USA > Utah > Cache County > Logan > Utah gazetteer and directory of Logan, Ogden, Provo, and Salt Lake Cities for 1884 > Part 26
USA > Utah > Salt Lake County > Salt Lake > Utah gazetteer and directory of Logan, Ogden, Provo, and Salt Lake Cities for 1884 > Part 26
USA > Utah > Utah County > Provo > Utah gazetteer and directory of Logan, Ogden, Provo, and Salt Lake Cities for 1884 > Part 26
USA > Utah > Weber County > Ogden > Utah gazetteer and directory of Logan, Ogden, Provo, and Salt Lake Cities for 1884 > Part 26
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A summer mean of 73.4° may be thought high. To the extremes of summer heat, in nearly all parts of the United States, the lower valleys of Utah offer no very unusual exception. The higher valleys and mountains are always at hand, however, and Great Salt Lake exercises a mollifying oceanic influence on the extremes of temperature. "Some travelers have imagined that on its shores is to be found the most unique and wonderful climate on the face of the globe, combining, as it does, the light pure air of the neighboring snow-capped mountains with that of the briny lake itself: and it is fancied by many that, at certain points, one may inhale an atmos- phere salty and marine, like that of the shores of the Atlantic, happily com- bined with a cool, fresh, mountain air, like the breath of the Alps themselves. Owing to the absence of marine vegetation about the shores, however, there are none of the pleasant odors of the seashore."* At all events, the dry and absorbent character of the atmosphere relieves the oppression felt in humid climates at high temperatures.
The same may be said with reference to extremes of cold, although the average humidity in winter is more than twice as great as in summer. For the year it is 43; at Denver it is 46; at Philadelphia, 73. For spring, sum- mer and fall, it is 37, while for summer it is 28.5. The rainfall averages 17. 3 inches a year, 40 per cent. of which is in the spring, 9 in the summer, 25 in the fall, and 25 in the winter. In latitude 40° there should be, on general principles, thirty inches in a year. Fort Laramie, Sacramento, and Santa Fe have about the sanie as Salt Lake City; Denver, a little less; while over the entire area of the United States east of the 100th meridian west from Greenwich, the average annual rainfall is forty inches, f 60 per cent. of which is at once thrown off in the river drainage. Nothing in the mete- orological register of the last seven years indicates that the climate of Utah is growing moister; but Rush Lake rolls its blue waves over what was a meadow twenty years ago, and Great Salt Lake has at least ten feet of brine where wagons were driven to and fro in 1863. It has not gained any in contents in the last decade, however, and it would be nowise surprising were it to recede again to its old level. If the rainfall has increased because of the greater area of land cultivated and quantity of water diffused by irrigation as well as by the currents tapped in opening mines, the lake may be expected to retain its present level. Increased humidity has followed the settlement and cultivation of the Mississippi Valley prairies, and it is not unlikely that it is doing so in Utah, although there is not sufficient data as yet upon which to assert it. A peculiarity of the climate is the preponderance of rainfall in the spring, when it is most needed. Could a part of the moisture that is precipitated in winter be transferred to summer, there would be no necessity
*Surgeon E. P. Vollem, U. S. A.
+Blodget
191
UTAH GAZETTEER.
for irrigation. The days on which there is precipitation average one in four, but not half of them are really stormy days. There is hardly ever a cloud in the skies of Utah through which the sun is not looking.
