of artillery, and to be known as the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, which the Legislature, in special session, granted. This corps of 15,000 men was speedily raised, and the intention of the State authorities was to keep this body permamently within the limits of the Commonwealth for defense. But at the time of the First Bull Run disaster in July, 1861, the National Government found itself with- out troops to even defend the capital, the time of the three months' men being now about to expire, and at its urgent call this fine body was sent forward and never again returned for the execution of the duty for which it was formed, having borne the brunt of the fighting on many a hard-fought field during the three years of its service.

"In addition to the volunteer troops furnished in response to the several calls of the President, upon the occasion of the rebel invasion of Maryland in September, 1862, Gov. Curtin called 50,000 men for the emergency, and though the time was very brief, 25,000 came, were organized under command of Gen. John F. Reynolds, and were marched to the border. But the battle of Antietam, fought on the 17th of September, caused the enemy to beat a hasty retreat, and the border was relieved when the emergency troops were dis- banded and returned to their homes. On the 19th of October, Gen. J. E. B. Stewart, of the rebel army, with 1,800 horsemen under command of Hampton,

Lee and Jones, crossed the Potomac and made directly for Chambersburg, arriving after dark. Not waiting for morning to attack, he sent in a flag of truce demanding the surrender of the town. There were 275 Union soldiers in hospital, whom he paroled. During the night, the troopers were busy picking up horses-swapping horses perhaps it should be called-and the morning saw them early on the move. The rear guard gave notice before leaving to re-

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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

move all families from the neighborhood of the public buildings, us they in- tended to fire them. There was a large amount of fixed ammunition in thein, which had been captured from Longstreet's train, besides Government stores of shoes, clothing and muskets. At 11 o'clock the station house, round house, railroad machine shops and warehouses were fired and consigned to destruction. The fire department was promptly out; but it was dangerous to approach the burning buildings on account of the ammunition, and all perished.

The year 1562 was one of intense excitement and activity. From about the Ist of May, 1861, to the end of 1862, there were recruited in the State of Penn- sylvania, one hundred and eleven regiments, including eleven of cavalry and three of artillery. for three years' service; twenty- five regiments for three months; seventeen for nine months; fifteen of drafted militia; and twenty-five called ont for the emergency, an aggregate of one hundred and ninety-three regiments-a grand total of over 200.000 men -a great army in itself.

In June, 1863. Gen. Robert E. Lee, with his entire army of Northern Vir- ginia, invaded Pennsylvania. The Army of the Potomac, under Gen. Joseph Hooker, followed. The latter was superseded on the 28th of Juneby Gen. George G. Meade. The vanguards of the army met a mile or so out of Gettysburg on the Chambersburg pike on the morning of the 1st of July. Hill's corps of the rebel army was held in check by the sturdy fighting of a small division of cavalry under Gen. Buford until 10 o'clock, when Gen. Reynolds came to his relief with the First Corps. While bringing his forces into action, Reynolds was killed, and the command devolved on Gen. Abner Doubleday, and the fighting became terrible, the Union forces being greatly outnumbered. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the Eleventh Corps, Gen. O. O. Howard, came to the support of the First. But now the corps of Ewell had joined hands with Hill, and a full two-thirds of tho entire rebel army was on the field. opposed by only the two weak Union corps, in an inferior position. A sturdy fight was however maintained until 5 o'clock, when the Union forces withdrew through the town, and took position upon rising ground covering the Baltimore pike. During the night the entire Union army came up, with the exception of the Sixth Corps, and took position, and at 2 o'clock in the morning Gen. Meade and staff came on the field. During the morning hours, and until 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the two armies were getting into position for the desperate struggle. The Third Corps, Gen. Sickles, occupied the extreme left. his corps abutting on the Little Round Top at the Devil's Den, and reaching, en echelon, through the rugged ground to the Peach Orchard, and thence along the Em- mettsburg pike, where it joined the Second Corps, Gen. Hancock, reaching over Cemetery Hill, the Eleventh Corps, Gen. Howard, the First, Gen. Double- day, and the Twelfth. Gen. Slocum, reaching across Culp's Hill-the whole crescent shape. To this formation the rebel army conformed, Longstreet op- posite the Union left, Hill opposite the center, and Ewell opposite the Union right. At 4 P'. M. the battle was opened by Longstreet, on the extreme left of Sickles, and the fighting became territic, the rebels making strennous efforts to gain Little Round Top. But at the opportune moment a part of the Fifth Corps, Gen. Sykes, was brought upon that key position, and it was saved to the Union side. The slaughter in front of Round Top at the wheat-field and the Peach Orchard was fearful. The Third Corps was driven back from its advanced position, and its commander. Gen. Sickles, was wounded, losing a leg. In a more contracted position, the Union lino was made secure, where it rested for the night. Just at dusk, the Louisiana Tigers, some 1, 800 men, made a desperate charge on Cemetery Hill, emerging suddenly from a hillock

