A pictorial history of Arkansas, from earliest times to the year 1890. A full and complete account, embracing the Indian tribes occupying the country; the early French and Spanish explorers and governors; the colonial period; the Louisiana purchase; the periods of the territory, the state, the civil war, and the subsequent period. Also, an extended history of each county in the order of formation, and of the principal cities and towns; together with biographical notices of distinguished and prominent citizens, Part 1

Author: Hempstead, Fay, 1847-1934
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: St. Louis and New York : N. D. Thompson Pub. Co.
Number of Pages: 1268


USA > Arkansas > A pictorial history of Arkansas, from earliest times to the year 1890. A full and complete account, embracing the Indian tribes occupying the country; the early French and Spanish explorers and governors; the colonial period; the Louisiana purchase; the periods of the territory, the state, the civil war, and the subsequent period. Also, an extended history of each county in the order of formation, and of the principal cities and towns; together with biographical notices of distinguished and prominent citizens > Part 1


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org.


Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62 | Part 63 | Part 64 | Part 65 | Part 66 | Part 67 | Part 68 | Part 69 | Part 70 | Part 71 | Part 72 | Part 73 | Part 74 | Part 75 | Part 76 | Part 77 | Part 78 | Part 79 | Part 80 | Part 81 | Part 82 | Part 83 | Part 84 | Part 85 | Part 86 | Part 87 | Part 88 | Part 89 | Part 90



Gc 976.7 H37p 1169812


N


GENEALOGY COLLECTION


ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01711 6051


Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016


https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistory00hemp_0



STATE HOUSE, LITTLE ROCK.


-


.....


........


....


----


-


...........


.........


......


. ..


......


..........


......


.............


........


-


A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF- -


ARKANSAS


FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO THE YEAR 1890.


A FULL AND COMPLETE ACCOUNT,


EMBRACING THE INDIAN TRIBES OCCUPYING THE COUNTRY; THE EARLY FRENCH AND SPANISH EXPLORERS AND GOVERNORS; THE COLONIAL PERIOD; THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE; THE PERIODS OF THE TERRITORY, THE STATE, THE CIVIL WAR, AND THE SUBSEQUENT PERIOD.


-ALSO,-


AN EXTENDED HISTORY OF EACH COUNTY IN THE ORDER OF FORMATION, AND OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS; TOGETHER WITH BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF DISTINGUISHED AND PROM- INENT CITIZENS.


SUPERBLY ILLUSTRATED WITH RARE AND VALUABLE MAPS; A FULL COLLEC- TION OF PORTRAITS OF GOVERNORS AND OTHER DISTINGUISHED MEN; AND WITH NUMEROUS SKETCHES, DRAWINGS, VIEWS AND SCENES.


BY


FAY HEMPSTEAD


ST. LOUIS and NEW YORK: N. D. THOMPSON PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1890.


COPYRIGHTED 1890 BY N. D. THOMPSON PUBLISHING CO.


AUTHOR'S PREFACE.


1169812


B Y way of preface I shall have only this to say, that my idea of a History of a STATE is that it is sui generis-a thing peculiar to itself. It affords no field for literary attractive- ness, or individual style. It requires the statement of facts and incidents only, and in a plain and definite way. An historian must of necessity be a chronicler and an annalist, but the nature of his engagement debars him from being either an essayist or a moralizer. He must state the facts fairly, fully and sufficiently, giving to each circumstance its full weight and importance ; "nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice ;" but he is not permitted to go outside of this line to indulge in theories, or to follow suppositions. A History of a particular matter is often made merely a disqui- sition upon that subject, but a History of a State requires the recital of incidents, connected intimately or remotely with the line of her career and inhabitants, and nothing more. For this reason I have not sought to make my work attractive by any attempt at literary display, or to afford entertainment by means of style. I have aimed to make it more like the RECORD of the State's life-to make it what I hope it may be accepted as : a vast COMPENDIUM OF FACTS connected with her career. To what extent I may have succeeded therein must be left to the judgment of the public. I always had it in mind, that when I came to write the preface to the work I


-


PREFACE.


would make an individual acknowledgment of thanks to those persons who have kindly assisted me by furnishing informa- tion, but now that I have arrived at the time and the place, I find it impracticable to do so. The body of the work alone has grown so large as to require persistent pruning to get it into limits practicable for publication. At the risk, therefore, of appearing ungrateful for favors shown, I am obliged to content myself with merely a general acknowledgment, which I now make. To all who know themselves to have assisted, I beg to make the assurance that their kind aid is remembered with gratitude. Wherever extended it served to render lighter the burden of times that taxed alike my patience and my utmost industry.