The mean air-pressure at Salt Lake City is 25.63 inches; water boils at 204°. The prevailing winds are from the north-northwest, and the most windy months are March, July, August, and September. The mean velocity of the winds during the entire year is 573 miles an hour. On the ocean it is 18; at Liverpool it is 13; at Toronto, 9; at Philadel- phia, II. The climate of Utah on the whole is not unlike that of northwestern Texas and New Mexico, and is agreeable except for a month or so in winter, and then the temperature seldom falls to zero or snow to a greater depth than a foot; and it soon melts away; although it sometimes affords a few days' sleighing. The spring opens in March, the atmosphere becomes clear as a dewdrop, deciduous trees burst into leafy bloom, and the green of the valleys pursues the retiring snow-line up the mountain slopes. The summer is pleasant in its onset, accompanied by fragrant airs and full streams. Springs of sweet water, fed largely from the surface, bubble forth everywhere. But as the season advances the heat increases, the winds become laden with dust, the storms are mainly dry, the springs fail or become brackish from concentration of their mineral salts, the streams run low, and vegetation parches unless artificially watered. Still, from the rapid radiation at the earth's surface, the nights are agreeably cool and give strength to bear the heat of the days. In October the air clears up again as in spring, and the landscape softens with the rich colors of the dying vegetation, which reaches up the mountain sides to the sum- mits in places, but on them the gorgeous picture is soon overlaid by the first snows of approaching winter. The fall is delightful and generally lingers nearly to the end of the year.
The dry air and slight rainfall peculiarly adapt Utah to that out-of-door living, tramping, and camping which so quickly renovates a broken-down nerve apparatus, and through that all organic processes. Pure water and wholesome food are abundant. One has a choice of altitude ranging between 2,300 and 12,000 feet above sea, access to a variety of mineral springs with remedial qualities for many ills, and in Salt Lake Basin, con- taining 50 per cent. of the population, the ameliorating influences of 2, 500 square miles of salt water. Hardly any form of disease originates or pro- ceeds to the chronic stage in the Territory, and upon many who come here diseased, if not too far gone, mere residence has a very beneficial effect.
The result of these conditions is a race of people healthy in every way, and while much talk is wildly indulged in regarding death rates and propor- tions, actual comparisons show Salt Lake City to be one of the healthiest in the country; while in smaller towns the proportion is even less. All is healthful and health-promoting. The air of summer never distresses; that of spring and fall and winter is bracing and invigorating; it is pure at all seasons and subject to none of those fatal poisons common in many atmos- pheres and causing the death of thousands, unable to comprehend the source of that which is destroying them. Contagious diseases are almost unknown, the plain inference being that few places can be healthier. In addition to this first and foremost condition-climate-are the mineral springs and the eternal mountains, the one medicine, the other lungs for all. All contribute, in some way, to enhance the importance or add to the beauty. The natural condition of mountains and valleys, with the growth of artificial attractions, such as cities and villages, combine to make Utah admittedly one of the most attractive quarters of the globe. Edwin Deakin, the rising and gifted artist, after seven years' traveling in countries noted for the rare opportunities, their grandeur and picturesqueness afford artists, came to Salt Lake City, and after spending three months, during which time
192
UTAH GAZETTEER.
he took between fifty and sixty sketches, declared, in all his travels, he had never seen a place so full of material for the artist as he had found in Salt Lake City alone; and he could see no reason why Utah should not give birth to noted poets and painters, such as the surroundings of grand, beautiful and sublime scenery should produce in communities. Salt Lake is typical only of hundreds of places in Utah, some of them more rural, more beau- tiful, grander and of incomparably greater sublimity. These simply serve to show that, combined with all that could be desired for healthfulness, is a variety of scenery such as is seldom found associated together.
The physical features of Utah, mountain and desert and salt sea, are peculiar and of perennial interest. The Territory has all the resources of an empire within itself. Its climate is healthful and agreeable. It is in the heart of the mountain country. Railroads radiate hence to the four cardinal points. The great routes of inland commerce between the oceans, and between Mexico and British America, intersect at Ogden. The valleys are of inexhaustible fertility and the mountains full of minerals. The farms and mines are but a step from each other. Every valley and mining canyon has its railroad or its rushing stream. Labor and food are as cheap as they ever ought to be. No better mines or facilities for working them exist any- where. There is no more handy or profitable market for the farmer. There is unlimited water power, and a fine start in manufacturing has been made. Timber, coal, iron and good building stone are everywhere. Nature has richly endowed the Territory in many respects. A hardy and industrious population of 170,000 is on the ground. No State or Territory offers greater inducements to the enterprising capitalist, artisan, laborer or to the agricul- turist.