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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

just back of the town. The struggle was desperate, but the Tigers being weakened by the fire of the artillery, and by the infantry crouching behind the stone wall, the onset was checked, and Carroll's brigade, of the Second Corps, coming to the rescue, they were finally beaten back, terribly decimated. At about the same time, a portion of Ewell's corps made an advance on the ex. treme Union right, at a point where the troops had been withdrawn to send to the support of Sickles, and unopposed, gained the extremity of Culp's Hill, pushing through nearly to the Baltimore pike, in dangerons proximity to the reserve artillery and trains, and even the headquarters of the Union com- mander. But in their attempt to roll up the Union right they were met by Green's brigade of the Twelfth Corps, and by desperate fighting their further progress was stayed. Thus ended the battle of the second day. The Union left and right had been sorely jammed and pushed back.

At 4 o'clock on the morning of the 3d of July, Gen. Geary, who had been ordered away to the support of Sickles, having returned during the night and taken position on the right of Green, opened the battle for the recovery of his lost breastworks on the right of Culp's Hill. Until 10 o'clock, the battle raged with unabated fury. The heat was intolerable, and the sulphurous vapor hung like a pall over the combatants, shutting out the light of day. The fighting was in the midst of the forest, and the echoes resounded with fearful distinctness. The Twelfth Corps was supported by portions of the Sixth, which had now come up. At length the enemy, weakened and finding them- selves overborne on all sides, gave way, and the Union breastworks were re- occupied and the Union right made entirely secure. Comparative quiet now reigned on either side until 2 o'clock in the afternoon, in the meantime both sides bringing up fresh troops and repairing damages. The rebel leader hav. ing brought his best available artillery in upon his right center, suddenly opened with 150 pieces a concentric fire upon the devoted Union left center, where stood the troops of Hancock and Doubleday and Sickles. The shock was terrible. Rarely has such a cannonade been known on any field. For nearly two hours it was continued. Thinking that the Union line had been broken and demoralized by this fire, Longstreet brought out a fresh corps of some 18,000 men, under Pickett, and charged full upon the point which had been the mark for the cannonade. As soon as this charging column came into view, the Union artillery opened upon it from right and left and center, and rent it with fearful effect. When come within musket range, the Union troops, who had been crouching behind slight pits and a low stone wall. poured in a most murderous fire. Still the rebels pushed forward with a bold face, and actually crossed the Union lines and had their hands on the Union guns. But the slaughter was too terrible to withstand. The killed and wounded lay scattered over all the plain. Many were gathered in as prisoners. Finally, the remnant staggered back, and the battle of Gettysburg was at an end.