FAY HEMPSTEAD.


LITTLE ROCK, ARK., 1890.


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


PERIOD I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD, FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1803.


CHAPTER I.


TO THE YEAR 1543.


PAGE.


Acquisition .- Aboriginal Tribes .- De Soto's Wanderings. 17


CHAPTER II. 1543 TO 1700.


Explorations of Marquette .- Hennepin .- LaSalle .- De Tonti, and Iberville. 48


CHAPTER III.


1700 TO 1800.


Colonization .- The Company of the West .- John Law's Grant .- LaHarpe's Journey .- Forts .- Bienville and the Natchez War .- French Governors .- Cession to Spain .- Spanish Governors .- Grants of Land .- Settlement of the Upper Part of the Province .- Retro-cession to France . 82


CHAPTER IV. 1800 то 1804.


The Louisiana Purchase .. 108


PERIOD II. THE ANTE-TERRITORIAL PERIOD, FROM 1804 TO 1819.


CHAPTER V.


FROM 1804 TO 1819.


Louisiana Territory .- Indian Treaties .- Formation of Arkansas Territory ... 133


vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


PAGE.


PERIOD III. THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD, FROM 1819 TO 1836. CHAPTER VI.


FROM 1819 TO 1825.


Arkansas Territory .- The Administration of Governor James Miller .- First Legislature .- First Newspaper .- Courts .- Seat of Government Moved .. 169


CHAPTER VII. 1825 TO 1829.


Administration of Governor George Izard. - Ambrose H. Sevier. - First Steamboat. 205


CHAPTER VIII. 1829 TO 1831.


The Administration of Governor John Pope .- Progress of the Territory .... 221


CHAPTER IX. 1831 TO 1834.


Emigrating Indians .- Territorial Affairs .- State House. 236


CHAPTER X.


1834 TO 1836.


Administration of Governor William S. Fulton .- Arkansas Admitted into . . 247 the Union


PERIOD IV.


THE ANTE-BELLUM PERIOD, FROM 1836 TO 1861.


CHAPTER XI.


1836 TO 1840.


Arkansas a State .- James S. Conway, First Governor .- The Real Estate and State Banks, etc., etc. 261


CHAPTER XII.


1840 TO 1846.


Administrations of Governors Archibald Yell, Samuel Adams, and Thomas


S. Drew 287


vii


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


CHAPTER XIII. 1846 To 1848.


PAGE.


The Mexican War


299


CHAPTER XIV. 1848 TO 1852.


The Administrations of Governors Thomas S. Drew, Richard C. Byrd, and John Selden Roane 313


CHAPTER XV. 1852 TO 1860.


Administration of Governor Elias N. Conway-Two Terms .- Internal Im- provements.


323


PERIOD V.


THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR, FROM 1861 TO 1865.


CHAPTER XVI. 1861.


Administration of Governor Henry M. Rector .- The Ordinance of Secession. 349


CHAPTER XVII. 1861.


Preparations for War .- Organization of Troops .... .. 360


CHAPTER XVIII.


1861.


Organization of Troops .- History of Regiments, Continued. ... 399


CHAPTER XIX.


1861.


Equipment .- Southern Women .- War Songs .- Conflict begun .. ..... 434


CHAPTER XX. 1862.


General Situation .- Losses in Kentucky .- Fall of Memphis .- Elk Horn .- Shiloh .- Emancipation Proclamation 450


viii


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


PAGE.


CHAPTER XXI. 1862.


Progress of the War .- Formation of Trans-Mississippi Department .- Harris Flanagin, Governor .- Hardships in Domestic Life. 480


CHAPTER XXII. 1863.


Progress of the War, Continued .- Gettysburg .- Vicksburg .- Helena and Port Hudson. ..... 510


CHAPTER XXIII.


1863.


Progress of the War, Continued .- Battles of Chickamauga .- Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold Gap .. 526


CHAPTER XXIV.


1864.


