USA > Alaska > History of Alaska : 1730-1885 > Part 12
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2
2
3
2
12
Naval Cadets
3
2
7
Surgeons.
1
1
2
2
9
Medical Cadets
2
2
:
. .
4
Boatswains.
1
1
2
Boatswain's Mates
2
2
1
2
2
12
Quartermasters
2
2
1
2
3
2
12
Commissaries
1
1
1
. .
..
4
Constables
1
1
1
2
3
2
10
Cannoneers.
6
6
2
4
6
4
2S
Writers.
1
1
2
. .
1
1
.
.
..
2
Sailors.
12
12
12
4
6
4
50
Rope-makers
3
3
4
4
9
4
27
Sail-makers
3
3
2
4
9
4
25
Carpenters
3
3
3
6
9
6
30
Coopers.
3
3
2
4
6
4
22
Sergeants
1
1
1
2
. .
2
6
Corporals
1
1
.
Privates
24
24
20
52
78
52
250
Drummers
1
1
1
..
. .
3
Total
77
75
61
92
147
94
546
·
..
4
Second Mates
2
2
.
2
. .
3
Ass't Surgeons
:
Buglers
2
2
3
7
Navigators
1
1
Mates .
..
1
2
3
2
95
INFLUENCE OF THE OTTER.
Call it science, or patriotism, or progress, there is this to be said about the first Russian discoveries in America-little would have been heard of them for some time to come if ever, had it not been for the beautiful furs brought back from Bering Island and
According to the ledgers of the admiralty college the expenditure in behalf of the expedition up to the end of the year 1742 has been as follows:
Rubles.
K.
At St Petersburg
For pay and uniform
30,383
For provisions
684
76
For transportation
3,103
674
For scientific instruments.
73
52
For various stores
5,206
543
Total
39,451
553
At Kazan.
Cash
4,754
Rigging, lumber, and provisions.
1,107
254
At Arkhangelsk.
10,801
473
Total
56,114
822
At Ilinsk
2,178
73
In the Province of Siberia. Cash, provisions, and stores.
229,525
33
Sundry expenditure
72,840
793
Grand total.
360,659
132
Sokolof, in Zap. Hydr., ix. 446-52.
Spanberg made a reconnoissance in the sea of Okhotsk in 1740. In Sep- tember 174] he crossed from Okhotsk to Kamchatka with the packet-boat Sv Ioann, the brigantine Arkhangel Mikhail, the double sloop Nadeshda, and the sloop Bolsheretsk, this being the beginning of an official expedition to Japan. Although the squadron was so pretentious, and had on board many learned men who were to expound the mysteries of those parts, nothing of importance came from it. This was one branch of the explorations included in Bering's scheme. Another was a survey of the coast of Okhotsk Sea by Lieutenant Walton in 1741.
Explorations were also carried on along the Kamchatka coast. In 1742 Sur- veyor Oushakof explored the coast from Bolsheretsk northward to Figil, and from the Bay of Avatcha to Cape Kronotzkoi. A portion of this work had previously been attempted by the pilot Yelagin in 1739, and maps prepared by him are still preserved in the naval archives at St Petersburg, but for some reason the later survey was adopted as authority. Steller and Gorlanof continued their investigations in Kamchatka until 1744. In accordance with instructions they also experimented in agricultural pursuits, meeting with no success in their attempts. When the combined commands of Chirikof, Waxel, and Spalding arrived at Okhotsk, they found orders awaiting them to proceed to Yakutsk and remain there for further instructions. This order virtually ended the expedition. The leaders claimed that all its objects had been attained as far as possible. Many of the officers and scientists
96
DEATH OF BERING.