Gathering all in upon his fortified line, the rebel chieftain fell to strength- ening it, which he held with a firm hand. At night-fall, he put his trains with the wounded upon the retreat. During the 4th, great activity in build ing works was manifest, and a heavy skirmish line was kept well out, which resolutely met any advance of Union forces. The entire fighting force of the rebel army remained in position behind their breastworks on Oak Ridge, until nightfall of the 4th, when, under cover of darkness, it was withdrawn, and before morning was well on its way to Williamsport. The losses on the Union side were 2,834 killed, 13,709 wounded, and 6,643 missing, an aggregate of 23,186. . Of the losses of the enemy, no adequate returns were made. Meade

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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

reports 13,621 prisoners taken, and the losses by killed and wounded must have been greater than on the Union side. On the rebel aide, Maj. Gens. Hood, Pender, Trimble and Heth were wounded, Pender mortally. Brig. Gens. Barksdale and Garnett were killed, ani Semms mortally wounded. Brig. Gens. Kemper, Armistead, Scales, G. T. Anderson, Hampton, J. M. Jones and Jenkins were wounded; Archer was taken prisoner and Pettigrew was wounded and subsequently killed at Falling Waters. In the Union army Maj. Gen. Reynolds and Brig. Gens. Vincent, Weed, Willard and Zook were killed. Maj. Gens. Sickles, Hancock, Doubleday. Gibbon, Barlow, Warren and Butterfield, and Brig. Gens. Graham, Paul, Stone, Barnes and Brooke were wounded. A National Cemetery was secured on the center of the field, where, as soon as the weather would permit, the dead were gathered and care- fully interred. Of the entire number interred, 3,512, Maine had 104; New Hampshire, 49; Vermont, 61; Massachusetts, 159; Rhode Island, 12; Con- necticut, 22; New York, 867; New Jersey, 78; Pennsylvania, 534; Delaware, 15; Maryland, 22; West Virginia, 11; Ohio, 131; Indiana, 80; Illinois, 6; Michigan, 171; Wisconsin, 73; Minnesota, 52; United States Regulars, 138; unknown, 979. In the center of the field, a noble monument has been erect- ed. and on the 19th of November. 1864, the ground was formally dedicated, when the eminent orator, Edward Everett, delivered an oration, and President Lincoln delivered the following dedicatory address:

" Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this conti- nent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long en- dure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We are met to dedi- cate a portion of it as the final resting place of those who here gave their lives that this nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot conse- crate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedi- cated here to the unfinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the canse for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth."

So soon as indications pointed to a possible invasion of the North by the rebel army under Gen. Lee, the State of Pennsylvania was organized in two military departinents, that of the Susquehanna, to the command of which Darins N. Couch was assigned, with headquarters at Harrisburg, and that of the Monongahela. under W. T. H. Brooks, with headquarters at Pittsburgh. Urgent calls for the militia were made, and large numbers in regiments, in companies, in squadrons came promptty at the call to the number of over 36,- 000 men, who were organized for a period of ninety days. Fortifications were thrown up to cover Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, and the troops were moved to threatened points. But before they could be brought into action, the great decisive conflict had been fought, and the enemy driven from northern soil. Four regiments nuder Gen. Brooks were moved into Ohio to aid in arresting a raid undertaken by John Morgan, who, with 2,000 horse and four guns, had crossed the Ohio River for a diversion in favor of Lee. 8

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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