Progress of the War, Continued .- Battles of Atlanta and Franklin. 551


0


CHAPTER XXV. 1864-1865.


Re-establishment of a State Government .- Isaac Murphy, Governor .- End


.. 577 of the War


PERIOD VI.


THE PERIOD SINCE THE WAR, FROM 1865 TO 1890.


CHAPTER XXVI. 1865 TO 1868. Administration of Governor Isaac Murphy. .....


.. 595


CHAPTER XXVII. 1868 TO 1873.


Administrations of Governors Powell Clayton, and O. A. Hadley


606


CHAPTER XXVIII.


JANUARY, 1873, TO NOVEMBER, 1874.


Administration of Governor Elisha Baxter 625


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


ix


PAGE.


CHAPTER XXIX.


NOVEMBER, 1874, TO JANUARY, 1881.


Administration of Governors A. H. Garland, and William R. Miller . . ... 648


CHAPTER XXX.


1881 TO 1885.


Administration of Governors Thomas J. Churchill, and James H. Berry .. 666


CHAPTER XXXI. 1885 TO 1889.


Administration of Governor Simon P. Hughes .- Two Terms ....... 682


CHAPTER XXXII.


1889-1890.


In the Administration of Governor James P. Eagle.


691


CHAPTER XXXIII.


History of Little Rock.


.. 699


CHAPTER XXXIV.


Biographical Notices of Citizens of Little Rock.


763


COUNTY HISTORIES.


Arkansas


823


Lawrence


833


Pulaski.


839


Clark.


848


Hempstead


859


Miller


875


Phillips


882


Crawford.


892


Independence.


901


Chicot.


912


Conway.


918


Crittenden.


921


Izard.


924


Lovely


928


St. Francis


929


Lafayette


932


Sevier


935


Washington


93S


Pope.


946


X


TABLE OF CONTENTS.


PAGE. 949


Union


Hot Spring


953


Monroe.


956 Jefferson


963


Jackson


982


Mississippi


991


Carroll


995


Pike.


998


Greene


1000


Scott


1004


Van Buren


1006


Johnson


.1008


White


1011


Randolph


1019


Saline


1025


Marion


1029


Madison.


1031


Benton.


1035


Franklin


1039


Poinsett


1041


Desha.


1044


Searcy


1049


Yell.


1051


Bradley


1056


Perry.


1059


Ouachita


1061


Montgomery


1071


Newton


1073


Fulton


1075


Polk


1077


Dallas.


1079


Prairie


1082


Drew.


1089


Ashley


1092


Calhoun


1095


Sebastian.


.1097


Columbia


.1109


Craighead


1112


Cross.


1116


Little River


1121


Sharp


1123


Grant


1125


Boone


1128


Nevada.


1130


Logan.


1135


Lincoln


1140


Clay .


1142


Baxter


1144


Garland


1146


TABLE OF CONTENTS


PAGE.


Faulkner


1164


Lonoke.


1166


Cleveland


. 1171


Lee


Howard


1173


1176


Stone


1180


Cleburne


1182


APPENDICES.


A .- LIST OF GOVERNORS


PAGE.


1185


B .- EXECUTIVE, JUDICIAL AND LEGISLATIVE OFFICERS.


No. 1 .- Secretaries 1187


No. 2 .- Auditors 1187


No. 3 .- Treasurers. 1188


No. 4 .- Attorneys-General


1188


No. 5 .- Solicitors-General. 1189


No. 6 .- Commissioners of Immigration and State Lands


1189


No. 7 .- Superintendents of Public Instruction.


1189


No. 8 .- Officers of Supreme Court


1189


No. 9 .- Chancellors


1190


No. 10 .- Judges and Prosecuting Attorneys.


1191


101 .- Territorial.


1191


102 .- State


1192


103 .- Pulaski Criminal Court


1096


No. 11 .- Legislators.


1097


C .- SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS


1231


D .- OFFICERS OF THE FEDERAL COURTS IN ARKANSAS.


1233


E .- POPULATION AT VARIOUS DATES 1235


Page.