elsewhere. Siberia was still sufficient to satisfy the tsar for purposes of expatriation, and the Russians were not such zealots as to undertake conquest for the sake of conversion, and to make religion a cloak
had already returned before accomplishing their task; others were still detained by sickness and other circumstances; others again had died and the force still fit for duty of any kind was very much reduced. The provisions amassed with such immense labor and trouble had been expended, the rigging and sails of ships were completely worn out, the ships themselves were unsea- worthy, and the resources of all Siberia had been nearly exhausted. The native tribes and convict settlers had been crushed by the most oppressive re- quisitions in labor and stores, and even the forests in the immediate vicinity of settlements had been thinned out to an alarming extent for the require- ments of the expedition. In 1743 a famine raged in eastern Siberia to such an extent that in the month of September an imperial oukaz ordained the immediate suspension of other operations. The force was divided into small detachments and scattered here and there in the more fertile districts of Siberia. The temporary suspension of the labors of the expedition was fol- lowed by an entire abandonment of the work. The Siberian contingents returned to their proper stations, the sailors and mechanics belonging to the navy were ordered to Tomsk and Yenisseisk. Through intrigues at the imperial court the commanders were long detained in the wilds of Siberia; Chirikof and Spanberg until 1746, Waxel until 1749, and Rtishchef until 1754, when a new expedition was already on the tapis. The original charts and journals of the expedition were forwarded to Irkutsk only in 1754, though official copies had certainly been taken previous to that time. From Irkutsk they were removed in 1759 to the city of Tobolsk, and again copied. No reason was given for retaining the originals, but it is certain that they were destroyed during a fire in Tobolsk in 1788. Zap. Hydr., v. 265. Records of promotions conferred upon a few members of the expedition have been pre- served. Ovtzin and Laptief were made lieutenants on Waxel's recommenda- tion in 1743; Alexeï Ivanof and Yelagin were promoted to the same rank on Chirikof's recommendation in 1744. On the 20th of November 1749 an im- perial oukaz bestowed a money reward upon all the survivors of Bering's command on the Sv Petr, 'for having suffered many unheard of hardships.' Khitrof was made a lieutenant and finally captain of the first rank. Waxel was promoted to a captain of the second rank in 1744, while all his command obtained a reward in money from the admiralty college. In 1754 the force of Lieutenant Rtishchef at Tomsk consisted of 42 men, and that of Lieutenant Klenetevski at Okhotsk, of 46 men; the last two officers evidently remained in Siberia, as they are mentioned again in the archives of Okhotsk as captains in 1773.
The marine Synd, who undertook the unfortunate expedition to Bering Straits, also remained in Siberia, promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and died at Okhotsk in 1779. Siberian Archives; Müller, 9th ser .; Zap. Hydr., v. 26S. The young widow of the astronomer De la Croyère in 1774 married Captain Lebedef, who was assigned to the command of Kamchatka. Sgibnef, in Morakoi Sbornik, cii. 5, 55. The town of Okhotsk had received a great impetus during the operations of the Bering expedition, for which it served as the maritime base. A few rude vessels were constructed at Okhotsk during the first decade of the eighteenth century, and official records are still in existence of all the shipping constructed at that port from the year 1714 to modern times. Up to the time when Bering's expedition left Okhotsk for the interior of Siberia 19 vessels were enumerated in this list. The first of these vessels was a lodka, a craft with one mast, half-decked over, 27 feet in lengthı, with 18 (!) fcet beam, drawing with a full cargo only three feet and a half of water. The keel was laid at Okhotsk in May 1714, and she was
97
HISTORICAL VESSELS.