In the beginning of July, 1864, Gen. Early invaded Maryland, and made his way to the threshold of Washington. Fearing another invasion of the State, Gov. Curtin called for volunteers to serve for 100 days. Gen. Couch was still at the head of the department of the Susquehanna, and six regiments and six companies were organized, but as fast as organized they were called to the front, the last regiment leaving the State on the 29th of July. On the evening of this day, Gens. McCausland, Bradley Johnson and Harry Gilmore, with 3,000 mounted men and six guns, crossed the Potomac, and made their way to Chambersburg. Another column of 3,000, under Vaughn and Jackson advanced to Hagerstown, and a third to Leitersburg. Averell, with a small force, was at Hagerstown, but finding himself over-matched withdrew through Greencastle to Mount Hope. Lieut. McLean, with fifty men in front of Mc- Causland, gallantly kept his face to the foe, and checked the advance at every favorable point. On being apprised of their coming, the public stores at Cham- bersburg were moved northward. At six A. M., McCausland opened his bat- teries upon the town, but, finding it unprotected, took possession. Ringing the court house bell to call the people together, Capt. Fitzhugh read an order to the assembly, signed by Gen. Jubal Early, directing the command to proceed to Chambersburg and demand $100,000 in gold, or $500,000 in greenbacks, and, if not paid, to burn the town. While this parley was in progress, hats, caps, boots, watches, clothing and valuables were unceremoniously appropriated, and purses demanded at the point of the bayonet. As money was not in hand to meet so unexpected a draft, the torch was lighted. In less than a quarter of an hour from the time the first match was applied, the whole business part of the town was in flames. No notice was given for removing the women and children and sick. Burning parties were sent into each quarter of the town, which made thorough work. With the exception of a few houses upon the outskirts, the whole was laid in ruins. Retiring rapidly, the entire rebel command recrossed the Potomac before any adequate force could be gathered to check its progress.

The whole number of soldiers recruited under the various calls for troops from the State of Pennsylvania was 366,000. By authority of the common- wealth, in 1866, the commencement was made of the publication of a history of these volunteer organizations, embracing a brief historical account of the part taken by each regiment and independent body in every battle in which it was engaged, with the name, rank, date of muster, period for which he en- listed, casualties, and fate of every officer and private. This work was com- pleted in 1872, in five imperial octavo volumes of over 1,400 pages each.

In May, 1861, the Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania, an organiza- tion of the officers of the Revolutionary war and their descendants, donated $500 toward arming and equipping troops. By order of the Legislature, this sum was devoted to procuring flags for the regiments, and each organiza- tion that went forth, was provided with one emblazoned with the arms of the commonwealth. These flags, seamed and battle stained, were returned at the close of the war, and are now preserved in a room devoted to the purpose in the State capitol-precious emblems of the daring and suffering of that great army that went forth to uphold and maintain the integrity of the nation.

When the war was over, the State undertook the charge of providing for all soldiers' orphans in schools located in different parts of its territory, fur- nishing food, clothing, instruction and care, until they should be grown to manhood and womanhood. The number thus gathered and cared for has been some 7,500 annually, for a period of nineteen years, at an average annual ex- pense of some $600,000.

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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

At the election in 1866, John W. Geary, a veteran General of the late war, was chosen Governor. During his administration, settlements were made with the General Government, extraordinary debts incurred during the war were paid, and a large reduction of the old debt of $40,000,000 inherited from the construction of the canals, was made. A convention for a revision of the con- stitution was ordered by act of April 11, 1872. This convention assembled in Harrisburg November 13, and adjourned to meet in Philadelphia, where it convened on the 7th of January, 1873, and the instrument framed was adopted on the 1Sth of December, 1873. By its provisions, the number of Senators was increased from thirty-three to fifty, and Representatives from 100 to 201, subject to further increase in proportion to increase of population; biennial, in place of annual sessions; making the term of Supreme Court Judges twenty- one in place of fifteen years; remanding a largo class of legislation to tho ac- tion of the courts; making the term of Governor four years in place of three, and prohibiting special legislation, were some of the changes provided for.

In January, 1873, John F. Hartranft became Governor, and at the election in 1878, Henry F. Hoyt was chosen Governor, both soldiers of the late war. In the summer of 1877, by concert of action of the employes on the several lines of railway in the State, trains were stopped and travel and traffic were in- terrupted for several days together. At Pittsburgh, conflicts occurred between the railroad men and the militia, and a vast amount of property was destroyed. The opposition to the local military was too powerful to be controlled, and the National Government was appealed to for aid. A force of regulars was promptly ordered out, and the rioters finally quelled. Unfortunately, Gov. Hartranft was absent from the State at the time of the troubles.