The tables which follow give the meteorological summary for Salt Lake City for 1880-1, from which can be learned the extremes and means of the barometer and thermometer, the relative humidity, average cloudiness, rain- fall, total movement, direction and velocity of the wind, and other interest- ing data regarding the ruling weather for that period, which can be taken as an average for every year:
.
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.
«(Latitude, 41º 10': longitude west of Greenwich, 112°. Elevation of barometer above sea-level, 4,348 feet. Elevation of rain-gauge (top) above ground, 75 feet. Elevation of exposed thermometer above ground, 52 feet.]
Barometer (to sea).
Temperature.
Relative Humidity.
Average cloudiness, amount of, 0-4.
Rainfall and Melted Snow.
Washington time.
Extremes.
Washington time.
Extremes.
Washington time.
Washington time.
Greatest daily rainfall.
7 a.m.
3 p. m.
II p.m.
Mean.
Maximum.
Minimum.
7 a.m.
3 p.n1.
11 p.m.
Mean.
Maximum.
Minimum.
7 a. m.
3 p.m.
II p.m.
Mean.
7 a.m.
3 p.m.
11 p.m.
Mean.
Amount in
inches.
Date.
1
ISSO.
July ..
29.977
29.981
29.946
29.968
30.217 30. 138
29.592 29.722
64.7 63.0
81.9 82.0
73.8
73.5
38.1 30.2
18.5 J7.9 22.1
22.9 25.3
26.5 26.5
I
2
I
I
0.20
0.19
27
August ..
29.935
29.935
29.903
29.924
September
30.020
30.028
29.007
30.015
30.208
29.824
55.4
72.8
63.8
37.8
30.9 35.6
30.3 32.8
I
2
I
I
0.40
0.30
IO
November
30.000
30.000
30.086
30.089
20.775
25.7
35.5 38.0
30.3 34.4
77.0 55.0 19.0
47.0 59.5
52.5
56.7
3
3
2
3
1.90
0.00
December.
29.943
29.900
29.959
29.954
30.449
20.313
31.7
63.2 50.3 29.8 33.4
51.8
39.4
23.4
32.7
39.9
2
2
2
2
1.17
0.45
3
Year ISSo. ISS1.
29.974
29.981
29.963
29.973
42.2
55.5
18.0
18.6
17.8
30.6
40.5
39.6
2
2
I
2
110.94
....
January ..
30.005
30.011
30.018
30.011 29.987
29.573 29.009
29.9 34.3
31.8 37.6 41.1
51.0 03.0 72.0 75.0 86.0 96.0
14.5 25.0 30.0 40.0. 47.0
52.0 58.2 49.2 53.6 40.5 37.0
43.8 48.7 32.8 32.7 24.1 20.6
47.5 53.0 44.8 4.4 .5 35.8 20.0
43.6 35.5 27.9
I
I
I
I
0.28
0.12
IO
June .
29.759
29.758
29.743
30.405 30.384 30.375 30.256 30.246 29.978
29.590 29.547 29. 502
46.9 52.0 61.1
54.0 59.8 09.7
32.4 38.4 41.7 53.8 60.1 70.0
2.0
3
2
2
1.24
. 19
1 2
February
29.985
29.985
29.991
29.973
29.976
29.423
35.5
VI
April .
29.934
29.943
29.928
29.935
2.37
0.80
I
May .
29.905
29.907
29.900
2
-
2
2.55
1.17
15
UTAH GAZETTEER.
0.56
0.27
17
October ..
30.077
30.072
30.004
30.07I
30.345 30.575
29.649
44.8
60.3
72.4
72.7
95.0 91.5 88.0
O
0
0
0
0
O
I
2
I
1
0.74
0.00
30
I
I
I
2
2
2. +1
1.32
4
March ..
29.971
29.985
41.9
7
2
I
2
0.88
0.37
2
45. 1 53.3
2
3
2
2
29. SS9 29.713
JOHN CRAIG, Sergeant Signal Corps, U. S. A.
193
Amount in inches.
35.4 4.3 . 2 48.5 60.6 68.4 79.3
45.0 14.0 39.0 27.0 3.0 17.0
40.0 59.1
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.