for their atrocities; hence, but for these costly skins, each of which proclaimed in loudest strains the glories of Alaska, the Great Land might long have rested
launched in May 1716. The builder was carpenter Kiril Plotnitzki(?). The vessel had a brief existence, for she stranded in 1721, and was finally burned for the iron in 1727. The second vessel was of the same class. The keel was laid in 1718 for the first Kamchatka expedition, but she was never finished, and rotted on the stocks. The third was also a lodka, 54 feet in length by 18 in width; she was constructed at Oudsk, near Okhotsk, in 1719, by one Teta- rinof. This craft also was never launched, and finally fell to pieces. The fourth vessel, also a lodka, was begun by a carpenter named Kargopoltzof, in 1720, and launched in 1723. Bering caused her to be retimbered in 1727, and in 1734 the vessel was beached as unseaworthy, but she was finally repaired in 1741 and wrecked on the Kurile Islands in the same year. The fifth, a lodka, was built near Okhotsk in 1724, but was never finished 'for want of material.' The sixth vessel constructed at Okhotsk was the shitika Fortuna, built in one year by a marine, Chaplin, probably an Englishman, and launched in June 1727. In 1730 the Fortuna was hauled up as unsea- worthy, but in 1731 she was repaired once more and finally retimbered in 1757, and wrecked in the same year near Bolsheretsk. The seventh on the list. the Sv Garril, was constructed under Bering's immediate supervision at Nishekamchatsk in the year 1728. In 1737 she was retimbered by Lieu- tenant Spanberg at Okhotsk. In 1738 she was wrecked on the coast of Kam- chatka, but again repaircd in the following year, 1739. She was finally broken up as unseaworthy in 1755. The eighth vessel constructed at Okhotsk was the l'ostochnui Gavril, or Eastern Gabriel, built in 1729 by Sphanef for Shes- takof's expedition. After Gvozdef's voyage to Bering Strait the Eastern Gabriel was wrecked in October 1739 by Fedoref near Bolsheretsk. The Lev (Lion) was also built by Sphanef at Okhotsk in 1720, but was burned by the hostile Koriaks in September of the same year. A lodka built by Churckaief in 1729 is the tenth on the list. The navigator Moshikof used this craft for an exploration of the Shantar Islands, but she proved unseaworthy and was abandoned. Next on the list is the brigantine Arkhangel Mikhail, begun at Okhotsk in 1733 and launched in 1737 for Bering's second expedition. The builders were Rogachef and Kozmin, superintended by Spanberg himself. The brigantine did good service, but was finally wrecked in 1753. The 12tl on the list is the double sloop Nadeshda, with three masts (?) and gaff-top- sails. She was begun by the same builders at Okhotsk in 1735 and launched in 1737. This also proved a useful craft, but she was finally wrecked in 1753 by one Naoumof on the Kurile Islands. The sloop Bolsheretsk was built by Spanberg in 1739 of birch timber, and provided with 18 oars. She was declared to be unseaworthy in 1745. The galiot Okhotsk, the 14th on the list, was built by Rogachef at Okhotsk in 1737. Ten years later she was repaired, and wrecked the year after. The packet-boat Su Petr, the vessel in which Bering sailed, was also built by Rogachef and Kozmin in 1741. She was wrecked and rebuilt on Bering Island in the same year, as we have seen. The vessel of Chirikof, the big Sv Pavel, was built by the same per- sons in Okhotsk and launched in 1740, and only four years later she was abandoned as unseaworthy. The next on the list is the packet-boat loan Krestitel, or St John the Baptist, built in Okhotsk by Kozmin 1741, for Span- berg's expedition, and wrecked near Bolsheretsk in October 1743, under com- mand of Lieutenant Khmetevski. The sloop Elizaveta, the 18th on the list, was built at Okhotsk by Kozmin, wrecked on the Kamchatka coast in 1745, repaired, and wrecked again in 1755. The small Sv Petr, built on Bering Island out of the remains of the larger vessel, was sunk on the coast of Kam- chatka in 1753, but raised and beached in 1754. Okhotsk Archives; Sgibnef, Moiskoi Sbornik, 1855, 12-210.
HIST. ALASKA. 7
98
DEATH OF BERING.
undisturbed. Be that as it may, it was chiefly on the voyages of Bering and Chirikof that Russia ever after based her claim to the ownership of north-western- most America. 22
22 The voyages of Vitus Bering have furnished material for much learned discussion. The French astronomer De L'Isle de la Croyère advanced the claim of having been largely instrumental in their accomplishment, more so per- haps than he was justly entitled to, though it cannot be denied that he had much to say in the organization of the second expedition under Bering. With the honor of having planned the expedition, he should not attempt to escape the odium of having furnished it with such villainous charts, to which may be attributed most of that suffering and loss of life which followed. Nor is he by any means just to Bering, seeking as he does in his account to deprive him of any part in the discovery, claiming that Chirikof's party made the only dis- covery worthy of mention. He does not even state that Bering touched upon the American coast at all; according to his narrative Bering 'sailed from Kam- chatka, but did not go far, having been compelled by a storm to anchor at a desert island where he and most of his companions perished.' An author makes nothing by such trickery. His attempted deceit is sure sooner or later to fall back upon his own head. Nor will it do to pretend ignorance. Professor Müller, of the imperial academy of science, accompanied Bering on his last voyage. At the time De L'Isle was writing his treatise Müller was living in the same street in St Petersburg, and meeting as they must have done daily, it would have been easy to ascertain the truth if he had wished to know it. That such wretched maps as Croyère's should have been given to the world by Russia, or in her name, is all the more to be deplored, because the Russians, though they had then scarcely gained a place among seafaring nations, had made the most strenuous efforts at discovery in waters so inhospitable that people less inured to the rigors of climate, and less de- spotically governed, would never have thought of navigating them. Others may have furnished the idea which the Russians alone, who to be sure would reap the first benefits from such discoveries, were possessed of power and endurance to carry out.