At the election in 1882, Robert E. Pattison was chosen Governor, who is the present incumbent. The Legislature, which met at the opening of 1883,having adjourned after a session of 156 days, without passing a Congressional appor- tionment bill, as was required, was immediately reconvened in extra session by the Governor, and remained in session until near the close of the year, from June 1 to December 5, without coming to an agreement upon a bill, and finally adjourned without having passed one. This protracted sitting is in marked contrast to the session of that early Assembly in which an entire con- stitution and laws of the province were framed and adopted in the space of three days.

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HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

TABLE SHOWING THE VOTE FOR GOVERNORS OF PENNSYLVANIA SINCE THE ORGAN- IZATION OF THE STATE.

1790.

Thomas Mifflin .. 27,725

Arthur St. Clair

2,802

1793.

Thomas Mifflin. 18,590

1832.

John W. Geary

.290,552

W. D. Kelly.

W. J. Robinson

1872.

John F. Hartranft.

.353,387

Charles R. Buckalen

317,760

S. B. Chase ..

1,197

William P. Schell.

1875.

John F. Hartranft

.. 304,175

Cyrus L. Pershing ..

.292,145

R. Audley Brown .. 13,244 1 James S. Negley.

Phillip Wendle ... 1

J. W. Brown. 1

G. F. Reinhard

G. D. Coleman

James Staples.

Richard Vaux

Craig Biddle .. 1

Francis W. Hughes 1

Henry C. Tyler

W. D. Brown

George V. Lawrence.

A. L. Brown

1878.

H. M. Hoyt .. .319,490 Andrew H. Dill .. 297,137 Samuel R. Mason. 81,758 Franklin H. Lane. 3,753 2

John McKee.

D. Kirk.

J. H. Hopkins.

E. B. Gazzam 48 A. G. Williams

Aaron Hanson ..

1851.

James Musgrove

Nicholas Wiseman

William F. Johnston. .178,034 A. S. Post ...

Benjamin R. Morgan.

2 1

Andrew Gregg.

1820.

Joseph Hiester ... 67,905

William Findlay 66,300

Scattering (no record) 21

1823.

J. Andrew Shulze. 81,751

Andrew Gregg. 64,151

Andrew Shulze. 112

John Andrew Shulze

7,311

Andrew Gragg

Andrew Greg.

754

George F. Horton.

1860.

Andrew G. Curtin .262,346 James McNalis 1

John Gassender.

Isaac Wayne

George Bryan.

1826.

J. Andrew Shulze 72,710

John Sergeant. 1,175

Scattering (no record) 1,174

1829.

George Wolf ..

78,219

Joseph Ritner.

51,776

George E. Baum

Giles Lewis.

Frank R. Williams 3

1869.

F. A. Muhlenberg .... 10,706

1796.

Thomas Mifflin

30,020

F. A. Muhlenberg

1,011

1799.

Thomas Mckean. 38,036

1838.

David R. Porter.

.127,827

Joseph Ritner

.122,321

1841

David R. Porter. .136,504

John Banks ..

113,473

T. J. Lemoyne.

763

George F. Horton.

Samuel L. Carpenter.

Ellis Lewis

1844.

Francis R. Shunk .. 160,322

Joseph Markle.

156,040

Julius J. Lemoyne.

Simon Snyder. 52,319

William Tighlman .. 3,609

Scatt'ring,no record for whom 1,675

1814.

Simon Snyder. 51,099

Isaac Wayne ... 29,566

G. Lattimer

910 4

J. R. Rust

1817.

William Findlay.

66,331

Joseph Hiester.

59,272 1 1

John Seffer

1 8

William Bigler. 186,489 Silas M. Baily.

Kimber Cleaver.

1,850

1854.

James Pollock 203,822 William Bigler .. 166,991

B. Rush Bradford. 2,194

1857.