STATE-HOUSE, LITTLE ROCK Frontispiece MAP, CASTE DE LA LOUISIANNA. 16


MAP, SUPPOSED ROUTE OF DE SOTO 47


FAC SIMILE AUTOGRAPH MAP, MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 50


BIENVILLE


83


MAP, LOUISIANA PURCHASE 122


WILLIAM C. C. CLAIBORNE 125


GEN. JAMES WILKINSON 135


MAP, ARKANSAS RIVER 138 MAP, INDIAN PURCHASES 143


EDWARD HEMPSTEAD


154


ANDREW SCOTT


161


JAMES MILLER. 163


WILLIAM E. WOODRUFF 171


BENJAMIN JOHNSON.


191


AMBROSE H. SEVIER


216


ROBERT CRITTENDEN


251


JAMES S. CONWAY 262


SEAL OF ARKANSAS TERRITORY. 264


SEAL OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 264


288


ARCHIBALD YELL


SAMUEL ADAMS 294


296


LUKE E. BARBER.


298


THOMAS S. DREW.


JOHN SELDEN ROANE 319


ELIAS NELSON CONWAY 324


ARKANSAS SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND 337


V



ILLUSTRATIONS.


HENRY M. RECTOR


Page. 342


GEN. PATRICK R. CLEBURNE 367


GEN. THOMAS C. HINDMAN 483


HARRIS FLANAGIN 505 GEN. STERLING PRICE 527 GEN. FREDERICK STEELE 530 FIRST GUN AT CHICKAMAUGA.


534


CLEBURNE'S DEFENSE OF RINGGOLD GAP. 539


BATTLE OF RESACA, GA 554


BATTLE OF KENNESAW MOUNTAIN 560 POWELL CLAYTON 607


O. A. HADLEY 618 ELISHA BAXTER 626


AUGUSTUS H. GARLAND 649


WILLIAM R. MILLER 657


THOMAS J. CHURCHILL 667


INSANE ASYLUM, LITTLE ROCK 669


J. H. BERRY. 675


ELBERT H. ENGLISH 678


SIMON P. HUGHES. 683


JAMES P. EAGLE 692 UNION DEPOT, LITTLE ROCK. 700


LINCOLN AVENUE, LITTLE ROCK. 705


MARKHAM STREET, LITTLE ROCK 708


PARK U. S. BARRACKS, LITTLE ROCK 710


ALLIS BLOCK, LITTLE ROCK. 712


CAPITAL HOTEL, LITTLE ROCK. 714


MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, STATE UNIVERSITY 715


DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTE. 719 CAPITAL THEATER, LITTLE ROCK 721


CONVENT, SISTERS OF MERCY 725


COLORED BAPTIST CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 728 CUSTOM HOUSE, LITTLE ROCK. 730 BOARD OF TRADE, LITTLE ROCK. 732


SPECIMENS OF RESIDENCE ARCHITECTURE, LITTLE ROCK. 734


CAPITAL HILL COLORED SCHOOL, LITTLE ROCK. 735 SCOTT STREET SCHOOL, LITTLE ROCK. 737 FORT STEELE SCHOOL. 738


LITTLE ROCK UNIVERSITY. 740


FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 742


CHRISTIAN CHURCH. LITTLE ROCK. 743


1


ILLUSTRATIONS.


vii


Page. SECOND BAPTIST AND METHODIST CHURCHES, LITTLE ROCK .. 746 FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 750