CHAPTER VI.
THE SWARMING OF THE PROMYSHLENIKI. 1743-1762.
EFFECT OF THE DISCOVERY IN SIBERIA-HUNTING EXPEDITIONS IN SEARCH OF SEA-OTTERS-VOYAGES OF BASSOF, NEVODCHIKOF, AND YUGOF- RICH HARVESTS OF SEA-OTTER AND FUR-SEAL SKINS FROM THE ALEU- TIAN ARCHIPELAGO-THE CUNNING PROMYSHLENIKI AND THE MILD ISLANDERS-THE OLD TALE OF WRONG AND ATROCITY-BLOODSHED ON ATTOO ISLAND -- EARLY MONOPOLIES-CHUPROF'S AND KHOLODILOF'S ADVENTURES -- RUSSIANS DEFEATED ON UNALASKA AND AMLIA-YU- GOF'S UNFORTUNATE SPECULATION-FURTHER DISCOVERY-THE FATE OF GOLODOF-OTHER ADVENTURES.
ONE would think that, with full knowledge of the sufferings and dangers encountered by Bering's and Chirikof's expeditions, men would hesitate before risk- ing their lives for otter-skins. But such was not the case. When a small vessel was made ready to follow the course of the Sv Petr and the Su Pavel there was no lack of men to join it, though some of them were still scarcely able to crawl, from the effects of former disaster. As the little sable had enticed the Cossack from the Black Sea and the Volga across the Ural Mountains and the vast plains of Siberia to the shores of the Okhotsk Sea and the Pacific, so now the sea- otter lures the same venturesome race out among the islands, and ice, and fog-banks of ocean.
The first to engage in hunting sea-otters and other fur-bearing animals, east of Kamchatka, was Emilian Bassof, who embarked as early as 1743, if we may believe Vassili Berg, our best authority on the sub- ject.1 Bassof was sergeant of the military company
1 Berg, Khronologicheskaïa Istoria Otkrytiy Aleutskikh Ostrovakh, 2, 3, pas-
( 99 )
100
THE SWARMING OF THE PROMYSHLENIKI.
of lower Kamchatka, whose imagination had become excited by the wealth brought home by Bering's crew. Forming a partnership with a merchant from Moscow, Andreï Serebrennikof, he built a small shitiku2 which he called the Kapiton, sailed to Bering Island, passed the winter there, and returned to Kamchatka in the following year.3 A second voyage was made the fol- lowing July,4 with Nikofor Trapeznikof as partner, the same vessel being employed. Besides Bering Island, Bassof also visited Copper Island, and col- lected 1,600 sea-otters, 2,000 fur-seals, and 2,000 blue Arctic foxes. From this trip Bassof returned on the 31st of July 1746. A third voyage was undertaken by Bassof in 1747, from which he returned in the following year, and embarked for a last voyage in 1749.5
sim. Most authorities are silent concerning this expedition, but Sgibnef, Morskoi Sbornik, cii. 74, states that Bassof sailed on his first voyage in 1743. 2 The shitikas, from the Russian shi-it, to sew, were vessels made almost without iron bolts, the planks being 'sewed' together or fastened with leather or seal-skin thongs.
$ From papers preserved in the chancellery of Bolsheretsk. See also Berg, Khronologicheskaïa Istoria, 3, 4.