William F. Packer. .188,846 David Wilmot 149,139

Isaac Hazlehurst. 28,168

James Pollock.

George R. Barret.

J. H. Hopkins. 1

1 W. H. Hope. 1

1 R. H. Patterson

J. A. Brown.

1 1 R. Smith

- Cameron.

T. A. Armstrong .. Thomas Armstrong ..

16 1

William N. Drake. 1

John McCleery

John A. Stewart

Thomas M. Howe ... 1 G. A Grow

1866.

John W. Geary

307,274

Hiester Clymer. 290,097

George Wolf.

91,335

Asa Packer.

.285,956

Joseph Ritner .. 88,165

1835.

Joseph Ritner

94,023

Goorge Wolf ..

65,804

Henry A. Muhlenberg ..

40,586

James Ross

32,641

1802.

Thomas Mckean. 47,879

James Ross, of Pittsburgh ..... 9,499

James Ross.

7,538

1808.

Simon Snyder.

67,975

James Ross.

39,575

John Spayd.

4,006 2

W. Shields

Jack Ross.

W. Tilghman

1811.

John Haney

James Page.

1847.

Francis R. Shunk 146,081

James Irvin

128,148

Emanuel C. Reigart ... 11,247

F. J. Lemoyne. 1,861

George M. Keim

Abijah Morrison 3

1848.

William F. Johnston. 168,522 R. L. Miller.

Morris Longstreth. 168,225

Scattering (no record). 24

Samuel H. Lane

John Fertig.

C. A. Cornen

Seth Yocum.

Edward E. Orvis 1

1882.

Robert E. Pattison .355,791 James A. Beaver. .315,589 John Stewart 43,743

Thomas A. Armstrong .. 23,996

Alfred C. Pettit. 5,196 1

E. E. Pattison.

1 R. E. Beaver

William Steel.

F. P. Swartz.

1 Samuel McFarland

John A. Shulze.

Nathaniel B. Boileau

Capt. Glosseader

1863.

A. G. Curtin .269,506 George W. Woodward .. 254,171

John Hickman 1

Henry D. Foster .230,239 R. E. Pattison

1 - Stewart 7

S. Matson ...

Moses Palmer.

Seth Thomas.

William Tilghman.

Charles Nice

MIALTO 4

CHAMBERSBURG

MARTINSBURG™

FWILLIAMSPORT

.. ..

HAGERSTOWN

10-14 WAYNESHORO

FUNNSTOWN

-......

RELIEF MAP OF THE

......

CUMBERLAND VALLEY

CUMMI 14 AND VALLEY ANL ROAD

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HETYBUURG

IMI ULF TOWN

JMBERLAND VALLEY.

PART II.

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY,

CHAPTER I.

DESCRIPTIVE.

GEOGRAPHY-GEOLOGY-TOPOGRAPHY, ETC.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY, although extending into the mountains along its northern and southern boundaries, lies mostly in the picturesque valley between the two great ridges. The North Mountain was called by the Indians Kau-ta-tin-chunk, signifying "endless mountains," or, as some authorities give it, main or principal mountain. It extends in a long, smooth-topped ridge from northeast to southwest, broken only by occasional gaps through which highways have been constructed leading into the counties to the northward of Cumberland. The South Mountain trends in the same general direction as its neighbor on the north, but its surface is far more uneven. Both are covered with a thick growth of timber and shrubbery, in which appear such varieties as pine, oak, ash, willow, maple, poplar, chestnut, spruce, elm, cedar, alder, sumac, etc. The timber in the valley was never a heavy growth, and consisted mainly of a few varieties of oak. A thick brush grew in portions of the valley, and was easily cleared away; it was therefore a comparatively light task to prepare the soil for cultivation.

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Author: Publication date: Publisher: W. Taylor Number of Pages: 1280

Author:
Publication date:
Publisher: W. Taylor
Number of Pages: 1280