Wind .
Winds at 7 a .m., 3 and n p.m., Wash- ington time Number of times oh- served blowing from-
Number of days with-
Total move-
ment.
Direc-
tion.
Miles.
Date.
North.
Northeast.
East.
Southeast.
South.
West.
Calm.
Rain.
Snow.
Maximum be-
Minimum be-
low 32°.
ISSO.
4,090 3,878
NW. SE.
32 25
1 23 5
7
3
7
26
2
0
17
29
2
O
0
0
0 Solar halo, 31 st.
September
3,601
( SE. NWS
20
22 } 7245
S
IO
I
29
0
I
2
23
16
3
O
O
0
0
o
October ..
3,499
[ SE.{ NWS
28
28
7
S
6
17
.3
3
2
16
31
0
2
O
O
A
November.
2,090
NW.
28
6
I
3
IO
O
3
16
45
2
5
O
0
S
26
December
3,801
SE.
33
1
0
2
25
3
3
5
13
41
7
10
0
O
1
19
Year 1880 1881 .
48,52
73
63
52
296
19
30
36
233
296
36
4S
5
0
33
129
January .. February
3,360 2,072
ISE. SE.
28
1
I
2
22
6
3
3
36
9
O
O
S
24
14
March
4,045
NW.
32
1
II
9
2
25
2
I
2
24
17
0
6
O
O
0
15
Frosts, 3d, 4th, 6th, 7th, Sth, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 28th, 29th and 30th; solar halos, 4th, 8th, 9th, 16th, and 25th; lunar halos, Sth, 16th and 24th.
April ..
3,174
W.
32
6
3
5
3
9
3
2
1
23
41
9
2
2
O
O
1
Frosts, 13th and 25th; solar halos, 13th and 15th; lunar halos, 5th, Sth and 13th.
May .
3,773 3,759
NW. NW.
37
22
9
8
0
II
O
I
24
0
3
0
0
0
June ....
40
6
7
3
I
31
0
0
12
35 35
6 4
I
0
0
0
Frost, 18th; solar halos, 5th 7th, Sth, 14th, 24th, 29th, 30th and 31st; lunar halo, 3d. Solar halo, 12th; comet, June 23d.
Location of office, June 30, ISSI, Wasatch Building, southeast corner of Main and Second South streets.
JOHN CRAIG, Sergeant, Signal Corps, U. S. A.
UTAH GAZETTEER.
Remarks.
Maximum ve- locity.
o1 inch or more of water
Thunder
storms.
Auroras.
low 32º.
0
Frosts, 12th and 29th ; solar halos, 8th, 15th and 16th.
Frosts, 12th, 19th, 20th, 26th and 27th; solar halos, Ist, zd, 13th, 24th, 29th and 30th; lunar halos, 13th, 14th and 17th. Shock of earthquake night 16th.
Frosts, 11th, 12th, 13th. 15th, :6th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 23d, 30th and 31st; solar halos, 6th, 16th, 17th and 29th; lunar halo, 21 st.
( Frosts, Ist, 2d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th. 17th, 18th, 19th, 22d, 25th, 26th, 28th, 29th and 30th; solar halos, 4th, 27th, 28th and 29th; lunar halos, 15th.
Frosts, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 13th, 17th and 19th; solar halos, 13th and 17th; lunar halos, 6th, 13th and 17th.
....
29 1 30 ) 12
22
3
2
4
20
I
I
1
IO
42
7
O
O
2
Frosts, 2d, 3d, 6th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d and 23d ; solar halo, 27th; lunar halos, 16th and 19th. Frosts, Ist, 6th, 7th, 10th, 11th 12th, 15th, 19th, 21st, 22d, 23d, 24th and 28th; solar halos, 19th, 20th and 28th; lunar halos, IIth and 19th.
194
28
11
5
7
17
3
0
3
28
2
O
+
o
August
0
00 116 6 2
-
July.
Southwest
Northwest.
5 I
6
7 6
TEMPLES AND CHURCHES.