CATHOLIC CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 752


EPISCOPAL CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK. 754


GERMAN LUTHERAN CHURCH, LITTLE ROCK 756


CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 759


BETHEL COLORED CHURCH. 760


MAIN STREET LOOKING SOUTH, LITTLE ROCK. 762 -


ALBERT PIKE. 778


SAMUEL H. HEMPSTEAD. 782


CATHOLIC CHURCH, IMBODEN 834


PULASKI COUNTY COURT-HOUSE 843


ONE THOUSAND ACRE COTTON FIELD 845


FANCY STOCK FARM 847 COURT HOUSE, ARKADELPHIA 849


PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, ARKADELPHIA 853


M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, ARKADELPHIA 854


BAPTIST CHURCH, ARKADELPHIA 856


OUACHITA COLLEGE, ARKADELPHIA 858


GRANDISON D. ROYSTON 868


GATE CITY LUMBER COMPANY. 878


SISTERS OF ST. AGNES CONVENT. 880


BRYN MAWR S97


ARLINGTON HOTEL 899


INDEPENDENCE COURT-HOUSE 903


M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, BATESVILLE 904


ARKANSAS MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE 906


PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, BATESVILLE 907


RIVER VIEW, BATESVILLE 909


EPISCOPAL CHURCH, BATESVILLE 911


LIME KILN NEAR BATESVILLE 915


ARKANSAS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY


945


SCHOOL HOUSE, BRINKLEY


961


STBEET SCENE, PINE BLUFF


965


HOTEL TRULOCK, PINE BLUFF 967


SECOND WARD PUBLIC SCHOOL, PINE BLUFF 969


PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, PINE BLUFF 970


JEFFERSON COUNTY COURT-HOUSE 971


CITY HIGH SCHOOL, PINE BLUFF 972


CATHOLIC CHURCH, PINE BLUFF 973


SYNAGOGUE, PINE BLUFF 975


viii


ILLUSTRATIONS.


Page.


BAPTIST CHURCH, PINE BLUFF 977


EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PINE BLUFF 97S


BRANCH STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 980


COURT-HOUSE, JACKSONPORT 983


M. E. CHURCH, SOUTH, NEWPORT 985 EPISCOPAL CHURCH, NEWPORT 986


WALNUT STREET PUBLIC SCHOOL. 9SS


IMMENSE HARDWOOD LUMBER YARD


900


NEWPORT LUMBER COMPANY.


994


WHITE COUNTY COURT-HOUSE


1014


GALLOWAY FEMALE COLLEGE 1015


CONVENT MARIA STEIN 1021


RANDOLPH COUNTY COURT-HOUSE 1022


CATHOLIC CHURCH, POCAHONTAS. 1023


GOV. ISAAC MURPHY. .1034


STREET SCENE, FORT SMITH 1100


CATHOLIC CHURCH, JONESBORO.


1114


NEVADA COUNTY COURT-HOUSE, PRESCOTT 1131


HIGH SCHOOL, PRESCOTT. 1133


CENTRAL AVENUE, HOT SPRINGS 1149


U. S. ARMY AND NAVAL HOSPITAL. 1153


CLUSTER OF BATH-HOUSES, HOT SPRINGS 1155


VIEW FROM HOT SPRINGS MOUNTAIN 1159


CLUSTER OF RESIDENCES, HOT SPRINGS. 1162


VINEYARD NEAR NASHVILLE 1174


PUBLIC SCHOOL, NASHVILLE 1175


PERIOD I. FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1803.


1


CARTE DE LA LOUISIANE Prefsee sur un grand nombre de Memoires entrau tres sur


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.4.5


& Cerenime


NOTE .- The manuscript from which the above Map was prepared, was found in the nec said to bear date the year 1700 .* If so, it is evident that after the original preparation ore above contains items of as late a date as 1717. Also is to be noted the fact that while oder be found in the lower right hand corner, to-wit: "DeSoto landed 31 May, 1539." Thiadie creation and at a time subsequent to its original preparation .- AUTHOR.


(*) Edmund J. Forstall, in French's Historical Collections of Toniciano want TT


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Ru Hendis.


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her


4 Joway


les Panımaha


40 Villages des Pants


Espagnols passent a qué sur leurs chevaux le Mysours allans traiter


. COURS DU MISSISSIPI l' le Maire Par Guillaume De l'Ile de l'Academie Rue des Sciences.


les


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au Tonerre


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les Miamis



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les Chateaur rines


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44


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44 4


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35


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eque du Roi." in Paris, in a Volume of LaHarpe's Journeys of 1718-1722. It is re publication some one has added matter subsequently ascertained, for the Map er parts of the Map are in the French language, one single English phrase is to licate that some one other than the original draughtsman had taken part in its


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CHAPTER I.


TO THE YEAR 1543.


ACQUISITION .- ABORIGINAL TRIBES .- DE SOTO'S WANDERINGS.


THE territory of which the present State of Arkansas con- sists, was acquired by the United States in 1803, in what is known as the Louisiana purchase, and comprises 52, 198 square miles, or about 33,406,720 acres of land, according to the usual statements ; but in point of fact the area and acreage of the State is constantly changing with the changes in the chan- nel of the Mississippi river, gaining in some places and losing in others.


From earliest times the country was in possession of the Indians, whom Columbus so named from the supposition that the coast he had touched on was a part of India.