# The author of Neue Nachrichten doubts the authenticity of these state- ments. But, as Berg had access to all the archives, we may safely accept his statement, though in the chronological table appended to his work the expedi- tion of the Kapiton is omitted. Berg, Khronol. Istoria, Appendix. Sgibnef states that Bassof formed a partnership with Trapeznikof in 1747 to undertake ' the second voyage,' from which they realized a return of 112,220 rubles. Morskoi Sbornik, cii .- v. 74.
5 A report to the commander of Okhotsk with reference to the third voy- age was discovered by Prince Shakhovskoi in the archives of Okhotsk. From this document Berg gives the following extracts: 'Most respectful report of Sergeant Emilian Bassof to the councillor of the port of Okhotsk :- After hav- ing set out with some Cossacks upon a sea-voyage last year (1747), in search of unknown islands, in the shitika Sv Petr, at our own expense, we arrived at a previously discovered small island,' Copper Island. 'On the beach about 50 pounds of native copper was gathered. On the south-eastern side of the same island we found some unknown material, some ore or mineral, of which we took a pound or two. Our men picked up 205 pebbles on the beach great and small, and among them were two yellow ones and one pink. We also found a new kind of fish ... We brought with us to the port of Nishekam- chatsk sea-otters male and female 970 skins, and the same number of tails, and 1,520 blue foxes. These furs were all divided in shares among those who were with me on the above-mentioned voyage ... Sergeant Emilian Bassof.' Berg, Khronol. Istoria, 4. The ship Sv Petr, Captain Emilian Bassof, is like- wise mentioned in Berg's tabular list of voyages under date of 1750. 'A for- tunate event which occurred while I was engaged in collecting information with regard to these voyages,' says Berg, 'placed me in possession of papers containing the names of owners of vessels and the furs shipped on those occa-
101
VOYAGES OF BASSOF.
All was still dark regarding lands and navigation eastward. But when Bassof's reports reached the imperial senate an oukaz was forwarded at once to the admiralty college ordaining that any charts com- piled from Bering's and Chirikof's journals, together with their log-books and other papers, should be sent to the senate for transmittal to the governor general of Siberia. The admiralty college intrusted the execution of this order to the eminent hydrog- rapher Admiral Nagaïef, who finally compiled a chart for the guidance of hunters and traders navigating along the Aleutian Islands.6
Bassof was scarcely back from his first voyage and it was noised abroad that he had been successful, when there were others ready to follow his example. A. larger venture was set on foot early in 1745, while Bassof was still absent on his second voyage, under the auspices of Lieutenant Lebedef, he who had married Crovère's widow. While in command at Bolsheretsk he issued a permit for a voyage to the newly discov- ered islands, on the 25th of February, to the mer- chants Afanassi Chebaievskoi of Lalsk and Arkhip Trapeznikof of Irkutsk. Their avowed purpose was to hunt sea-otters and make discoveries eastward of Kamchatka. Associated with them were Yakof Chu-
sions: Ist, papers obtained from Court Counsellor Ivan Ossipovich Zelonski; 2d, some incomplete data compiled by myself while living at Kadiak from verbal tradition and private letters; 3d, letters I found in Mr Shelikof's archives; and 4th, letters I received between the years 1760 and 1785 from the merchant Ivan Savich Lapin, of Solikamsk.' The dates given of Bassof's four voyages are 1743, 1745, 1747, and 1749. Berg, Khronol. Istoria, 6.
6 Morskoi Sbornik, cii, 11, 55. The editor of the Sibirsky Viestnik (Sibe- rian Messenger), G. I. Spasski, in 1822, devoted four numbers of his pub- lication to a minute description of Copper Island, accompanied by a chart indicating Bassof's occupation of the place, as on its northern side two bays are named Bassofskaya and Petrofskaya respectively, after Basscf and one of his vessels. From the description in the Viestnik it is evident that Bassof wintered on Copper Island in 1749, and obtained most of his furs there. A cross which was preserved on the island for many years, bore an inscription to the effect that Yefim Kuznetzof, a new convert (probably a Kamchatka native), was added to Bassof's command on the 7th of April 1750. It is probable that the baptism of this convert took place on the island, and that the name of the man was added to Bassof's list only when he became a Christian.' Sib. Viestnik, 1822, numbers 2 to 6, passim. Bassof died in 1754, leaving a daughter with whom the merchant, Lapin, one of Berg's authorities, was per- sonally acquainted. Khronol. Istoria, passim.