TEMPLE, or church building, is an industry in Utah. For over twenty- five years persons have found constant employment on what is known as "the church works"-that is, engaged in building edifices intended for devotional purposes. Until later years, as a rule, the people of Utah have done but little in Temple building, save on the one located in Salt Lake City, a structure commenced as early as April 6, 1853, and which, while the work on it has been prosecuted without interruption, will still require some years to bring about its completion. In this connection, and under this heading can with propriety be brought the subject of meeting-houses in the various settlements; and Tabernacles or "Stake Meeting Houses" throughout the Territory, or wherever a Mormon community is found in or west of the Rocky Mountains. These structures are erected by donations, and by tithing contributions; and however much may be said against the custom, it was, as a matter of fact, a practice no less common in ancient times, than now. Though prosecuted under a different form and at even greater expense, all conditions considered, Temple building, or the erection of places of worship, occupies in Utah the same position, with a single excep- tion, as did the great public works carried on by the ancients, even now famous for their grandeur and magnificence; and as do the public works, pushed forward by existing nations, the evidence of which is seen in varied sources of pleasure and recreation, as in parks and drives, etc. The exception is that public improvements are frequently inaugurated to give employment to a population suffering from enforced idleness; while church, Tabernacle and Temple building in Utah are a natural outgrowth of the religion professed and practiced by a large majority of its inhabitants. The politicial econo- mist will declare that money expended in the erection of churches is a waste of wealth. As a matter of cool reason, based upon the science of political economy, this is true, for churches have practically no marketable value. They are worth only what the material in them will bring; while the wealth paid out for labor performed, so far as all immediate pecuniary benefits to be derived therefrom are concerned, might as well have been cast into a sea, as its original productive power is for ever lost. But churches are demanded not only by the civilized world, but by heathen nations. The human family must have them; so here thediscussion might as well terminate. This being true, the greatest consideration following is that the money employed in the construction of such buildings, may be turned in a channel through which it will flow back to the source whence it came. In this regard, Utah is exem- plary in the manner of her church, Tabernacle and Temple building. In Salt Lake, in Washington, in Sanpete and in Cache Counties, hundreds of homes have been built from these structures. The money given flows back to the people who gave it as donations or tithing. It is thus made to sustain families, and appears in neat homes, which enhance the value of old prop- erty and adjoining sites. Being then in a form in which it can readily be taxed, these donations become sources of revenue to the state, and by shar- ing taxation, the burden becomes the lighter on all. Herein is found an explanation, for what is viewed as a marvel in the rapidity with which sacred structures are erected in Utah and in their grandeur and magnificence. The like is not found in Christian nations. In large measure the money
196
UTAH GAZETTEER.
given by the people is returned to them as payment for labor, so that, as a matter of fact, it is really a labor donation that is given, and that labor is often contributed when the party has no available money and when his time would be otherwise wasted. Thus, labor becomes an interchangeable com-' modity, in the absence of coin; neat residences have gone up and are owned by persons who otherwise would never have secured permanent homes, and the whole country has developed rapidly, under what, to the casual observer, has the appearance of being a continual and impoverishing drain, creating the most trying circumstances; but which, when viewed in closer light, are very simple and the natural outgrowth of conditions peculiar to a Mormon community. There are, however, deeper reasons why, under the so-called steady drain, the people of Utah have grown wealthy in such a few years, but a discussion of those reasons does not come within the scope of this work.