The immediate tribes which occupied the land were the Osages and the Quapaws, with which latter were the Ozarks, both Ozarks and Quapaws being of the Arkansa tribe. The Ozark and Arkansas names have now become extinct, those of the Quapaw and Osages remain. The Osages, who were composed of the Great and Little Osages, oc- cupied the land north of the Arkansas river, and into Mis- souri, to the Missouri river, bounded on the east by the Mississippi river, west an indefinite extent to the Apache country. The Arkansas, or as the name is spelled by Mar- quette, Arkansa Indians had villages at the mouth of the Ar- kansas river, and on the Mississippi south of the Arkansas river, and also one is noted on the earliest maps as being near


2


17


18


HISTORY OF ARKANSAS.


and south of the St. Francis river, under the name Kappa. Westward the Quapaw and Arkansas possessions extended to . those of "Les Cadodaquoios," or "Caddo-di-kòis," as the name is given by some, who were the Caddo Indians of North- west Louisiana. The United States Government obtained the land from the Osages and Quapaws by treaties made in 1808 and 1818 with the Osages, and in 1818 and 1824 with the Quapaws. The entire amount owned by the two tribes to- gether amounted to more than eighty-six millions (86,000,000) acres, of which the thirty-three million, four hundred and six thousand, seven hundred and twenty (33,406,720) acres, com- prising the present State of Arkansas, was a part.


The Quapaws were a branch or division of the Arkansa In- dians. Theirs was the name given by the Algonquins to the Ouquapas, a tribe of the Dakota family; and at the time of making their treaties they were all that was left of the Ar- kansa tribe. According to Gravier, a Jesuit missionary in Illi- nois from 1684 to 1708, and who in the year 1700 made a canoe voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi to confer with Iberville, the Arkansas once lived on the banks of the Ohio river, but after a long struggle were driven away by the Illinois and their allies, and were gradually forced down the banks of the Mississippi, and established themselves along that river and on the river named after them. A similar recital was made to an Indian agent by a very old Quapaw chief, as narrated by Nutall, on his journey in Arkansas in 1819, as will be pres- ently shown. They had several villages, named respectively Os-o-to-ne, To-ri-man or Tor-ri-ma, Tong-ging-a or To- ging-a, and Kappa, scattered about the mouth of the Ar- kansas river, and on the banks of the Mississippi, and it is from them that the State takes its name. From Kap-pa (Kāh-pāh), or, as some spell it, Kap-a-ha (Kăh-pāh-hăh), we have the modern name Qua-paw (Quaw-paw).


The name Arkansas is often given as being derived from the word Kansas, said to mean, in the Indian language, "smoky


4


19


TO THE YEAR 1543.


water," with the French prefix "arc," meaning "a bow," hence the name, in this combination, meaning "bow of smoky water," or "smoky bow." This is extremely improbable ; in- deed, bears on the face of it the evidence of its being impossible. The word Kansas is most probably a variation of the word Kanses, the possessive case of the word Kans ; the word Kans, or Kanses, becoming corrupted into Kansas. The Kans tribe . was one inhabiting that country, who were noted on the early French maps as "Les Cansez," the Kans, and whom Lieut. Zebulon Montgomery Pike found in considerable force on his explorations as late as 1806. There is no perceptible affinity between Kans or the possessive case Kanses, and Arkansa, the original form.


And with relation to "arc" being a French prefix, signify- ing "bow," it is to be observed that when Marquette visited them in 1673-the first Frenchman to encounter them-he FOUND the prefix already there in the word A-kan-sa (Ah- kahn-sāh), and therefore it could not have been thereafter added. In the Choctaw language, also, neighbors of theirs, living just across the Mississippi, the name is found pro- nounced Oc-con-săh. The word is an Indian word, and its signification is unknown.


J. F. D. Smythe, an Englishman, who made a journey down the Mississippi river to New Orleans in a flat-boat in 1769, and who in 1784 published an account of his travels, says of them that "the Arkansaws on the Arkansaw river, emptying into the Mississippi river in the west, number 2,000 fighting men." He gives the name of the Arkansas river as the "Sotonis or Arkansas river," and in another place speaks of it as the "Smahana (Smah-hah-nah) or Arkansaw river," spelling it both ways.




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