102
THE SWARMING OF THE PROMYSHLENIKI.
prof, Radion Yatof, Ivan Kholchevnikof, Pavel Kar- abelnikof, Larion Beliaief, Nikolai Chuprof, Lazar Karmanof, and Kiril Kozlof." They built a large shitika and named it the Yevdokia. As morekhod, or navigator, they engaged a Tobolsk peasant named Mikhaïl Nevodchikof, who had been with Bering, and who was even credited by various authors with the discovery of the Aleutian Islands.8 In these expedi- tions the bold promyshleniki were ever the main-stay. Nevodchikof was doubtless aware that Bassof had col- lected his furs at Bering and Copper islands, but trust- ing to his memory, or perhaps following the advice of other companions of Bering, he passed by these isl- ands, shaping his course south-east in search of the land named by Bering Obmannui, or Dclusive Islands. The Yerdokia had sailed from the mouth of the Kam- chatka on the 19th of September 1745,9 and after a voy- age of six days the adventurous promyshleniki sighted the first of the Blishni group of the Aleutian isles. Passing by the first, Attoo, Nevodchikof anchored near the second, Agatoo, about noon of the 24th. Next morning over a hundred armed natives assembled on the beach and beckoned the Russians to land, but it was not deemed safe in view of their number; so they threw into the water a few trifling presents, and in return the natives threw back some birds just killed. On the 26th Chuprof landed with a few men armed with muskets for water. They met some natives, to
7 Bolsheretsk Archives; Neue Nachr., 9, 10.
8 From the fact that Nevodchikof was called a peasant we must not infer that he was an agricultural laborer, but simply of the peasant class, one of the numerous castes into which Russian society was divided. The so-called "civil classes' of society outside of government officials were merchants, luptzui, again divided into first, second, and third guild; tradesmen, mesh- chaninui, and peasants, krestianinui; but many of the latter class were engaged in trade and commerce. Ivan Lapin told Berg that he knew Ne- vodchikof personally, and that he had served with Bering on his voyage to America in 1741. Nevodchikof was a silversmith from Oustioug, and came to Siberia in search of fortune. Meeting with no success he went on to Kam- chatka, and there finding himself without a passport he was taken into the government service. Lapin was in possession of a silver snuffbox, the work of Nevodchikof. Khronol. Istoria, 7.
9 Neue Nachr., 10; Khronol. Ist., 7.
103
VIOLENCE AND BLOOD.
whom they gave tobacco and pipes, and received a stick ornamented with the head of a seal carved in bone. Then the savages wanted one of the muskets, and when refused they became angry and attempted to capture the party by seizing their boat. Finally Chup- rof ordered his men to fire, and for the first time the thundering echoes of musketry resounded from the hills of Agatoo. One bullet took effect in the hand of a native; the crimson fluid gushed forth over the white sand, and the long era of bloodshed, violence, and rapine for the poor Aleuts was begun.1º As the natives had no arms except bone-pointed spears, which they vainly endeavored to thrust through the sides of the boat, shedding of blood might easily have been avoided. At all events the Russians could not now winter there, so they worked the ship back to the first island, and anchored for the night.
The following morning Chuprof, who seems to have come to the front as leader, and one Shevyrin, landed with several men. They saw tracks but encountered no one. The ship then moved slowly along the coast, and on the following day the Cossack Shekhurdin, with six men, was sent ashore for water and to recon- noitre. Toward night they came upon a party of five natives with their wives and children, who immedi- ately abandoned their huts and ran for the mountains. In the morning Shekhurdin boarded the ship, which was still moving along the shore in search of a suit- able place for wintering, and returned again with a larger force. On a bluff facing the sea they saw fif- teen savages, one of whom they captured, together with an old woman who insisted on following the prisoner.11 The two natives, with a quantity of seal-
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