The church organization provides for a distinct division into what is called Stakes, over which a president presides. This stake is composed of a number of wards, in each of which the bishop is the leading ecclesiastical personage. There may be several wards in a city or town, and each ward has its own meeting-house or general place of worship. Each stake has or will have a Tabernacle, or a place built by contributions from the church members in the several wards, and in which general meetings for the stake are held, as distinguished from the ward meeting-houses. These Taber- nacles are generally large and somewhat expensive buildings, second in cost only to the Temples, and as a rule, are the most costly structures in the stakes. Salt Lake, Cache, Box Elder, Weber, Utah, Juab, Washington; Summit and other Stakes all have Tabernacles, while remaining stakes will possess them in the near future. In addition to this the Relief Society organ- izations which comprise nearly all the adult lady members of the church, and whose organizations, following the same rule as the Young Men's and Young Ladies' Associations, have structures in a number of places; while in some instances the Improvement Associations possess buildings which are used for the purposes of the societies to which they belong. These are all religious organizations, though the structures of the Relief Societies and Improve- ment Associations are not of so sacred a character as either ward meeting- houses, Tabernacles or Temples. The vast amount expended in religious buildings, therefore, can better be imagined than estimated, but reflection will readily convince any intelligent person that the building of religious structures-churches or Temples-in Utah, is not only a permanent industry, but is second in importance, in the amount of money used, or in the number of persons sustained thereby, to few in the Territory. It is, therefore, no unwarranted assumption to place it among the industries of the Territory. Of all these, however-unless the great Tabernacle at Salt Lake City is included-the largest, the costliest, and certainly the most magnificent, are the Temples. Two of these edifices are now completed and two are nearing completion. Though many sites are chosen for other Temples, these four are the only ones now commenced. Everything that will add to the effect on the eye or inspire a sense of grandeur and magnificence, has received consideration: and no expense has been spared to carry out any plans that will contribute to this greatly desired end. The
ST. GEORGE TEMPLE
presents a magnificent sight to the eye, and the effect on the mind can be understood only by those who have come suddenly upon the grand and solemn structure. The valleys in "Dixie" are very small; in fact, as a rule, they are merely river valleys, of somewhat more than the usual width. Coming from the north, within half a mile of St. George, the county road makes a sudden turn around a knoll on the general descent, when a full view-
197
UTAH GAZETTEER.
of the Temple, standing on the level plain-grand, solemn, silent and white as the driven snow in contrast to the red mountains by which it is surrounded -bursts upon the delighted vision. The sight is one never to be forgotten. At the same moment the eye turns to the right and falls upon the city after which the Temple is named, and which nestles among the red hills. The eye never tires of the view, but while it rests on the scene, the Temple constitutes the principal feature.
The St. George Temple was completed a number of years ago. It is near the centre of the valley in which it is situated, and is some 330 miles south of Salt Lake City, measuring by the customary route and not by air line, and is but six miles north of the boundary line dividing Utah and Wyoming. Ground for the site was broken by Presidents Brigham Young and George A. Smith, on the 9th day of April, 1871. The foundation corner stones were laid March roth, 1873. After the excavation had been made for the foundation it was discovered that the soil was softer in some places than in others; and a solid basis was secured by ram- ming volcanic rocks into the earth by the use of a 900-pound driver. On this footing were laid large flat volcanic rocks, which abound in this region. These rocks range from seven to twelve feet long, three to four feet wide and from twelve to fourteen inches thick, and weigh from 4,000 to 7,500 pounds each. The foundation is ten feet in depth. The width at the bot- tom is twelve feet; and diminishes gradually from the bottom to the ground level. From the ground level to the top of the basement and water table, the wall is three feet eight inches thick. The length of the building is 144 feet eight inches; width, ninety-three feet four inches; height from grade of ground to top of parapet, eighty-four feet. The building is surmounted by a tower on the east end which has a square base, with octagon dome, the base being thirty-one feet square; and the tower is 175 feet from the ground to the top of the parapet vane. The structure is of volcanic rock and red sandstone, the foundation being of the former, the superstructure of the latter. The volcanic or foundation quarry is on the highest ridge west of St. George, and was rendered accessible only after a road had been made winding about the mountain side, a distance of some two miles, at a cost of over $3,000. It is no regular quarry; the road simply leads to a point on the mountain side where the volcanic rock is in greatest abundance. The rocks are detached and lay on the hillside, but some of them are of colossal size, and have to be drilled and blasted so that the fragments even can be handled. It seems to partake of the hardness of quartz, and the outside often resembles slag, indicating that it has been subject to great heat, if it is not actually lava. Within a few miles is what is called the "lava wash," which can be seen a great distance and which runs some twelve miles, where its source can be traced to the mouths of craters.
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